Because of the serious vegetation coverage, sparse population, underdeveloped transportation and low level of geological work in Daxing 'anling area, especially in the north-central part of Daxing 'anling. Before the founding of New China, only a few Chinese and foreign geologists made several route geological surveys along the traffic line. Russians and Japanese once conducted geological and mineral surveys along the railway and across the Miandu River, and discovered lead-zinc mines and coal mines.
Since the founding of New China, the state has always attached great importance to the geological work in Daxinganling area, which has made the geological work in this area develop rapidly.
In the early days of the founding of New China, a survey team was established in Daxinganling area. Firstly, the regional geological survey of 1∶ 1 10,000 was completed, which filled the gap in geological work in this area and made the first regional geological summary. 195 1 ~ 1953 Lawrence Ah Mon and Jiang Chunchao conducted1:500,000 geological survey in Daxing 'anling. 1980, the team of Inner Mongolia Geological Bureau 1 16 completed the Hulunbeier League1∶ 500,000 geological map, mineral map, structural system map, metallogenic prospect zoning map and corresponding text reports and explanations.
Before the 1980s, under the unified arrangement of the state (during the planned economy period), aeromagnetic surveys, regional gravity surveys and regional geological surveys of1:500,000,000 and1:0,000,000 were conducted successively. A considerable number of areas have also carried out1:200,000 gravity surveys and 1: 100 and1:50,000 aeromagnetic surveys. The regional geological survey of1:50,000 and the aeromagnetic survey of1:25,000 in a few areas have also started, and extremely rich basic geological data have been obtained and discovered. The compilation of1∶ 500,000 geological map and regional stratigraphic table, as well as the special research of relevant experts and scholars, have made the geological work in this area enter a systematic stage and gradually deepened its understanding.
Since 1950s, a regional geological survey of1∶ 200,000 has been carried out in this area. The study area * * * involves 68 drawings, of which 14 is still blank. A few areas have carried out1∶ 50,000 regional geological survey (Figure 1-2). Among them, in 1990 ~ 1993, the second regional geological survey brigade of Heilongjiang Provincial Bureau of Geology and Minerals carried out m-51-10 (61-16 (Ali River), 650. Stratigraphic sequence in the area is reasonably established, intrusive rocks in the survey area are divided, Jifeng-Yuhuan ductile nappe structure is determined, and deposits (points) and anomalies in the area are investigated and registered in detail. Based on the preliminary summary of metallogenic regularity, combined with heavy sand and geochemical data, six metallogenic prospect areas are delineated. From 1980s to 1990s, the State Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, and the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences organized relevant scientific research institutes, institutions of higher learning and the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and related provinces to complete projects such as "Study on plate structure and metallogenic regularity in northern China" and "Prediction of Precambrian metallogenic geological background and prospecting prospect in northern China". "Ore-controlling factors and metallogenic prognosis in the northern margin of North China block" and "Study on exploration and evaluation of rare minerals".
Fig. 65438 Regional Geological Survey of +0-2 Degree in Northern Daxing 'anling.
During the period of 1995 ~ 1997, the First Geophysical Exploration Brigade of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources successively completed the regional geochemical exploration of Anan Forest Farm, Kala Forest Farm, Keyihe Town, Xing 'anli Forest Farm, Alihe Forest Farm and Liu Shilin Forest Farm1∶ 200,000 map in the northern section of Daxing 'anling, and found some anomalies with prospecting value.
Since the end of 1990s, with the full implementation of the land and resources survey project, the Daxinganling region has once again ushered in the spring of geological work. 1∶ 200,000 regional geochemical exploration was fully launched, and1∶ 250,000 regional geological survey filled the gap of1∶ 200,000 regional survey. By 2005,1∶ 200,000 geochemical exploration scanning areas have all been completed (figure 1-3). A regional geological and geochemical survey of1∶ 50,000 was carried out in the important metallogenic belt, and a large number of geophysical and geochemical anomalies and deposits were newly discovered.
At the same time, China Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences took the lead in conducting a large number of comprehensive studies with relevant departments of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: from 1980s to 1990s, various comprehensive studies were carried out in this area, and many units and scholars did a lot of research work on geological structures. Comprehensive studies on volcanic rocks and deposits in the north-central Daxing 'anling and its adjacent areas have been completed successively, such as "regional geology", "stratigraphic unit cleaning" and "Mesozoic volcanic rocks and metallogenic regularity in the south-central Daxing 'anling". During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" and "Eighth Five-Year Plan" periods, this area was also a key research area for tackling key scientific and technological problems. Scientific research reports such as Metallogenic Conditions and Metallogenic Prediction of Copper Polymetallic Deposits Related to Volcanic Invasion in Xing 'an League, Inner Mongolia, and Exploration and Evaluation of Copper Polymetallic Minerals in Daxing 'an Mountains and Its Adjacent Areas were submitted successively, which systematically summarized the characteristics of plate tectonic movement, the overall characteristics of multi-cycle superimposed orogeny and the metallogenic regularity of Daxing 'an Mountains. By sorting out a large number of geological and mineral data, the geological conditions and metallogenic models of strata, magmatic rocks, structures and non-ferrous metals in this area are systematically summarized. Guided by plate tectonic theory, this paper discusses the tectonic evolution of this area and its relationship with mineralization. Through the study of key deposits, the metallogenic series and regularity of metal deposits in this area are expounded, the metallogenic belt is divided and the prospecting target area is delineated. Especially in recent years, experts from China Geological Survey, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and China Academy of Sciences, with their teams and advanced equipment, have carried out detailed work on major metallogenic belts and important deposits (spots), and have a deeper understanding of the metallogenic conditions and ore-hosting laws in this area, which not only establishes the important role of Mesozoic volcanic-magmatic activities in mineralization, but also recognizes the important role of Paleozoic tectonic-magmatic activities in regional mineralization; People realize that the types of mineralization are also diversified-not only skarn and hydrothermal deposits have been discovered continuously, but also the types of deposits related to submarine volcanism and submarine volcanic eruption are being recognized; Through the introduction of new theories and concepts, many new types of deposits (spots) have been discovered, and through the application of new methods and technologies, most of the deposits have expanded their prospects. These works show the huge resource potential in the central and northern Daxing 'anling region, and provide theoretical basis and data for the follow-up basic geological research and prospecting and exploration of concealed metal deposits.
Figure 1-3 Geophysical and Geophysical Exploration Degree in the Central and Northern Daxing 'anling Region
From 200/kloc-0 to 2003, the Northeast Geological Survey Center (Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources) and Jilin University undertook the geological survey scientific research project of "Comprehensive study on metallogenic regularity and prospecting direction in northern Daxing 'anling", and studied the ore-controlling structure, mineral distribution characteristics and deposit genesis of gold, copper and lead-zinc deposits. It is considered that the deposit has the distribution characteristics of northeast belt and northwest line, and the mineralization is mainly concentrated in the late Yanshan period, which is internally related to volcanic rocks and subvolcanic rocks in the late Yanshan period. Two metallogenic types and three metallogenic belts are divided, and the metallogenic model of polymetallic deposits is established.
Second, the research status of mineral resources exploration
Conventional mineral exploration in the northern middle section of Daxing 'anling Mountains began in 1960s. Since 1970s, on the basis of1∶ 200,000 regional geological survey and regional geophysical and geochemical exploration, geological survey and mineral deposit exploration have been carried out successively, and the important mineral deposits (deposits) and geophysical and geochemical anomalies discovered have been surveyed and explored. There are 332 metal deposits (including placer deposits) found in the northern middle section of Daxing 'anling, among which 27 large, medium and small deposits have been explored in different degrees, with an average of 0.34 deposits per 10,000 square kilometers (the area of the central and northern sections is 20.2× 104km2), belonging to Daxing 'anling area (25 deposits per 10,000 square kilometers). See Figure 1-4 for the exploration degree of nonferrous metal minerals in the north-middle section of Daxing 'anling.
From 1966 to 1970, the former Geological Team No.5, Geological Team No.8 and Geophysical Exploration Team of Heilongjiang Province conducted general survey and geophysical and geochemical exploration in Yuhuan area, completed magnetic method, natural electric field method and geochemical exploration for 22.8km2, and found polymetallic mineralization in skarn in granite contact zone. 1973 compiled the general survey report of Yuhuan mine.
1970 ~ 197 1 year, the former fifth geological team of Heilongjiang province conducted a general survey of polymetallic and nickel-cobalt deposits in Gaxian county. At 1972, the polymetallic occurrences and ultrabasic rocks of Jifeng 1 1 branch line and Jifeng No.9 branch line were measured.
1987 to 1988, Heilongjiang Geological Exploration Bureau of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation cooperated with JICA and metal mining enterprise group to carry out1:50,000 geochemical survey, anomaly verification and mineral survey in Jiyuan Forest Farm, Jifeng Forest Farm, Sanshiliu Forest Farm and Xilingti Forest Farm in the west, and completed1. 1∶ 50,000 geological survey of 605km2,1February, 990 submitted the basic geological survey report of northwest Heilongjiang (in Japanese). 1988 ~ 1989 Team 703 of Heilongjiang Nonferrous Geological Exploration Bureau inspected the abnormal areas of au and As in Xilingti Forest Farm and Cu, Pb and Zn in Thirty-six Forest Farm.
After the 1990s, with the continuous achievements of land and resources survey, especially the development of1∶ 200,000 geochemical scanning surface and sediment survey of important metallogenic belt1∶ 50,000 drainage system, a large number of comprehensive anomalies of ore-forming elements were found in Daxinganling area, which indicated the target area for further prospecting and expanding the prospect. With the support of the state and the governments at all levels in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the mineral exploration in this area has made a breakthrough. In recent years, a number of deposits (spots) and deposits with certain prospects have been discovered and evaluated in the western slope of Daxing 'anling. The main minerals are copper, lead, zinc, silver and gold. Bayern Daba lead-zinc mine and silver mine have been evaluated as large-scale and are expected to become super-large. At the same time, the Mongolian-Russian border area adjacent to Daxinganling has also made a major breakthrough in prospecting.
Generally speaking, no matter the degree of basic geological work or the present situation of mineral resources exploration and research, due to the serious vegetation coverage, poor working conditions and the limitation of traditional exploration technology, many metallogenic favorable areas have not carried out systematic geological prospecting work. As can be seen from Figure 1-2 and Figure 1-3, only some sporadic small-scale large-scale medium-sized mineral exploration has been done around some relatively high-level mining areas, and the work level in most areas is low. So far, only two large-scale deposits (Liu Yi pyrite and Garoso ilmenite) and four medium-sized mines (Hiltala iron-zinc mine and Hongqi mine) have been discovered in this work area.
Figure 1-4 exploration degree of nonferrous metal minerals in central and northern Daxing' anling.
From 200/kloc-0 to 2005, Beijing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources carried out comprehensive geological and geophysical prospecting in Bachagou lead-zinc mine, Jifeng forest farm, Xilingti, Gaxian, Zhadunhe and Qiaotouling in Zhalantun City, and completed 1: 50,000 geochemical prospecting of 53km2 and1. Through the above work, it is considered that AS-5Pb-Zn-Ag in Bachagou lead-zinc mine, Jifeng forest farm and Xilingti AS-8 is abnormal.
Cu-Mo-Ag anomaly, Gaxian Ni-Co-Pb-Zn deposit and Zhalantun Qiaotouling Au-Ag mineralization anomaly area have great prospecting prospects. To sum up, the level of regional geology, mineral geology and geological scientific research in the north-central Daxing 'anling region is low. Regional geology is limited to small-scale aeromagnetic survey,1∶ 200,000 regional geological survey,1∶ 200,000 regional geochemical survey and1∶ 50,000 geological survey are rarely carried out. The workload of mineral geological exploration is small, mainly due to the inspection and general survey of individual mines in the 1960 s and 1970 s, and no obvious progress has been made. After a long period of time, the prospecting work was ineffective, resulting in few large and medium-sized deposits found in this area so far.
In terms of exploration technology, the exploration methods of special landscape areas (forest swamp areas, Gobi desert areas, etc.). ), and summed up a set of practical methods and techniques, which made the basic geological work in Daxinganling area more systematic, the prospecting methods and techniques more mature and the thinking more clear. 200 1 ~ 2005, Beijing Institute of Mineral Geology (formerly Beijing Institute of Mineral Geology of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation) undertook the research projects of land and resources investigation technology and method "Study on large-scale geochemical exploration method of forest swamp landscape in the northern part of Derbugan metallogenic belt" (200 1 ~ 2002) and "Study on verification method of forest swamp landscape anomaly" (2003 ~ 2005). In this paper, In this paper, the migration and distribution law of elements in forest swamp area and the influencing factors of anomalies are studied, and the large-scale geochemical exploration method and anomaly verification and evaluation technology for this kind of landscape area are formulated, which has achieved good geological results in demonstration investigation.
In terms of geophysical prospecting, a number of electrical and magnetic anomalies were discovered by aerial geophysical prospecting, and a comprehensive survey of1∶ 50,000 aerial geophysical prospecting was carried out in Hailar and Manzhouli in 1.999, which provided high-quality geological and geophysical information for studying the structural framework, strata and rock mass distribution, general survey and prospecting in this area. The results are verified by three-level anomalies.
High-resolution electromagnetic sounding, deep pulse transient electromagnetic sounding, high-power induced polarization, high-precision magnetic method and other new technologies and methods, as well as the joint application of various methods, provide new technologies and means for finding concealed and semi-concealed deposits, and solve some technical difficulties in prospecting in the central and northern Daxing' anling.
In recent years, remote sensing technology has also made rapid development, and multi-platform, multi-spectral resolution and multi-spatial resolution remote sensing technology provides basic data for ore prospecting and exploration. In special landscape areas such as forests and swamps, how to effectively apply remote sensing technology to carry out regional geological research and optimize the prospecting target area is still in the exploratory research stage.
Third, the development of mineral resources in neighboring countries and the experience that can be used for reference
Daxinganling and the neighboring areas of Russia and Mongolia are in the same tectonic unit, and are the concentrated distribution areas of copper, gold, molybdenum, zinc, rare earth and uranium deposits (Figure 1-5). According to statistics, Russia and Mongolia have discovered more than 500 deposits of different sizes, including 43 super-large and large deposits, of which colored and precious metals account for more than 80%. Among the proven reserves, lead and zinc are more than 700× 104t, silver 14000t, gold is more than 2000t, and uranium is more than 20× 65438. In the west of Ergon River, which is only 10km away from China, a large iron-rich ore with a grade of 50.33% was discovered in Berezov, Russia. Similarly, there is a large copper-gold deposit in Lugocaine, only 20km away from China, with copper reserves of 169.8× 104t and gold reserves of 167t. In addition, the metal reserves of Nuoyan-Tarog lead-zinc mine exceed 300×104t; Lesov super-large uranium-molybdenum deposit, with uranium reserves greater than 20×104t; Valleyi Gold Mine has been producing for 150 years, and gold has been mined for more than 1500t; The gold mining in Dalasong Gold Mine has a history of 150 years, and it became a super-large gold mine after primary ore exploration in 1927. Hillofgor large-scale Sn-W-Mo deposit is only 120km away from Manzhouli. Similarly, there are Gilvan Braque super-large uranium mine, Wulan, Chabu, Bayanwula and other large lead-zinc mines, Arenur large tungsten mine in Kent Province, Erdene-TuoRogora large copper mine in Dongfang Province adjacent to China, Mosugai Hudugote large rare earth mine and so on. These deposits are generally within 200 kilometers from Inner Mongolia.
The porphyry Wenggetushan large copper-molybdenum deposit, Erentolegai large silver-lead-zinc polymetallic deposit, Chaganbulagen and JiaHurado metal deposit have also been discovered in Hulunbeier area of Daxing 'anling, China. Large and medium-sized copper, molybdenum and gold deposits such as porphyry Duobaoshan, Tongshan, Sankuanggou and Xiaoduobaoshan have been discovered in Heilongjiang Province in eastern Inner Mongolia. Large and medium-sized gold mines such as Norguet, Shabaosi and Dong 'an, and a number of large and medium-sized placer gold mines such as Wuma, Hanjiayuanzi and Xinglonggou have also been discovered in Heilongjiang, which is adjacent to the northern part of the work area. A number of large and medium-sized nonferrous metals such as Baiyinnuoer super-large Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Horqin right-wing Qianqi super-large Barchi rare earth deposit, Balinzuoqi Haobu large skarn Pb-Zn-Cu polymetallic deposit and Keshiketeng Banner Huanggang large skarn Fe-Sn-W polymetallic deposit have also been discovered in the south of Daxing 'anling. The discovery of these deposits shows that the Daxing 'anling area in China, especially the central and northern areas, is far smaller than the surrounding countries and neighboring areas in terms of the scale and quantity of discovered deposits, and has great potential for finding and discovering non-ferrous metals and precious metals. The representative mineral deposits in Russia and Mongolia are compared with their neighboring areas, as shown in table 1- 1, from which some valuable experiences can be drawn.
Figure 1-5 Schematic diagram of mineral distribution in Daxinganling and its adjacent areas (modified according to Zhao et al. 1997).
Table 1- 1 Main characteristics and ore-controlling factors of representative deposits above large scale in Daxinganling and its adjacent areas
sequential
The study shows that the spatial distribution of many large-super-large deposits is first controlled by the favorable position of large metallogenic domain. In recent years, the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit discovered in the eastern Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, the Oyu Tolgoi porphyry copper deposit discovered in Mongolia, the Chagan Subul porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit, the Nalin Huduke copper deposit and the Honggute-Heide copper deposit are all related to the Getu Mountain in the west of Daxing 'anling and the Duobaoshan porphyry copper-molybdenum belt in the east of Heilongjiang. They are all located in the east-west Paleozoic paleoAsian metallogenic domain and controlled by the island arc system of Paleozoic active continental margin in the southern margin of Siberian ancient plate. Therefore, the search for copper, molybdenum and gold polymetallic deposits related to porphyry types in Daxinganling should focus on the shallow porphyry bodies and their mineralization and alteration distributed in the east-west structure related to Paleozoic basement strata.
2) A number of large-super-large deposits have been found in the adjacent area of Daxing 'anling, which are mainly related to the complex grid faults in the regional structure composed of NE, NW and EW fault systems, and determine the spatial scope of Mesozoic magmatic activity and mineralization (Yan Hongquan et al., 2000). In particular, the nearly east-west structural transition to northeast structural transition (in northern Russia and southern Mongolia, due to the constraints of the Siberian ancient plate, the structure shows a transition from east-west to northeast) is a metallogenic intensive area. The distribution of metallogenic belts in this area and the metallogenic locations of several ore fields are mainly controlled by the intersection of NE-NE and NW or near EW faults, such as Nuoyang-Tarog lead-zinc mine, Sirlofgor tin-tungsten mine, Wulan lead-zinc mine, Wengan Getushan copper-molybdenum mine, Duobaoshan copper-molybdenum mine, etc., which are all controlled by the intersection of NE-deep faults and NW or near EW faults.
3) The transition zone between the secondary relative uplift zone and the subsidence zone in the giant volcanic-plutonic magmatic uplift zone is the most important tectonic environment for the large-scale metallogenic belt. Secondary structures distributed in different levels of magmatic uplift areas, such as volcanic depression (Ste Lesov uranium-molybdenum deposit), edge of faulted volcanic basin (Neuang-Tarog lead-zinc deposit), subvolcanic-intrusive dome (Getushan copper-molybdenum deposit in Wengzhong) and near-magmatic dome core (Dalasong gold deposit), are often important structural conditions for forming large-super large ore fields. This is an important factor that must be considered in the search for large and super-large deposits in Daxinganling area.
4) From the known mineral assemblages in Russia, Mongolia and Daxinganling, we can see that their ore-forming elements and assemblages are very similar. It can be roughly divided into three categories: iron and polymetallic combinations (such as iron-zinc, iron-manganese, etc. ), combinations of non-ferrous metals and precious metals, and combinations of rare earth and radioactive elements. For example, Mongolia has a large Tumurting Aobao iron-zinc mine, and Daxinganling has a medium-sized Hiltara iron-zinc mine; Russia has super-large Rugokain copper-gold mine, and Nenjiang in Daxing 'anling region has Sankuanggou copper-gold mine. There are super-large Bestry Cu-Mo deposits in Russia, and there are Jintagetushan and Duobaoshan Cu-Mo deposits in Daxinganling area, which shows that Daxinganling area has the same metallogenic basement as Russia and Mongolia, and the metallogenic mechanism is similar, but only mineralization shows or small deposits are found in the working area. For example, only the tungsten-tin mineralization point was found in the Ognier River in Zhalantun City, while the large Scherlovgor tin-tungsten deposit was found in Russia. Large-scale tungsten-molybdenum deposits have been discovered in Arjen Nur, Kent and other places in Mongolia, but only in Oroqen, Jiangweidongshan and Zhenchuanling, boketu, Daxing 'anling. Studying foreign large and super-large mineral assemblages will enlighten us to find related mineral assemblages under similar metallogenic conditions in the central and northern Daxing 'anling Mountains.