Empirical analysis Empirical analysis includes comparative analysis and analogy analysis. Comparative analysis is a method to analyze the risk factors of the evaluation object intuitively by referring to relevant laws, regulations, standards, checklists or relying on the observation ability of analysts, with the help of experience and judgment. The disadvantage is that it is easily limited by the experience and knowledge of analysts, which can be made up by the method of safety checklist. Analogical analysis refers to analogical analysis of the risk factors of the evaluation object by using the experience of the same or similar projects or working conditions and the statistical data of labor safety and health. It is not difficult to find out the risk factors by summarizing the previous production experience and analyzing the causes of accidents or near accidents that happened in the past. Hazard sources in the construction site are mainly identified through empirical analysis. Analysis of material characteristics and production conditions Understanding the characteristics of materials produced or used is the basis of hazard identification. The commonly used material characteristics in hazard identification include toxicity, physical and chemical characteristics, combustion and explosion characteristics, etc. Production conditions can also lead to danger or aggravate the dangerous nature of materials in the production process. Working condition risk assessment method The working condition risk assessment method considers that the three main factors affecting the risk are: the possibility of accidents, which is represented by the symbol L; The frequency of human exposure to dangerous environment, represented by symbol E; The possible consequences of accidents are represented by symbol C, and the risk score of operating conditions is represented by symbol D, where D = L-E-C E-C. The greater the value of d, the greater the risk. When the value of D exceeds unacceptable or unacceptable risks, it is considered as a major hazard source. Second, the common types of major hazards on the construction site The major hazards on the construction site are generally identified according to the type and location of the accident. 1 According to the types of accidents, "five major injuries" are the main types of accidents. Falling from a height, electric shock, construction collapse, object strike and machine injury. The number of "five major injuries" accidents accounts for 90% of the total number of accidents. These five types of accidents are the most likely types of accidents that cause group deaths and group injuries, and are common major hazards in construction sites. Other major hazards include poisoning, explosion and fire. 2. According to the location of the accident, 2. 1 Deep foundation pit construction Deep foundation pit refers to the trench with excavation depth exceeding 1.5m and the foundation pit with excavation depth exceeding 5m, or the foundation pit with important buildings, houses or pipelines that need strict protection within the influence range of foundation pit excavation. Including construction scheme, edge protection, pit wall support, drainage measures, pit load, upper and lower passages, earthwork excavation, deformation monitoring of foundation pit support and working environment. The main hazards are: collapse and falling from a height. 2.2 Ultra-high, overweight and long-span formwork support works refer to formwork support works with a height greater than 8M, a span greater than 18M, a total construction load greater than 10KN/M2, or a concentrated line load greater than 15kn/m .. including construction scheme, support system, column stability, construction load, formwork storage and formwork. The main hazards are: collapse and falling from a height. 2.3 Scaffolding Engineering Scaffolding engineering includes: erecting floor-standing scaffolding with a height of more than 20m; Cantilever scaffold; Scaffolding with a height exceeding 6.5m and a uniformly distributed load exceeding 3KN/M2; Attached integral lifting scaffold. The main hazards are: collapse and falling from a height. 2.4 Lifting machinery disassembly project Lifting machinery mainly refers to material hoists, passenger and cargo construction elevators and tower cranes. Including installation, jacking, hoisting and dismantling. The main hazards are: collapse, falling from a height and lifting injury. 2.5 Temporary electricity consumption for construction Temporary electricity consumption for construction includes external protection, grounding and neutral protection system, distribution lines, distribution boxes, switch boxes, on-site lighting, electrical equipment, power transformation and distribution devices and other safety protection (such as leakage, insulation, grounding protection and just one brake) that does not meet the requirements, resulting in electric shock, local fire and other accidents. The main hazards are: electric shock and fire. 2.6 "Four ports", "Five sides" and "Four ports" refer to inspection ports, reserved holes, stairs and elevator wellheads. "Five temporary" refers to the periphery of foundation pit, balcony without railings or railings, material platform and platform, awning and cornice, roof and floor without external scaffolding, water tank and water tower. In the "four-mouth" and "five-sided" working faces with a height of more than 2m, people are not equipped with protective ropes (belts) due to non-compliance or lack of safety protection facilities, resulting in accidents such as people stepping empty, slipping and instability. The main danger is falling from a height. 2.7 Hanging operation Hanging operation mainly refers to the painting operation of hanging basket external wall. The main hazards are: falling from a height and hitting by objects. 2.8 Manual Digging Piles Manual Digging Piles cause suffocation or gas poisoning due to poor ventilation and exhaust in the hole, or the hole wall collapses and buries construction workers. The main hazards are collapse and poisoning. 2.9 Improper temporary storage or use of inflammable and explosive chemicals in warehouse and canteen construction, and inadequate protection, resulting in fire or personnel poisoning accidents; The diet on the construction site is not hygienic, resulting in collective poisoning or disease. The main hazards are: fire, explosion and poisoning. 2. 10 Temporary migrant workers' dormitory, temporary migrant workers' dormitory on the fence site, unstable fence, causing temporary migrant workers' dormitory collapse, collapse accident and major fire. The main hazards are: collapse and fire. Three. The control of major hazards in the construction site is based on the identification and risk assessment of major hazards, so as to prepare a scientific hazard management plan, pre-control the possible risks in all aspects of construction, ensure that the main energy of safety managers is invested in high-risk places, and achieve the purpose of risk control. Eliminate unsafe factors in the construction process with low cost and high efficiency to ensure construction safety. 3. 1 Basic principles for controlling major hazard sources 3. 1. 1 Priority principle of elimination First, consider eliminating hazard sources as fundamentally as possible through reasonable design and scientific management, and realize essential safety. If harmless technology is adopted, harmless substances are used instead of harmful substances in production to realize automation and remote control technology. 3. 1.2 risk reduction principle If the hazard source cannot be eliminated fundamentally, then risk reduction should be considered. Take technical and management measures to reduce the possibility or potential severity of injury or damage. 3. 1.3 Principle of individual protection When the safety and health of operators cannot be fully guaranteed after taking measures to eliminate or reduce risks, individual protective equipment will be considered as a supplementary countermeasure. Such as wearing special labor protection articles. 3.2 Control measures for major hazard sources 3.2. 1 Management measures 3.2. 1 Establish and improve hazard source management rules and regulations. After the hazard source is determined, on the basis of systematic risk analysis of the hazard source, establish and improve various rules and regulations, including post safety production responsibility system, detailed rules for the implementation of key hazard source control, safety operation procedures, operator training and assessment system, daily management system, handover system and inspection, etc. 3.2. 1.2 define the safety responsibility and check it regularly. According to the level of each hazard source, the responsible persons at all levels are determined respectively, and their specific responsibilities are clarified. In particular, it is necessary to clarify the responsibility of regular inspection of hazard sources at all levels, and stipulate that leaders at all levels should also participate in regular inspections in addition to the daily self-inspection of operators. A checklist should be made for the inspection of hazard sources, and the inspection should be carried out item by item according to the prescribed methods and standards, and records should be made. If hidden dangers are found, they should be fed back in time and eliminated in time. 3.2. 1.3 Strengthen the daily management of hazard sources, strictly require operators to implement the rules and regulations of daily management of hazard sources, and operate according to the safety operation procedures of special construction schemes; Conduct daily safety inspection according to the safety checklist; Dangerous operations have been approved, etc. All activities should be carefully recorded as required, and leaders and security departments should conduct strict inspections and assessments on a regular basis, guide and educate them in time when problems are found, and reward and punish them according to the inspections and assessments. 3.2. 1.4 Pay special attention to information feedback and rectify hidden dangers in time. Establish and improve the information feedback system of hazard sources, formulate and strictly implement the information feedback system. For information feedback and hidden dangers rectification, leaders at all levels and security departments should conduct regular assessment, rewards and punishments. Security departments should regularly collect and process information and provide it to leaders at all levels for research and decision-making, so as to improve the control and management of hazard sources. 3.2. 1.5 Do a good job in infrastructure construction of hazard control and management, establish and improve hazard safety files, and set up safety signs. Hazard source files should be established according to the relevant requirements of safety file management, and designated persons should be kept and sorted regularly. Hang a safety sign in a prominent position of the hazard source, indicating the danger level, indicating the person in charge, indicating the main dangers, and briefly explaining the preventive measures. 3.2. 1.6 Do a good job in the assessment and rewards and punishments of hazard control management, formulate assessment standards for each link of hazard control management, and strive to quantify and grade. Regular strict assessment and evaluation will promote the continuous improvement of hazard control and management level. 3.2.2 Technical measures 3.2.2. 1 Eliminate the hazards in the elimination system, which can fundamentally prevent accidents. However, according to the viewpoint of modern safety engineering, it is impossible to completely eliminate all hazards. Therefore, people often choose the hazards that are more dangerous and can be eliminated under the existing technical conditions as the priority objects. By choosing appropriate technology, equipment and facilities, reasonable structural form and materials that are harmless, non-toxic or harmless to people, a certain hazard source can be completely eliminated. Such as eliminating bamboo scaffolding, steel pipe fastener material hoist, etc. When it is difficult to eliminate the danger in 3.2.2.2, measures can be taken to reduce the risk factors, such as using safety valves, safety screens, leakage protection devices, safe voltage, fuses and exhaust devices. In the case that it is impossible to eliminate the hazards and it is difficult to prevent the 3.2.2.3 from weakening, measures such as cooling, lightning protection, static elimination and vibration reduction can be taken to reduce the risk factors. 3.2.2.4 Isolation In the case that the hazards cannot be eliminated, prevented and isolated, people should be separated from the hazards and materials that cannot be stored, such as remote operation, safety cover, protective screen, isolation operation room and safe distance. 3.2.2.5 Interlocking When the operator makes a mistake or the equipment operation reaches a dangerous state, the interlock device should be used to prevent the occurrence of danger and harm. 3.2.2.6 warned that striking safety colors and signs should be installed in places prone to failures and high risks, and sound, light or acousto-optic combined alarm devices should be installed when necessary. 3.2.2.7 Emergency Rescue formulates emergency rescue plans for major hazard sources. When an accident inevitably occurs, it is an effective measure to immediately start the emergency rescue plan, organize effective emergency rescue forces and implement rapid rescue. 3.2.3 Education Measures The construction unit shall strengthen education and training, and conduct special safety education and training for relevant leaders and personnel involved in hidden danger management. The training content should include: the significance of hazard source control and management, the main types of hazards in the unit (post), the main causes of hazards, the main methods of accident control and daily safety operation requirements, emergency measures and various specific management requirements. Through education and training, improve the awareness of implementing hazard control and management, and master the methods and techniques of control and management. Special training should be given to personnel engaged in dangerous source positions, skills training should be strengthened, cultural quality should be improved, the accuracy and reliability of operations should be improved, and legal education and professional ethics education should be strengthened. 3.3 Major hazard control procedures Before the construction project starts, a complete construction organization design scheme shall be prepared. According to the arrangement of construction organization design, organize relevant safety experts to identify the potential major hazards on the construction site, and determine which ones are major hazards through scientific risk assessment methods. Then determine the relevant responsible departments, formulate various special safety construction control plans and emergency rescue plans, clarify the responsibilities of relevant personnel through financial guarantee, and supervise the safety management, technology, education and other control measures in place. Finally, we must implement the implementation results.
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