I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The human body is a unified whole, which is due to the regulation of nervous system and body fluids; Especially the regulation of the nervous system. Human metabolism is regulated by nervous system and hormones. Among them, the regulation of nerves plays a leading role.
2. Cell tissue (4 kinds) organ system (8 people).
3. The basic structure of human cells generally includes three parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. There are also cell walls and vacuoles in the structure of plant cells. The cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of all organisms.
4. Tissue is composed of some cells and intercellular substances with similar morphology and function. There are four basic tissues in human body (epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue). The common tissues in plants are (vegetative tissue, protective tissue, mechanical tissue, transportation organization, etc. )
5. Organs are composed of different tissues in a certain order to form a structure with certain functions.
6. The system consists of multiple organs that can perform one or several physiological functions at the same time.
7. Larger cavities in human body: skull cavity and body cavity (body cavity includes chest cavity and abdominal cavity, and the lower part of abdominal cavity is pelvic cavity).
8. The circulatory system includes blood circulatory system (heart, blood vessels) and lymphatic system. The heart is the dynamic organ of blood circulation.
1 1. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, and blood cells are composed of three kinds of cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets).
Normal values of morphological structure and working energy of blood cells
(Pieces/liter)
erythrocyte
Red blood cells are a round cake with two concave surfaces.
Male: about 5.0× 10 12.
Female: About 4.2× 10 12.
white blood cell (WBC)
White blood cells are larger than red blood cells and have a nucleus. It devours germs and has defensive and protective effects on human body (4- 10) × 109.
blood platelet
PLT is the smallest, irregular and seedless, and has hemostatic and coagulation promoting effects (100-300) × 109.
12. The blood volume of adults is about 7%-8% of body weight, and blood transfusion should be based on the principle of homologous blood transfusion. Healthy adults donate 200-300 ml of blood at a time, which does not affect their health. Every citizen has the obligation to donate blood.
13. Heart rate: the number of heart beats per unit time (one minute). The normal value is 60- 100 times/minute.
14. The heart is mainly composed of myocardium, and its four chambers are left ventricle, left atrium, right ventricle and right atrium.
15. The left ventricle is connected to the aorta, the left atrium to the pulmonary vein, the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, and the right atrium to the superior and inferior vena cava.
16. Send blood out of the heart cavity: left ventricle and right ventricle; Receive blood back to the cavity of the heart: right atrium, right atrium.
Atrioventricular valve: between atrium and ventricle, it can only be opened to ventricle. Its function is to ensure that blood flows from the atrium to the ventricle.
Arterial valve: between the ventricle and the fat, it can only open to the artery. Its function is to ensure that blood flows from the ventricle to the artery.
17. The path of systemic circulation: left ventricle-aorta-systemic circulation arteries at all levels-capillary network-veins at all levels-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium.
In systemic circulation, arterial blood from the left ventricle becomes venous blood when it flows through the capillary network.
18. The path of pulmonary circulation: right ventricle-pulmonary artery-pulmonary capillary-pulmonary vein-left atrium.
In pulmonary circulation, venous blood from the right ventricle becomes arterial blood when it flows through the pulmonary capillary network.
19. Arterial blood-blood with rich oxygen and bright red color. Arteries-blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the whole body.
Venous blood-blood with low oxygen content and dark red color. Veins-blood vessels that transport blood from all parts of the body back to the heart.
Concept, characteristics and functions of blood vessels
Elastic blood flow velocity in lumen of tube wall
Arteries carry blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Blood vessels are small in thickness and large in size. They quickly transport blood from the heart to all parts of the body (all parts of the heart).
Veins send blood back to the heart from all parts of the body. Blood vessels are thin, big and small, and slowly send blood back to the heart from all parts of the body. (the heart of all parts of the body)
The blood vessel between the smallest artery and vein is very thin, and the smallest and slowest tube exchanges substances between blood and tissue cells (blood tissue cells).
19. Digestive tract (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus)
Digestive glands (salivary glands, stomach glands, liver, pancreas, intestinal glands)
20. All kinds of foods contain six kinds of nutrients: protein, sugar, fat, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
2 1. protein is the basic substance of cells, sugar is the main energy supply substance, and fat is the important energy supply substance.
22. Lack of VA- night blindness, VB 1- neuritis, beriberi, VC- scurvy, VD- rickets.
23. The stomach is located in the upper left abdomen and is the largest part of the digestive tract. The liver is in the upper right abdomen and is the largest gland in the human body. The large intestine 1.5 meters, the starting end is called cecum, and the appendix is attached to the lower right of its abdominal cavity.
24. The small intestine is coiled in the abdominal cavity for 5-6 meters, which is the main place for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
25. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into absorbable components in the digestive tract. Absorption refers to the process that nutrients enter the circulatory system through the digestive tract wall. Among them, glucose, amino acids, inorganic salts, water and vitamins enter the villous capillaries of small intestine to be absorbed, while glycerol and fatty acids mostly enter the villous lymphatic capillaries of small intestine to be absorbed and enter the blood circulation through lymphatic circulation.
26. Digestion of starch, protein and fat (fill in the form)
Compare the results of digestive juice digestion at the site where digestion began and at the site where digestion mainly took place.
Glucose in saliva, pancreatic juice and small intestinal juice of oral cavity and small intestine.
Amino acids in protein's gastric juice, pancreatic juice and small intestine juice.
Fatty acids in small intestine bile, pancreatic juice, glycerol and small intestine juice
27. The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus) and lung.
28. The lung is the main organ of the respiratory system and the place for gas exchange. Characteristics suitable for gas exchange:? More, (more alveoli)? Winding, (with capillary and elastic fiber winding)? Thin (alveolar wall and capillary wall are very thin).
29. vital capacity refers to the amount of gas that people can exhale after trying to inhale and exhale. It is an index reflecting lung ventilation. The larger the number, the better. It is generally measured three times during physical examination, and the maximum value for adults is about 2500-4000ml.
30. Breathing frequency: the number of breaths per minute. In a calm state, the call frequency of adults is about 16- 18 times/minute. The larger the number, the better.
3 1. Respiratory movement is caused by the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles; The result of breathing movement realizes the ventilation of the lungs (principle).
32. The principle of gas exchange in vivo (including gas exchange in alveoli and gas exchange in tissues) is gas diffusion.
33. Gas poisoning (carbon monoxide poisoning) and drowning death are obstacles to gas transport in blood and lung ventilation, respectively.
34. Significance of breathing: Inhaling oxygen decomposes organic matter in the body, releases energy, supplies various physiological activities and maintains body temperature.
35. Excretion: It refers to the process that wastes such as carbon dioxide, urea and excess water produced when substances are decomposed in the human body are excreted.
36. Excretion route: skin: sweat (part of water, a small amount of inorganic salts, urea)
Respiratory system: gas (carbon dioxide, a small amount of water)
Urinary system: urine (mainly water, inorganic salts and urea)
37. The kidney is where urine is formed. Healthy people form about 150 liters of raw urine every day, but only 1 is excreted. Five liters.
38. The basic unit of kidney structure and function is nephron, which consists of renal corpuscles (including glomerulus and renal capsule) and renal tubules.
39. The formation of urine includes three processes: glomerular filtration, renal tubular reabsorption and renal tubular secretion.
40. Glomerular filtration: When blood flows through the glomerulus, in addition to protein and macromolecules of blood cells, some substances in plasma, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., can be filtered by the glomerulus into the renal capsule cavity to form protourine.
4 1. Renal tubular reabsorption: When raw urine flows through the renal tubular, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed by the renal tubular and return to the blood.
42. Human urination not only discharges waste, but also regulates the contents of water and inorganic salts in the body, and maintains the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.
43. Compared with raw urine, plasma contains macromolecular protein; Compared with urine, urine contains glucose.
44. Reflex refers to the regular response of animals (including people) to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system. Reflection is
Through a certain neural structure, the neural structure involved in reflection is reflex arc.
46. The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex, and the basic way of higher nervous activity is conditioned reflex.
47. The reflex arc consists of five parts: receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and effector.
48. Reflex can be divided into conditioned reflex (acquired, advanced and vanishable, with its center in the brain).
Unconditional reflex (congenital, low level, permanent, with its center in the spinal cord and controlled by the brain)
48. Conditioned reflex is formed on the basis of unconditioned reflex through a certain process with the participation of cerebral cortex.
49. Biological significance of conditioned reflex-conditioned reflex improves the ability of people and animals to adapt to the environment.
50. Conditional reflex can be established or disappeared.
5 1. The unique conditioned reflex of human beings is to react to the language and words abstracted from specific signals.
52. The center of the unique human cerebral cortex is the language center.
53. Eating plums to quench thirst is an unconditional reflex; Watching plums quench their thirst and saying that plums quench their thirst are all conditioned reflex.
54. Characteristics of human neuromodulation: Animal conditioned reflex is caused by various specific stimuli; And human conditioned reflex can be caused by a specific thorn.
Stimulation can also be caused by abstract stimuli (such as language, words, etc.). The essential difference between man and animal
55. The spinal cord has not only reflex function, but also conduction function.
56. The brain is located in the cranial cavity, including the brain, cerebellum and brain stem.
57. The brain is composed of two hemispheres, and the surface is gray matter (cerebral cortex), which is the highest center for regulating human physiological activities. It is characterized by many pits and raised gyrus, thus increasing the total area of cerebral cortex (about 2200 square centimeters) and the number of neurons (about 65.438+0.4 billion).
58. The main function of the cerebellum is to coordinate and accurately move and maintain the balance of the body. People are drunk and can't walk steadily. This is because the cerebellum is paralyzed by alcohol.
59. A person's right hemiplegia is caused by the injury of the body motor center on the left side of the brain.
60. The structure of the eyeball consists of the wall (outer membrane, middle membrane and inner membrane) and the inclusions (aqueous humor, lens and vitreous body).
6 1. The eyeball adjusts the curvature of the lens through the ciliary body to see objects at different distances.
Distinguish the anterior diameter and posterior diameter of eyeball; The way to correct an object is that the curvature of the lens falls on the retina.
Myopia is too long and too big. Wear concave lenses in front and far away.
Hyperopia is too short and too elastic. Wear a convex lens near the back.
62. The white cardboard and lenticular lens in the demonstration experiment of eyeball imaging are equivalent to retina and lens in eyeball respectively.
63. Some blind people, after examination, have a good eyeball structure, but they can't see the surrounding objects. Perhaps the optic nerve or visual center has changed.
64. To prevent myopia, we should achieve "three essentials" and "four don't look".
65. Formation of vision: The light reflected by external objects passes through the cornea and aqueous humor, enters the eyeball from the pupil, and then refracts through the lens and vitreous body to form a clear image of the object on the retina. The image of the object stimulates the photoreceptor cells on the retina, and the nerve impulses generated by these photoreceptor cells enter the visual center of the cerebral cortex along the optic nerve, thus forming vision.
66. The ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
67. The formation of hearing: external sound waves reach the eardrum through the external auditory canal, causing the eardrum to vibrate. Vibration is transmitted to the inner ear through the three ossicles, which stimulates the auditory receptors in the cochlea. The generated nerve impulse is transmitted to the auditory pathway of cerebral cortex along the nerve related to hearing, forming hearing.
68. Endocrine glands: Endocrine glands are glands without ducts, and their secretions directly enter the capillaries in the glands and are transported to the whole body with blood circulation.
69. Hormones: Hormones are chemicals secreted by glandular cells of endocrine glands, which have special effects on the body.
70. Body fluid regulation: regulation of chemical substances (such as hormones and carbon dioxide). ) the influence of body fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, etc.) on human physiological activities. ) is called body fluid regulation.
7 1. Difference of main endocrine glands in human body
Diseases caused by the position and function of endocrine glands
The pituitary gland is located in the lower part of the brain and secretes growth hormone.
Thyroid stimulating hormone,
Childhood deficiency, such as gonadotropin-dwarfism.
Too many young children-gigantism
Overadult-acromegaly
The thyroid gland is located in front of the neck, and thyroid hormone is secreted on both sides of the throat and trachea.
Too much-hyperthyroidism
Insufficiency of insulin secretion by islets scattered in the pancreas-diabetes.
72. The main sex organ of men is testis, which produces sperm and secretes androgen. The main sex organ of women is the ovary, which produces eggs and secretes estrogen. .
73. The human body has three lines of defense: 1. Skin and mucous membrane II. Bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids. Immune organs (thymus, spleen and lymph nodes) and immune cells (mainly lymphocytes).
74. Immunity can be divided into two categories: nonspecific immunity (innate, which can resist many pathogens), such as the first and second lines of defense.
Specific immunity (acquired, only acting on specific pathogens or foreign bodies) such as the third line of defense.
75. Immunity is a physiological function of human body; The human body relies on this function to identify "self" and "non-self" components, so as to destroy and repel antigen substances entering the body, or damaged cells and tumor cells produced by the human body itself, so as to maintain the balance and stability of the internal environment of the human body.
Antigen-a substance (foreign body such as pathogen) that causes human body to produce antibodies.
Antibody-a special protein that antagonizes pathogens by stimulating lymphocytes after they enter the human body.
Infectious diseases-diseases caused by pathogens (such as germs, viruses, parasites, etc.). ) can spread from person to person or from person to animal.
There are three links in the epidemic of infectious diseases: the source of infection-people or animals that can spread pathogens.
Transmission route-the way for pathogens to leave the source of infection and reach healthy people.
Susceptible population-people who lack immunity to infectious diseases and are susceptible to infection.
79. Genetic-biological characteristics are transmitted to offspring.
Characteristics-refers to the morphological or physiological characteristics of an organism.
Gene-a small unit in genetic material that determines biological characteristics.
Genetic material-a substance on a chromosome that determines biological characteristics.
Chromosome-a substance in the nucleus that is easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.
80. Everyone is developed from a fertilized egg. Embryo development begins with fertilized eggs.
8 1. A fertilized egg is a fusion of sperm and egg cells. Sperm comes from father, and egg cells come from mother.
82. Every living cell contains a certain number of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes of fertilized eggs is the same as that of somatic cells. These chromosomes exist in pairs. Each pair of chromosomes comes from the father and the other pair comes from the mother.
83. Genes in cells of organisms also exist in pairs, and the paired genes are located on two pairs of chromosomes. A fertilized egg contains genes from both parents, one from the father and the other from the mother.
84. The chromosome number of germ cells (sperm or egg cells) is reduced by half compared with that of somatic cells.
85. Parents' characteristics are passed on to their children through their germ cells. The characters of animals and plants are also mainly passed on to offspring through germ cells.
86. Write the figures of six combinations: AA ⅹ AAAA ⅹ AAAA ⅹ AAAA ⅹ AAAA.
87. The gene (a) that determines double eyelids is a dominant gene, and the gene that determines single eyelids is a recessive gene (a). There are several kinds of marriage combinations in the crowd, and their personality or genetic composition is known. Please fill in the form and write down their personalities or genetic makeup.
Parents' characteristics, parents' genetic composition, children's characteristics, children's genetic composition
Parents' double eyelids Aa×Aa Some double eyelids and some single eyelids Aa, Aa, AA.
Double eyelids are AA
Double eyelid, single eyelid, partial double eyelid, partial single eyelid, partial aa, partial Aa.
Double eyelids, double eyelids Aa part, AA part
Double eyelids, single eyelids Aa×aa Some double eyelids, some single eyelids.
88. Some biological traits are controlled by a pair of genes, both dominant and recessive.
89. Many human genetic diseases are controlled by a pair of genes, and they are often recessive genes.
90. Reasons for prohibiting consanguineous marriage: The closer the blood relationship is, the closer the genetic genes are, and the more likely the children born after marriage will get genetic diseases.
The purpose of prohibiting consanguineous marriage is to greatly reduce the probability of genetic diseases in future generations. Is not a genetic disease that can be eliminated.
9 1. variation refers to the characteristic differences between parents and offspring and between offspring individuals. There are genetic variations and non-genetic variations (suntanned skin).
92. At first there was no life on the earth, and the primitive ocean was the cradle of life.
93. The course of biological evolution (trends, laws): from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.
94. The earliest vertebrates on the earth-ancient fish, and the earliest terrestrial vertebrates-reptiles.
95. Fish-amphibians-reptiles-birds and mammals. Algae-bryophytes-ferns-gymnosperms-angiosperms
96. Reasons for biological evolution: Darwin's theory of evolution (natural selection theory)
97. Natural selection-creatures in nature survive through fierce competition, and those that don't adapt are eliminated.
98. Darwin believed that most living things tend to over-reproduce, and they have to compete for enough food and space in order to survive.
In the competition for survival, individuals with favorable variation are easy to survive and reproduce; Individuals with unfavorable variation are easy to be eliminated.
99. Humans and apes are close relatives, and they have the same primitive ancestor-both originated from forest apes.
100. In the older strata, the simpler and lower the fossils, the more aquatic fossils;
In the later strata, the more complex and higher the strata, the more terrestrial biochemical stones.
10 1. The living environment of living things not only refers to the living place of living things, but also mainly refers to various factors existing around them that affect their lives.
102. the relationship between living things and environment: living things must adapt to the environment in order to survive. While living things adapt to the environment, they also affect the environment. Biology and environment interact.
103. Ecological factors-factors affecting biological life in the environment, including abiotic factors and biological factors.
104. Ecosystem-a unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area.
Plant producer
The biological part of animals-consumers
Composition of bacteria, fungi and decomposers in ecosystem
Abiotic parts-sunlight, air, water, etc.
105. Producer: In an ecosystem, plants can use light energy to make organic matter, which is called producer.
106. consumer: animals can't synthesize inorganic substances into organic substances, so they can only eat ready-made ones, so they are called consumers.
107. decomposer: bacteria and fungi can decompose animal and plant remains into inorganic substances, so they are called decomposers.
108. Ecological balance-the number and proportion of various organisms in the ecosystem have always remained relatively stable.
109. food chain-in an ecosystem, the relationship between consumers and producers is mainly eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. .
1 10. The nutritional relationship among many food chains in food web-ecosystem.
1 1 1. Ecology-the science of studying the relationship between biology and environment.
1 12. biosphere-this thin layer around the earth's surface is composed of various living things and their living environment.
1 13. China's gymnosperm resources rank first in the world; China has the largest number of birds in the world.
1 14. China is the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 22% of the world population. However, cultivated land only accounts for 1/3 of the world's per capita.
Specific requirements for controlling population growth: late marriage and late childbirth, fewer births and better births.
1 15. In order to protect rare animals such as giant pandas and golden monkeys, Sichuan has established nature reserves such as Wolong, Wang Lang and Jiuzhaigou.
1 16. Environmental protection refers to the protection of animal and plant resources and the prevention and control of environmental pollution.
1 17. biological science will develop in both micro and macro directions.