One difference is personal loans and the other is corporate loans.
Enterprise loan refers to a way for an enterprise to borrow money from banks or other financial institutions at a prescribed interest rate and time limit for production and operation. Enterprise loans are mainly used for large-scale long-term investments such as the purchase and construction of fixed assets and technical transformation.
Peer-to-peer enterprise loan is a new type of enterprise loan, developed by P2P platform, which provides private enterprises with exclusive loans to help solve their difficulties.
Enterprise loans can be divided into working capital loans, stocks, foreign exchange, fixed assets loans, credit loans, secured loans, gold, bank acceptance bills, bank acceptance bills discounting, commercial acceptance bills discounting, interest-bearing bills discounting by buyers or agreements, etc.
Banking Qualification Examination: Principles of Personal Loan Management
Section 1 Principles of Personal Loan Management
First, the whole process management principles
The whole process of loan management emphasizes that effective credit risk management runs through every link of the loan life cycle.
Credit management can not be roughly divided into three links: pre-loan management, in-loan management and post-loan management. Lenders should proceed from the idea of strengthening the whole process management of loans, decompose all links in the process management of loans, implement the responsibilities of each link to specific departments and posts according to the principle of effective checks and balances, and establish a clear accountability mechanism.
Second, the principle of applying for loans in good faith
Credit application mainly includes two meanings: first, the borrower abides by the principle of honesty and trustworthiness, provides loan application materials in the specific way and content required by the lender, and promises that the materials provided are true, complete and effective; Second, the borrower should prove that his credit record is good, and the loan purpose and repayment source are clear and legal.
The loan applicant shall adhere to the principle of honesty and trustworthiness and provide the lender with true, complete and effective loan application materials.
Third, the principle of agreement commitment.
The principle of agreement commitment requires that banking financial institutions, as lenders, should sign complete loan contracts and other agreement documents with borrowers and other relevant parties, standardize the relevant behaviors of all parties, clarify the rights and obligations of all parties, adjust the legal relations of all parties, and clarify the legal responsibilities of all parties.
On the one hand, the principle of agreement commitment requires the lender to clearly stipulate its rights and obligations in the contract and other agreement documents, on the other hand, it requires the customer to sign a commitment to a series of matters and rely on the law to restrain the customer's behavior.
Fourth, the principle of separate control of loans and loans.
Separate control of lending means that banking financial institutions manage and control loan approval and loan issuance as two independent business links to reduce the operational risk of credit business. The essence of loan separation control is that loan approval is not equal to lending.
The lender shall set up an independent loan issuing department or post, which shall be responsible for reviewing all loan preconditions and confirming the use of loan funds. If the payment is entrusted to the lender, the lender shall examine whether the payment application information is consistent with the business contract; If the borrower pays independently, the lender shall confirm the loan payment elements submitted by the borrower.
Five, the principle of real loan and real payment
Real loan payment refers to the process that banking financial institutions pay the loan funds to the borrower's transaction object according to the borrower's effective loan demand, mainly through the way of entrusted payment by the lender. The key to the principle of real loan and real payment is to let the borrower use the loan funds according to the purpose agreed in the loan contract and reduce the risk of loan misappropriation.
The actual payment of the loan provides the starting point and basis for the whole process management and agreement commitment, and helps the lender to guard against credit risk and legal risk.
Principles of post-loan management of intransitive verbs
Post-loan management refers to the credit risk management of commercial banks after loan issuance. The main contents of post-loan management principles are: supervising the use of loan funds according to their purposes; Monitor the borrower's account; It is emphasized that the relevant provisions of the loan contract are instructive and binding on post-loan management; According to the regulatory requirements, clarify the legal responsibility of the lender for post-loan management.
Provisions on the administration of loan interest rates
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1 In order to correctly implement the national interest rate policy, standardize and strengthen the interest rate management of China Development Bank (hereinafter referred to as the Development Bank), these Measures are formulated in accordance with the relevant national financial policies and regulations and the provisions of the People's Bank of China on the management of RMB interest rate.
Article 2 The term RMB deposit and loan interest rate management as mentioned in these Measures refers to the determination, implementation, adjustment, supervision and inspection of RMB deposit and loan interest rates of development banks.
Article 3 The legal interest rate mentioned in these Measures refers to the deposit and loan interest rate announced by the People's Bank of China.
Chapter II Responsibilities and Division of Labor of Interest Rate Management
Article 4 The Comprehensive Planning Bureau of the head office of the Development Bank is the functional department of the Development Bank in charge of RMB deposit and loan interest rates, and performs the following interest rate management duties:
(1) Formulate the bank's interest rate management system and measures according to the national interest rate policies and regulations.
(two) according to the statutory interest rate and the relevant interest rate regulations formulated by the People's Bank of China, put forward the types, grades, levels and floating ranges of the deposit and loan interest rates of the Development Bank and the implementation opinions of the interest settlement regulations; According to the relevant interest rate adjustment documents or policies of the People's Bank of China, put forward the interest rate adjustment plan of Development Bank in time.
(3) Publicize, carry out and implement the national interest rate policy, timely forward the interest rate documents of the People's Bank of China, be responsible for organizing and implementing the interest rate management of the Development Bank, and coordinate and handle relevant issues in the implementation of interest rates.
(4) Supervise and inspect the implementation of the national interest rate policy and the Bank's interest rate management system by branches, and guide the interest rate management of branches. Responsible for reporting and reflecting the situation and problems in the process of interest rate implementation to the People's Bank of China.
Article 5 The planning department of a branch is the functional department of interest rate work of the branch, and is responsible for performing the following interest rate management duties according to the requirements of the Head Office:
(1) Organize and implement the national interest rate policy and relevant interest rate management regulations of the Head Office within the jurisdiction of the branch.
(2) Publicize the national interest rate policy, send the interest rate documents of the Head Office in time, and be responsible for the coordination of relevant matters in the implementation of interest rates within its jurisdiction.
(3) Supervise and inspect the implementation of interest rate policies within its jurisdiction. Timely report and reflect the situation and problems in the process of interest rate implementation to the head office.
Article 6 The Finance and Accounting Bureau of the Head Office shall be responsible for formulating and organizing the implementation of the accounting regulations for interest calculation and settlement of the Development Bank according to the relevant interest rate documents of the People's Bank of China and the Development Bank.
Article 7 The Legal Affairs Bureau of the Head Office is responsible for determining the interest rate clauses of the relevant contract texts of the Development Bank according to the provisions of the interest rate documents of the Development Bank.
Article 8 The Credit Management Bureau of the Head Office is responsible for checking whether the loan interest rate, extension interest rate, penalty interest and other clauses in the loan contract text of the Development Bank are compliant and correct according to the provisions of the interest rate document of the Development Bank; Examine and approve interest rate reduction and prepayment items reported by branches.
Article 9 The credit department of a branch shall specifically implement the relevant interest rate policies of the Development Bank, and be responsible for signing loan contracts with borrowers according to the interest rates stipulated in the interest rate documents of the Development Bank. In the contract, the types of loans, interest rate grades, overdue loans, misappropriation and other penalty clauses should be clearly defined according to relevant regulations. The default interest or loan extension that needs to be collected shall be notified to the accounting department in time; Responsible for conveying the new interest rate table of the bank to all borrowers after interest rate adjustment; Responsible for notifying the corresponding borrower after the implementation of the new interest rate for each loan.
Article 10 The Finance and Accounting Bureau, the Legal Affairs Bureau and the Credit Management Bureau of the Head Office shall issue relevant interest rate documents and regulations in the system, which shall be countersigned by the Comprehensive Planning Bureau.
Eleventh development bank deposit and loan interest rates by the comprehensive planning bureau is responsible for the interpretation of; The relevant interest rate regulations formulated by the Financial Accounting Bureau, the Legal Affairs Bureau and the Credit Management Bureau of the Head Office shall be interpreted by all departments.
Article 12 The Comprehensive Planning Bureau of the Head Office shall be equipped with a full-time interest rate manager, and the planning departments of all branches shall designate special persons to manage interest rates.
Chapter III Deposit Interest Rate and Interest Settlement
Thirteenth development bank unit deposits according to demand deposits and time deposits to implement two kinds of interest rates. The term and grade of time deposit interest rate shall be subject to the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of RMB Unit Deposits of the People's Bank of China.
Fourteenth development bank demand deposits are settled quarterly, and the 20th of the last month of each quarter is the settlement date.
Fifteenth unit demand deposits shall bear interest according to the settlement date or the interest rate announced on the settlement date, and shall not bear interest when the interest rate is adjusted.
Article 16 The unit time deposit shall bear interest at the interest rate announced on the deposit date, and the interest shall be settled with the principal. In case of interest rate adjustment, interest will not be calculated by stages. If all unit time deposits are withdrawn in advance, the interest will be calculated and settled according to the deposit interest rate listed on the withdrawal date; For the part withdrawn in advance, the interest shall be calculated according to the deposit interest rate listed on the withdrawal date, and the rest shall be calculated according to the original interest rate. Unit time deposits are not withdrawn at maturity, and the overdue part bears interest according to the deposit interest rate listed on the withdrawal date.
Article 17. Margin deposits shall bear interest at the unit deposit rate.
Article 18 All financial deposits transferred to the People's Bank do not bear interest; The unpaid part shall bear interest at the unit deposit rate.
Chapter IV Loan Interest Rate and Interest Settlement
Article 19 Development Bank loans are subject to different interest rates according to short-term loans (with a term below 1 year, inclusive) and medium-and long-term loans (with a term above 1 year).
Twentieth short-term loans (including equipment reserve loans and other short-term loans) shall bear interest at the legal loan interest rate of the corresponding grade on the effective date of the loan contract. During the loan contract period, in case of interest rate adjustment, interest will not be calculated in installments. Short-term loans are settled quarterly, and the settlement date is the 20th of the last month of each quarter. For the interest that cannot be paid on schedule during the loan period, compound interest shall be calculated according to the loan contract interest rate; After loans overdue, compound interest shall be calculated at the penalty interest rate. When the last loan is paid off, the profit will be paid off with the principal.
Twenty-first medium and long-term loans (including fixed assets soft loans, hard loans and special loans) interest rates are fixed for one year. The loan (including all the funds allocated by installments within 65,438+0 years from the effective date of the loan contract) shall bear interest at the legal loan interest rate of the corresponding grade on the effective date of the loan contract, and the interest rate for the next year shall be determined every 65,438+0 years (the first loan shall be paid by installments).
Twenty-second special loan interest rate according to the statutory loan interest rate stipulated by the people's Bank of China.
Twenty-third soft loan interest rates set up different grades according to the needs of different industries. The interest rate level of soft loans is proposed by the development bank and promulgated for implementation after being approved by the People's Bank of China.
Twenty-fourth medium and long-term loans shall be settled quarterly, and the 20th day at the end of each quarter shall be the settlement date. For the interest that cannot be paid on schedule during the loan period, compound interest shall be calculated according to the loan contract interest rate; After loans overdue, compound interest shall be calculated at the penalty interest rate.
Twenty-fifth loan extension, the cumulative term calculation, when the cumulative term reaches the new interest rate term level, from the extension date, according to the same level of interest rate listed on the extension date; If the new term grade cannot be reached, the interest will be calculated at the original grade interest rate on the extension date.
Twenty-sixth overdue loans or misappropriation of loans, from the date of overdue or misappropriation, interest will be calculated at the default interest rate until the principal and interest are fully paid off. In case of adjustment of the default interest rate, interest will be calculated in stages. Interest that cannot be paid on schedule during loans overdue or misappropriation shall be compounded quarterly at the penalty interest rate. Just like loans overdue's misappropriation, we should choose carefully and not combine.
Twenty-seventh loan interest rates are subject to floating management. According to the relevant regulations of the People's Bank of China, the medium and long-term loan interest rate of the Development Bank may not go up, but it may go down, and the maximum downward rate shall be implemented according to the regulations of the People's Bank of China. The interest rate standard for downward floating loans of development banks to related industries and borrowing enterprises shall be formulated separately by the head office. The Head Office is responsible for approving the items and levels of medium and long-term loans and equipment reserve loan interest rates approved by the Head Office, and the approval procedures are synchronized with the loan project approval process; The items and levels of interest rates for equipment reserve loans within the limits authorized by the branches shall be applied by the branches and reported to the Credit Bureau of the Head Office for countersigning, and shall be examined and approved by the Comprehensive Planning Bureau.
Twenty-eighth provisions on repaying loans in advance and collecting interest. In violation of the relevant provisions of the loan contract, the development bank requires the borrower to repay in advance, and the loan interest is calculated at the loan contract interest rate until the prepayment date. If the borrower voluntarily requests early repayment, with the consent of the Development Bank, in addition to paying the interest calculated according to the loan contract interest rate to the date of early repayment, it shall also compensate the Development Bank for the losses caused by early repayment.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 The Head Office shall regularly check the implementation of interest rates. For those institutions and responsible persons who violate the national interest rate policy, raise or lower the deposit and loan interest rates without authorization, and violate these measures, resulting in adverse effects and losses, the Head Office will give economic penalties and administrative sanctions according to the seriousness of the case.
Thirtieth these measures are not specified, and the people's Bank of China has the corresponding provisions, according to the provisions of the people's Bank of China.
Article 31 The Comprehensive Planning Bureau of the Head Office shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Measures.
Article 32 These Measures shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation, and the original Interim Provisions on Interest Rate Management of China Development Bank (CDB Fa [1996] No.47) shall be abolished at the same time.
Bank Personal Loan: Lender's Post-loan Supervision
In the column of professional qualification of banks, we have carefully prepared "Bank Personal Loan 20 17: Lender's Post-loan Monitoring" for the majority of candidates. Let's get ready quickly. Good luck in the exam.
Lender's post-loan monitoring
(1) Monitoring of operating conditions
Business risks are mainly reflected in:
(a) major changes have taken place in business activities, resulting in suspension, semi-suspension or closure;
② Changes in business nature, business objectives or practices;
(three) the main data show that there are adverse changes or trends in industry statistics;
4. Operating unfamiliar business, new business or conducting business in unfamiliar areas;
⑤ Can't adapt to the changes of market or customer demand;
⑥ Holding a large order can't perform the contract well;
⑦ The product structure is single;
(8) The control over inventory, production and sales has declined;
Pet-name ruby excessive dependence on some customers or suppliers may cause huge losses;
(10) Changes in the position relationship in the supply chain, such as the supplier no longer supplies or reduces the credit line;
_ Buyers reduce purchases;
_ The location of the enterprise has changed adversely or the distribution of branches is unreasonable;
_ The acquisition of other enterprises or the opening of new sales outlets have obvious influence on sales and operation, such as the acquisition is only based on financial motives, not closely related to the core business;
_ Selling and selling major productive and operational fixed assets;
_ Poor maintenance of plant equipment, slow updating of equipment and lack of production lines for key products;
_ The feasibility of the construction project is deviated, or there is a big adjustment in the implementation of the plan, such as the extension of the construction period of the infrastructure project, or it is in a state of shutdown or budget adjustment;
_ The borrower's product quality or service level declines;
_ lose a large number of customers with strong financial resources;
_ Encounter serious natural disasters or social disasters, such as typhoons, fires and wars;
_ The enterprise failed to reach the predetermined profit target.
Management monitoring
The risks of enterprise operation are mainly reflected in:
(1) Important personnel changes occur in the enterprise, such as changes in senior management or board members, changes in the most important leadership behavior, illness or death, litigation, impermanence in performance of duties, etc.
(2) the top management is arbitrary, the leadership is not United, and there are serious disputes and differences among the top management; The functional departments have sharp contradictions and do not cooperate with each other, and the management has low taste and lack of self-cultivation.
③ The management is slow to respond to changes in environment and industry or changes in management ideas, showing extreme aggressiveness or conservatism.
(4) The management lacks strategic planning for enterprise development, and lacks sufficient industry experience and management ability (for example, some managers only have financial expertise, but have no comprehensive ability in technology, operation, strategy, marketing and financial skills), which leads to the failure to implement the business plan.
⑤ The board of directors and senior managers pay attention to short-term profits and neglect long-term interests, which leads to financial confusion and affects the quality of income.
⑥ Major adverse changes have taken place in the major shareholders, affiliated enterprises or parent-subsidiary companies of the borrower.
⑦ The middle management is weak, and the enterprise personnel are updated too quickly or the staff are insufficient.
financial supervision
The financial risks of enterprises are mainly reflected in:
(1) The enterprise cannot pay the principal and interest of the bank loan on schedule;
② The net operating cash flow continues to be negative;
(3) product backlog and inventory turnover rate decline;
(4) Abnormal increase in accounts receivable;
⑤ The proportion of current assets to total assets decreased;
⑥ Improper increase of short-term liabilities and substantial increase of long-term liabilities;
⑦ Bank accounts are chaotic, and bills due are unable to pay;
(8) The decrease in sales, increase in costs, decrease in income and decrease in operating losses;
Pet-name ruby can't submit the accounting statements in time, or the accounting statements are fraudulent;
Attending financial records and business control confusion.
In addition to the above monitoring contents, banks should verify the financial statements provided by enterprises.
(4) Banking supervision
Abnormal phenomena in banks include:
(1) the borrower's deposit in the bank dropped sharply;
(2) Opening accounts in several banks (the number of accounts opened by the company obviously exceeds its business needs);
③ Rely more on short-term loans and need loan extension;
(4) The repayment source is not implemented or the repayment funds are non-sales receipts;
⑤ The loan exceeds the reasonable payment ability of the borrower;
⑥ The borrower has the phenomenon of withdrawing funds and seeking loans;
⑦ After the funds are withdrawn, the borrower uses them for other purposes before the repayment period, which increases the loan risk.
Personal Credit Loan Elements of Banking Personal Loan Testing Center 20 17
In the column of professional qualification of banks, we have carefully prepared "Elements of Personal Credit Loan in Banking Personal Loan Test Sites 20 17" for the majority of candidates, hoping to help them. For more information, please continue to pay attention to this website.
Elements of personal credit loan
1. Loan object
Commercial banks generally have strict rules for borrowers of personal credit loans. To apply for a personal credit loan, you must first meet the following basic conditions:
(1) China citizens who have permanent residence in China and permanent residence in local towns and have full capacity for civil conduct;
(2) Having a proper and good occupation, a stable income and the ability to repay the loan principal and interest on schedule; Law-abiding, no illegal acts and bad credit records;
(3) Opening a personal settlement account in a lending bank (it is agreed that the borrowing bank will deduct the loan principal and interest from the personal settlement account designated by it);
(4) Documents proving the purpose of the loan;
(5) Other conditions as stipulated by the bank.
2. Loan interest rate
The interest rate of personal credit loans shall be subject to the benchmark interest rate of loans of the same grade in the same period stipulated by the People's Bank of China.
The floating range shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People's Bank of China. The interest before the extension is calculated and paid according to the interest rate agreed in the original contract. After the extension, if the accumulated loan term is less than 6 months, the interest will be calculated according to the 6-month loan interest rate listed on the same day from the date of extension; If it is more than 6 months, the interest shall be calculated according to the 1 year loan interest rate listed on that day from the extension date.
3. Term of the loan
The term of personal credit loan is generally 1 year (including 1 year), and the longest is no more than 3 years. Banks usually carry out personal credit rating every year, and determine the extension of personal credit loans according to the credit rating.
4. Repayment method
If the term of personal credit loan is within 1 year (including 1 year), the repayment method of monthly interest payment, monthly, quarterly or one-time repayment of principal shall be adopted; If the loan term exceeds 1 year, the repayment method of monthly principal and interest shall be adopted.
5. Loan amount
Banks determine different loan quotas according to the credit rating of borrowers and the conditions of specific applicants; And report to the superior for approval according to the authorized authority and different quotas. The regulations on the specific amount vary greatly from bank to bank.
20 18 Banking Practice Examination "Personal Loan" Chapter 7 Test Site: The Meaning of Personal Mortgage Credit Loan
Guide reading
The meaning of personal mortgage credit loan
Mortgage means that the debtor or the third party does not transfer the possession of legal property and takes the property as the guarantee of creditor's rights. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the creditor has the right to discount it according to law or give priority to compensation with the price of auction or sale of the property. The debtor or the third party is the mortgagor, the creditor is the mortgagee, and the property provided as guarantee is the collateral.
Personal mortgage credit loan refers to a loan in which the borrower mortgages the property of himself or a third person (natural person only) to the bank, and the bank sets the maximum personal credit line according to a certain proportion of the assessed value of the collateral. The collateral of personal mortgage credit loan is generally a house or commercial house with free property rights owned by the borrower himself or a third person (limited to natural persons).
Characteristics of personal mortgage credit loan
1. Credit first, then credit.
The borrower can only use the loan after applying to the bank for personal mortgage credit loan procedures and obtaining the credit line.
2. One-time credit issuance and recovery
The borrower only needs to apply for personal mortgage credit loan from the bank at one time, and after obtaining the credit line, it can be recycled within the validity period (generally 1 year) and the credit line. Personal mortgage credit loan provides a revolving credit account with a clear credit line. The borrower can use part or all of the credit line, and once the used balance is repaid, the credit line can be restored.
3. Comprehensive loan purposes
Personal mortgage credit loan has no specific purpose, and its purpose is comprehensive, as long as the individual can provide proof of loan purpose.
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20 18 Banking Examination "Personal Loan" Chapter 7 Test Site: Elements of Personal Mortgage Credit Loan
Guide reading
Elements of personal mortgage credit loan
1. Loan object
The loan object of personal mortgage credit loan shall meet the following conditions:
(1) A citizen of People's Republic of China (PRC) who has full capacity for civil conduct and has reached the age of 18, or an overseas natural person who meets the relevant provisions of the state;
② The loan applicant has a local permanent residence or valid residence status;
③ The loan applicant has the ability to repay all the loan principal and interest on schedule;
④ The borrower has no significant bad credit record;
⑤ The loan applicant and some of his/her real estate agree to mortgage their own houses, or agree to convert the personal housing loan originally mortgaged with houses (hereinafter referred to as the original housing mortgage loan) into personal housing mortgage credit loans;
⑥ Other conditions specified by each bank.
2. Loan interest rate
The personal loan interest rate under the personal mortgage credit loan shall be subject to the loan interest rate policy stipulated by the People's Bank of China.
3. Term of the loan
The longest validity period of mortgage credit loans is 30 years.
(1) If the newly purchased house is used as a mortgage credit loan, the effective date is the day before the signing date of the individual housing loan contract.
(2) If the bank's original housing mortgage loan is converted into personal mortgage credit loan, the starting date of validity is the day before the original housing mortgage loan issuance date.
(3) The maturity date of a single mortgage credit loan cannot exceed the maturity date of the validity period of the mortgage credit loan.
4. Repayment method
(1) The repayment method is specifically determined by the borrower according to the management regulations of different loan types and the actual situation of the borrower, and is stipulated in the contract. You can choose the most suitable repayment method according to the borrower's economic situation and repayment plan. Specifically, the equal principal and interest repayment method and the average capital repayment method can be adopted.
(2) For each loan under personal mortgage credit loan, the principal and interest of the loan can be repaid by entrusted deduction or counter repayment. The borrower can choose the repayment method as needed. At present, prepayment generally adopts counter repayment method.
5. Loan amount
(1) Determination of loan amount
(2) Determination of available loan amount
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