A black hole is not a death star, it has rich connotations. Hawking radiation theory of black holes shows that black holes have not only general mechanical properties, but also quantum and thermal properties. If the radiation spectrum of a black hole is a strict blackbody spectrum, the information will be lost in the process of black hole radiation. Parik and Wilcek believe that Hawking radiation from black holes can indeed be regarded as a quantum effect, but the barrier through which radiation particles penetrate is not pre-existing, but is generated by the outgoing particles themselves. Their research results support the conservation of information.
The reason is that the black hole is too idealized, and the thermal radiation of the black hole is too idealized. However, Hawking never gave strict proof to support his new ideas. Thorne said that this matter can't be decided by Hawking alone, and he still insists on the view that information is not conserved. Presky said that he couldn't understand Hawking's speech and why he won. At present, this sensitive problem involving the basis of quantum theory is far from being solved.
The study of black hole theory has gone beyond the black hole itself. Not only touched the important cornerstone of quantum theory-Mo Zheng, but also opened a new chapter in exploring the nature of time.
There is a singularity inside the black hole, where time ends. The Big Bang universe has an initial singularity, which is where time begins. Penrose and Hawking once proved a "singularity theorem", which shows that any real space-time must have a singularity, that is, time must have a process with a beginning or an end. Time begins and ends, which was originally a topic discussed by philosophers and theologians. Now, after studying black holes and the universe, this topic has been brought into the field of physics.
Cosmologists believe that there are many types of black holes in space, from small black holes with the mass equivalent to a mountain to super black holes at the center of galaxies. Scientists used to think that once you fall in, you can't escape, and even light can't "survive". Professor Hawking's latest research on black holes may break this conclusion. After a long period of research, he found that some substances swallowed by black holes "flowed out" slowly from the black holes over time.
Hawking's new theory about black holes solved a specious viewpoint about black hole information, and his colleagues at Cambridge University were all excited about it. In the past, black holes have always been regarded as a pure destructive force, but now the latest research shows that black holes may play an important role in the formation of galaxies. 1976, Hawking claimed that he had reached a conclusion through calculation. He believes that in the process of black hole formation, its mass decreases and continues to radiate to the outside world in the form of energy. This is the famous "Hawking radiation" theory. However, the black hole radiation mentioned in the theory does not contain any information about the matter inside the black hole. Once the black hole is concentrated and evaporated, all the information inside disappears. This is the so-called "black hole paradox".
This statement contradicts the related theories of quantum mechanics. Because modern quantum physics believes that this kind of material information will never disappear completely. In the past 30 years, Hawking has tried to explain this contradictory view with various speculations. Hawking once said that quantum motion in black holes is a special case. Because of the strong gravity in black holes, quantum mechanics is no longer applicable at this time. However, Hawking's statement has not been convinced by many skeptical scholars in the scientific community.
Now, Hawking has finally given a more convincing answer to this contradictory view. Hawking said that black holes never shut themselves down completely. They gradually radiate more and more heat to the outside world for a long time, and then the black hole will eventually open itself and release the material information contained in it.
New achievements
Although this important research achievement was not published in the form of a paper, it caused an uproar in academic circles. Dr. malcolm perry, Hawking's colleague at Cambridge University and a famous physical theorist, said, "The idea put forward by Hawking at this seminar may be a feasible solution. But whether it can be recognized in the end, I think it is up to everyone to decide. " However, he believes that Hawking's latest research results will be comparable to Hawking Radiation published 30 years ago.
Kurt Cutler, another physicist, said in an interview with New Scientist magazine: "Huo Jinfa sent a message, and he seemed to say,' I have solved the contradiction in the black hole theory, and I want to express some new views on it'. But as the recipient of this information, we didn't see any relevant written explanation in advance. As respect for Hawking himself, according to his reputation, I can only accept this statement for the time being. " Scientists are expecting Professor Hawking to give a complete explanation of his new achievements at tomorrow's academic conference. As for Professor Hawking's new black hole theory, Zhao Zheng, a black hole expert in China and a professor at Beijing Normal University, believes that Hawking's latest research results on black holes are only from the media, and academic papers have not yet been published, so this new theory needs to be confirmed. Experts pointed out that Hawking's theory of "black hole thermal radiation" was one of the most outstanding theoretical and physical achievements in the 1970s, but at that time, some viewpoints of the theory were questioned by quantum physicists, who thought that the information of matter "swallowed up" by black holes would eventually disappear with black holes, which could not be explained from the perspective of quantum physics. To this end, the academic community has debated for 30 years. This time, Hawking put forward a new idea that a black hole will release the information it swallowed at a certain moment, which ostensibly makes up for the defects of his previous theory, but this is not enough to prove that this theory is correct. Professor Zhao explained that the information contained in matter is not as conserved as mass or energy, so Hawking's previous theory of information disappearance is not totally unacceptable.
From 1960s to 1980s, great progress has been made in the study of black holes. At first, people thought that a black hole was a death star, and everything could fall in, but nothing could escape. Hawking proved in 1974 that black holes have temperature and radiation. The discovery of Hawking radiation made black holes and Hawking himself a household name.
After 1980s, the focus of black hole research gradually shifted from temperature to information paradox. It has long been known that observers outside a black hole will lose almost all information about the matter that formed the black hole and later fell into it. This is the hairless theorem. The so-called "Mao" means "information". There are only three "hairs" left in the black hole, namely, total mass, total charge and total angular momentum, which can be detected by the outside world. At first, people thought that although external observers could not detect the information of the matter inside the black hole, the information did not disappear from the universe, but was hidden inside the black hole. After the discovery of Hawking radiation, people know that all the substances in black holes will eventually be converted into thermal radiation, and thermal radiation can hardly bring any information. In this way, the information of the matter formed and falling into the black hole will disappear from the universe, and the information will no longer be conserved. Not only does the law of conservation of baryon number and the law of conservation of lepton number no longer hold, but the unitary nature of quantum theory will also be destroyed. Faced with such serious theoretical difficulties, physicists have launched a heated debate. Most theoretical physicists believe in the conservation of information and firmly believe that the cornerstone of quantum theory, that is, it will not be destroyed. In a word, information should be saved. Hawking, Thorne and other relativistic experts believe that information is not necessarily conserved, so it is entirely possible to destroy the singularity. To this end, Hawking and Thorne made a bet with Presky, who firmly believed in the conservation of information.
"This theory has been in trouble since its birth: it contradicts the' Law of Conservation of Information' adhered to by many scientists. This was once called the "black hole paradox".
Just as scientists in the19th century summed up the law of conservation of energy, many scientists in the 20th century put forward the theory of conservation of information. If this statement is true, the law of conservation of information will undoubtedly become the most important law in the scientific community, perhaps more profound than the law of conservation of material energy. Hawking's black hole theory caused a heated debate about whether "information" can be preserved and conserved in black holes.