After the war, the Federal Republic of Germany implemented a "social market economy" system with market competition as the core, giving full play to the role of the market mechanism and the state's guiding and coordinating functions in the operation of the market economy, which is the institutional basis for the rapid development of the Federal Republic of Germany and its unique industrialization road. Judging from the way the government intervenes in the economy, Germany adopts the form of consultation intervention of social cooperation. Under this intervention system, there is neither state ownership control nor state direct implementation plan, but only indirect control and influence on industrial investment policy. From the policy point of view, the German government attaches great importance to the guidance and regulation of industrial organizations, and relatively little intervention in industrial structure. German economists believe that the fairness of market order is more important than the optimization of industrial structure. In a sense, "anti-monopoly priority" is the essence of German social market economy. Judging from the choice of pillar industries, the German government did not strictly choose pillar industries. The formation and development of leading industries in Germany is mainly a spontaneous process of market competition, and the government only creates the necessary institutional premise to provide a relaxed macroeconomic environment for maintaining the social market economy competition order. From the perspective of foreign trade, the German government has advocated free trade in all periods since the early post-World War II, and has always adopted a laissez-faire policy for domestic and foreign investment.
(two) the focus of industrial support funds is small and medium-sized enterprises and scientific research institutions.
From the way of support, the German government usually does not directly provide financial subsidies to an enterprise, but provides financing channels and services to SMEs through various financial institutions to support and promote their development. The German government also provides interest subsidies to banks that provide loans to SMEs. The government has also funded the establishment of credit guarantee associations in many places to provide credit guarantees when small and medium-sized enterprises borrow from banks to solve the loan difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. From the focus of support, stimulating technological progress, especially the research and development of forward-looking technologies and the diffusion of achievements, is the focus of industrial capital support. For example, from 2006 to 2009, the government invested 654.38+0.2 billion euros to support the research, development and promotion of 654.38+07 key areas such as nano, biology and micro-systems.
(c) Creating an innovative environment with the private sector as the main body and promoting technological progress and transformation.
On the one hand, the government rarely intervenes in specific R&D technology activities, while R&D activities are independent. From 65438 to 0949, the German Constitution stipulated that science was completely independent, and the federal and state governments would not concentrate national science and technology resources in a specific direction or field through policies, nor would science and technology policies formulate very specific mission orientation and development goals. On the other hand, pay attention to the spread and transformation of sex technology. The German Federation of Scientific Research plays an important role in the spread and transformation of sex technology. For example, Fraunhofer Association for the Promotion of Applied Research has its unique financing mechanism, cooperation mode, evaluation method and transformation mechanism, which ensures the industrialization and commercialization of technological research and development achievements.
Support and promotion policies for small and medium-sized enterprises focusing on technological progress
First, encourage the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises and assist them in financing. Since the 1970s, the German federal government and banks have implemented various policies and plans aimed at helping small and medium-sized enterprises to start businesses, such as "self-owned capital assistance plan" and "improving regional structure under the same task", and provided financial subsidies and technical and talent assistance to new start-ups. Secondly, promote the technological progress of small and medium-sized enterprises. Specific policies include: (1) SMEs formulate policies to promote technology transfer. The government has formulated a series of special plans to promote many enterprises and research institutes to carry out joint research projects and sign third-party R&D contracts. (2) Indirect promotion policy for enterprise R&D personnel. From 65438 to 0989, Germany implemented the "R&D personnel growth promotion plan for industrial and commercial enterprises" in the western region, the main content of which was to provide a certain amount of wage subsidies for newly hired scientific and technological personnel in enterprises and promote the flow of scientific and technological personnel. (3) the enterprise technology innovation risk sharing plan. Encourage investment companies, venture capital companies and other investors to get involved in the investment of new technology enterprises as soon as possible through low-interest loans and departmental responsibilities. In short, all policies of the federal government support and guide small and medium-sized enterprises. Non-intervention and non-discrimination industrial policies, together with stable prices and sustained economic growth, provide a good environment and conditions for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany.
Improve labor skills through lifelong learning mechanism.
First of all, Germany's policy of encouraging lifelong learning and improving labor skills has a clear and unified direction. From the initial advocacy of continuing learning to the proposal of lifelong learning, Germany's lifelong learning and labor skills upgrading policy system has been continuously improved and kept pace with the times. Secondly, continuing education is the main way to improve lifelong learning and labor skills. Germany has the largest, most extensive and most powerful adult education institution in the world. Adult education centers are flexible in running schools and low in fees, and workers can receive needed training at very low cost at any time. Thirdly, lifelong learning has become an important part of German industrial civilization. Germany's incentives for lifelong learning and skills upgrading are also comprehensive. For example, those who take part in full-time study and start their own businesses are given autonomy and partially exempted from repaying loans.
(vi) Cluster incentive policies to promote the gathering of knowledge industries.
As one of the main actors of industrial clusters, the federal government and state government have indispensable importance in the development of industrial clusters, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, provide good infrastructure to create a good environment for entrepreneurs to start their own businesses and foreign entrepreneurs to invest; The second is to create a reasonable institutional environment, enhance the trust between manufacturers, and promote the formation of a benign pattern of competition and cooperation between manufacturers; Third, provide effective public services to promote the growth and upgrading of industrial clusters; The fourth is to give play to the inciting effect of industrial cluster policy, that is, from the cooperation of internal subjects in a single cluster to the innovation of the whole cluster, from the innovation of a single cluster to the cooperation between clusters.
Second, the enlightenment of the development experience of German industrialization in the middle and late stage to China industrialization.
First of all, build a country through science and technology. The structure of German scientific and technological resources with the private sector as the main body and its policies to promote the optimization of innovation environment are worth learning from China. By organizing various research societies, the government-funded basic research and enterprise-led applied research are well combined, which not only opens up the channels for universities, scientific research institutions and industrial applications, but also ensures the funds for basic research and development without direct economic benefits. The German government also attaches great importance to the research and development of cutting-edge technologies and future technologies. Through long-term technology accumulation, German enterprises constantly master the core technological advantages of emerging industries.
Secondly, attach importance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. First, standardize market competition and promote the prosperity of small and medium-sized enterprises. Although China has also formulated a series of reform measures, such as liberalizing and invigorating small and medium-sized state-owned enterprises and promoting the development of non-state-owned enterprises, some of them are not from the standpoint of opposing and restricting competition, but only from the perspective of restricting competition. We can learn from Germany's policies and measures in regulating market competition and industrial organization to create a fair environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The second is to standardize government functions and improve the service system. Small and medium-sized enterprises have played an important role in China's economic development and industrialization. However, due to the long-term lack of services from management departments at all levels, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises has become increasingly difficult since 2000. We should learn from the German government. The government's management of small and medium-sized enterprises focuses on "service" rather than supervision, and on creating a good development environment rather than funding specific projects of specific enterprises. The third is to focus on solving the financing problem of small and medium-sized enterprises. The government's credit to small and medium-sized enterprises is not directly given to enterprises, but through small and medium-sized enterprise banks, and the government gives discount support. In terms of stock investment and venture capital of small and medium-sized enterprises, the German government directly invests in emerging industries and high-tech small and medium-sized enterprises, but does not participate in enterprise management.
Finally, strive to improve the quality of the labor force. First of all, lifelong learning is led and supported by the government. It is a systematic project to establish a lifelong education system and create a learning society. The government must make overall plans, give full play to the functions of various educational institutions, effectively integrate various educational resources and promote resource sharing. Second, strengthen cooperation between different education systems. There is no effective relationship between the school systems within the school education system in China. It is necessary to further reform the education and teaching system and strengthen communication and contact between schools; Establish a system of evaluation and recognition of academic achievements in non-academic education and mutual recognition of credits; Strengthen the flexibility, diversity and openness of the education system, and turn a single "single-plank bridge" that can only be realized through universities into an "overpass" that can only be realized through hard study and innovation in various ways. Third, policies and regulations guide. There are many laws and regulations related to children's education, higher education, adult education, vocational education and lifelong education in Germany, and its complete legal system is also the basis and guarantee for the rapid development of lifelong learning. China's lifelong education is still in its infancy, and the relevant legislation is still relatively lacking. We should learn from the German experience, vigorously strengthen the legal construction of lifelong learning, clarify the rights, obligations and related responsibilities of the government, enterprises, institutions and individuals, and bring lifelong learning and lifelong education system into the legal track.