Galand in Luoyang is a work of Yang in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The history of the rise and fall of monasteries in Luoyang for more than 40 years at that time was recorded in detail, and then the origin, scale, organizational system and even anecdotes of the major monasteries in Luoyang were counted. At the same time, it also covered the politics, economy, culture, folk customs, customs and historical anecdotes of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was of high literary and historical value.
After Buddhism was introduced into China, its influence on social culture became more and more profound. Since the 4th century, there have been written records of Buddhist temple buildings and related activities in metropolitan counties, especially in capital cities with rich cultural heritage. Although there are many pioneers in Luoyang Galand, due to its creativity and personal talent, it has actually become a model of pagodas in existing literature and history books. The height he achieved and the reputation he enjoyed were beyond the reach of several similar works later. At that time, the Buddhist centers were mainly Luoyang in the north and Jiankang in the south. The author wrote about the prosperity of the Buddhist temples in Luoyang at that time: therefore, the pagodas were parallel to each other; Strive to write the posture in the sky and compete for the shadow in the mountains; Jindian is higher than GV, and A Fang of radio and television is as strong as others. Is it really embroidered with wooden clothes and painted with cinnabar? ?
It has been l3 years since the Northern Wei Dynasty split into the Eastern and Western Wei Dynasties. When the author returned to Luoyang, the scenery in front of him had changed: the city wall collapsed, the palace overturned, the temple was reduced to ashes, and the temple pagoda became a mound ruin. The walls are covered with mugwort, the alleys are covered with thorns, the wild animals make holes in the barren steps, and the mountain nests are in the courtyard trees. Wandering children eat grass vertically, wandering in Jiukui, farmers ploughing old, and artistic millet in Shuangque. Mai Xiu's feeling is not unique to Yin Ruins; Sorrow of separation, letter in the room? .
Here, the author reveals a strong sense of the old ministers of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Galand, the ancient capital, is not only a symbol of the prosperity of Buddhism in the Northern Wei Dynasty, but also a symbol of national luck in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Where is the author of The Great Historical Change of Managers? Revisiting Luoyang? At this time, I am determined to let Brahma's lost voice reverberate for future generations in the text, and the sadness between the lines reveals isolation, which has become a potential emotional theme of the book. That is to say, taking Yongning Temple, the most spectacular building in Hu Taihou, as an example, on the one hand, the author faces the supreme ruler? Overconstruction? Not satisfied; On the other hand, the praise of the monks in the western regions to Yongning Temple Tower implies the pride of the national strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the heyday of Central Plains culture. From time to time, there are shaman bodhidharma from the Western Regions and conference semifinals from Persia. I came to Middle-earth from a barren man, and I saw dazzling golden plates shining in Yun Biao, and the wind from Baoduo fell from the sky, singing hymns. This is really a miracle. 150 years old, has been to various countries, but has not traveled all over the world. This temple is beautiful. Yan Fu has nothing. Extremely Buddhist realm, there is no such thing. Sing south, put your hands together for more than ten days. ? In this paper, the author tries his best to write about the prosperity of Buddhist temples, and the prosperity of Buddhist temples is inseparable from the Buddhist influence on people at that time. As early as when Emperor Han Ming came to the East, the influence of Buddhism had gradually deepened, and emperors of all dynasties would vigorously advocate it. They not only treat monks well, encourage the translation of scriptures, and fund the construction of temples, but also believe in Buddhism themselves. Many monks also promote the development of Buddhism with their unique charm. Yang titled "Luoyang Ji", saying: princes and nobles, abandoning elephants like horses, are ordinary people and aristocratic families, giving up their assets and wealth, just like a relic. So the pagodas are parallel, competing to write the posture in the sky and copy the shadows in the mountains. ? In this book, it is very clear that there are forty people who build temples, and some of them directly point out the purpose of building temples:
One of the purposes is? Pursuing happiness? At that time, people believed that people would continue to live in another world after death. In this world, people may be happy or miserable, and the only thing people can do for them in real life is to do it for them? Pursuing happiness? . Here? Pursuing happiness? It should be understood that the living should atone for the crimes committed by the deceased before his death, so that the deceased can live a happy life in another world. According to this book, for the sake of their loved ones? Pursuing happiness? There are five temples. There is a special group of powerful people, that is, eunuchs, who also build temples. Among the 35 famous temples, eunuchs built five, accounting for 1/7 of the whole upper rulers. Why do they spare no effort to build temples? If we can understand this special group from their psychology and identity, we cannot understand the influence of Buddhism on people at that time. It is not easy for them to build a temple. Most people have left their homes, including civilians. At the same time, they also consider that eunuchs have no descendants, including literati and nobles, and of course monks. If we think from the perspective of leaving their hometown, Buddhist thought has occupied all of their lives. Among the famous temples, this part reached 15, accounting for 3/8 of Canada. What if? Pursuing happiness? It is a kind of help from the living to the dead, so people who leave their homes to go to temples are afraid of their own atonement. The standard of their sin should be recognized in life, not by another standard. Another criterion here is the concept of Buddhism.
The Buddhist principles here have inherited Buddhist ideas. For example, in the spread of Hinayana Buddhism, they have their own Sangha system. They are concerned about the liberation of individual souls. In the method of practice, they emphasize meditation and asceticism and oppose preaching, so they use stories of hell to complete his teachings, such as Chongzhen Hall. Seven days after Qiu Huining's death, Chongzhen Hall was still alive. After Yan Luowang checked, it was published under the wrong name. Huining said: Once upon a time, there were five monks studying together. A bhikkhu cloud is a wise saint in Baoming Temple, who ascended to heaven by meditation and asceticism; a bhikkhu is a product of prajna temple's Taoism, who ascended to heaven by reciting forty volumes of Nirvana; and a bhikkhu is the most famous Buddhist monk in Rongjue Temple, who speaks Nirvana and Hua Yan and leads ten thousand people. Yan Luowang Cloud:? The preacher takes care of himself and is arrogant, ranking first among monks. Now, he only tries to meditate and recite the scriptures, without asking about the lectures. ? Tan Mo's Last Day: Since I have originality, I am only good at lecturing, and I really don't know how to recite it. ? Yan Luowang Fu Si took ten people from Tsing Yi and sent Tan Mo to the northwest gate. The houses were all black, which seemed bad. There is an article about a monk cloud, zenrinji Daohong, saying:? Educate four generations of Tan Yue, create all classics, and be like ten bodies. ? Yan Luowang Day:? Shaman's body must be mindful of the Tao, with meditation as its purpose, inaction and inaction. Although disguised as an image, I am trying to get other people's property; If you have other things, you will be greedy. If you are greedy, you will not get rid of the three poisons and be full of troubles. ? Pay it back to the company, and bring Hermon, Tammo's biggest fan. There is a bhikkhu in Lingjue Temple, which is Baoming. Before becoming a monk, I tasted the satrap of Longxi and built Lingjue Temple, that is, I abandoned my official position and became humane. Although there is no meditation, there is no lack of worship? Yan Luowang Day:? On the day when you were a satrap, you reversed the law, plundered the wealth of the people, and pretended to be this temple. This is not your right. Why do you say that? Return it to the company and send it to Heimen in Tsing Yi? . The black gate here is opposite to heaven, of course, as the article says? Seems bad? . Ghosts sent there are naturally not recognized when they are alive. For Buddhism, it is more appropriate to use people's fear of the afterlife to publicize the teachings, so we should vigorously create a hell culture.
The hell culture of Buddhism needs a punished theme. For those who believe in Buddhism, or those who live in a rich atmosphere of fermentation and communication, the horror of hell will have different effects on their spirit and soul. Let's take a look at the builders in Galand, Luoyang. Yan Guan is a relatively large group, which built five temples, accounting for 1/8. They spared no effort to build temples. It is under the influence of this kind of psychology that they have to pin their happiness on the afterlife because they are subject to * * * in this life. The influence of Huining's trip to hell is not only their beliefs, but also their social effects. This effect will generally have two effects: first, the Buddhist theory of karma has played a positive role in regulating the words and deeds of secular believers. The second is the influence of Buddhist religious thought on secular society. The former can promote the implementation of secular politics, while the latter's concept of being born seems to be closely related to real politics. However, the implementation of Buddhist punishment is based on a virtual religious environment, lacking any effective supervision mechanism, that is to say, the speaker becomes the only person who can prove the authenticity of his speech, and for the receiver, the psychological difference of acceptance is similar to Huining. Real? The judgment of experience plays a very important role, that is to say, religious mentality often becomes the main motivation for him to recognize and spread this virtual legend.
The fashion of the whole society affects people's psychology, and people's psychological characteristics in turn affect the social atmosphere, so it is not difficult to imagine the reasons for the prosperity of Luoyang Galand at that time. For Buddhism, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the golden period of its development, and the Northern Wei Dynasty where Yang Xian lived was the heyday of Buddhism. The karma of hell is fed back to the living through people who shuttle between death and death, forming a psychological shock and code of conduct. Huining's seven-day resurrection in Chongzhen Temple also had such a role: after the queen mother heard about it, she sent Huangmen assistant minister Xu to Baoming Temple according to Huining's words. When people die, it is a blessing to be guilty, that is, to invite 100 meditation monks to provide for themselves in the temple. ? Hey? Don't listen to seeking scriptures along the road. If private property makes scriptures at will? Since then, the monks in Beijing have been chanting scriptures, and they have no intention of giving lectures.
From our present point of view, Huining's seven days in the world is incredible, and what she saw and heard in hell is incredible, but it was taken for granted at that time. Empress dowager? They also sent people to investigate and study, and the results were consistent with the feedback from Huining. If you analyze this matter carefully, it is not difficult to see that it will be better? Seven days alive? Is it a custom change? Open plan? In fact, he represented the propaganda of Hinayana Buddhism, which was not dominant at that time. We can easily imagine that Huining was the most popular Buddhist activity at that time. Seven days alive? This story will certainly be noticed by the rulers who were interested in Buddhism at that time. We can even guess that Huining, Zhisheng and so on. Is the protagonist of the same farce. Of course, they used it? Empress dowager? Piety and authority to achieve their goals. It did not change the teachings of Buddhism, thus ensuring the Galand system of Hinayana Buddhism.
Galand in Luoyang conveyed a message to us: During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Buddhism had penetrated into every corner of society. In the spreading process of Buddhism, there were struggles and reforms, but it successfully grasped the whole social psychology, from the supreme ruler to the dignitaries and ordinary people, all living in the shadow of Buddhism. In the Buddhist concept? The sea of pain is endless, turning back to the shore? It means to fall into the arms of the Buddha and convert to positive results. The evil in this life and this world can only be freed under the care of Buddha, and the happiness in the afterlife can only be expected in the redemption of this life and this life. Karma and punishment in hell had an important psychological identity at that time, which was also the practical significance embodied in Galand.
References:
[1] Yang Galand is in Luoyang [m]. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House. 2004。
[2] Wang Lianru. Strange novels and humanities and religion [M]. Jinan: Shandong University Press, 2002.
[3] Meng Qingxiang and Liu Hongda. Notes on Luoyang Galand [M]. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 2OO4.
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[4] Zhou. Notes on Luoyang Galand [M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press. 2005.