What is psychological counseling? Peng Zhong education

Counseling refers to the process of providing psychological help to people with psychological adjustment problems and seeking psychological treatment. People who need to deal with problems are called visitors or customers, and consultants who provide help are called consultants. Visitors tell, question and discuss their psychological discomfort or obstacles to the counselor through the media such as words and characters. With their support and help, we can find out the causes of psychological problems through discussion, analyze the crux of the problems, and then seek the requirements and countermeasures to get rid of the predicament and deal with the problems, so as to restore psychological balance, improve the adaptability to the environment and improve physical and mental health. The basic introduction of psychological counseling can be divided into broad and narrow explanations. Psychological counseling in a broad sense includes psychological counseling and psychotherapy, and sometimes psychological introspection and psychological examination are also listed as the scope of psychological counseling. Psychological consultation in a narrow sense does not include psychotherapy, psychological reflection and psychological examination, and is limited to providing psychological help and counseling to visitors through interviews, letters, internet and telephone calls. On the relationship between psychological counseling and psychotherapy, Chen Zhonggeng thinks that there is no substantive difference between them, but they are similar in the nature of the relationship, in the process of revision and learning, and in the theory of guidance. If anything, it is artificial and immaterial [1]. First, professional responsibilities are different. The duty of psychological counseling mainly lies in promoting growth, emphasizing the form of development, helping visitors to exert their greatest potential, clearing roadblocks for normal development, and focusing on prevention. Psychotherapy is mostly to make up for the harm caused by the patient's coming, and to deal with and modify the structural obstacles. Second, the object and the situation are different. Psychological counseling follows the form of education, and most of the visitors are normal objects, which mainly touch on difficult problems in daily life, and usually work in schools, units, psychological counseling institutions and other occasions. The object of psychotherapy is patients with psychological abnormalities, and they are engaged in occupations in clinical and medical situations. Third, the ways of occupation are different. Psychological counseling involves visitors' living environment in more ways, such as participating in his direct environment, getting in touch with visitors' family and relatives, and using daily life equipment more (such as telephone consultation, etc.). ), design and organize classes and various group activities. The way of psychotherapy is more consultation in pairs. Fourth, the nature and content of dealing with difficult problems are different. Psychological counseling has the nature of ideal orientation, which involves some difficult problems such as career choice, formative education, life and career guidance, learning counseling and so on. Therefore, it often adopts cognitive and logical methods. Psychotherapy touches on the internal personality problems, and more is to deal with the unconscious. The main school of psychological counseling, visitor-centered psychological counseling, is an examination ground advocated by Rogers. Its basic assumption is that we have the ability to understand our own problems and the resources to deal with them. Therefore, as a consultant, we must pay attention to the establishment and well-being of visitors themselves. Focus on the ideal situation that visitors face directly, and pay attention to how visitors feel about themselves. The goal of consultation is to let visitors grow and improve by examining themselves, and they can make changes without too much intervention and guidance from consultants. What a consultant needs to give is understanding, sincerity, support, tolerance, relationship and positive evaluation. Behavioral psychological counseling Behavioral psychological counseling is based on learning theory and behavioral therapy theory. It holds that people's difficult behaviors and symptoms are caused by wrong cognition and study, and advocates that psychological counseling should focus on the future behavior problems of visitors and pay attention to the learning and handling of a special behavior problem in order to promote the change, disappearance or acquisition of new behaviors. The founder of behaviorism is Watson, but Pavlov's classic requirement reflex, Skinner's operational requirement reflex and Bandura's social learning theory have great influence on psychological counseling. Pavlov experimented with dogs. When a dog eats, it will cause saliva secretion, which is an uninvited reflex. If you give the dog a bell, it won't cause saliva secretion, but if you give the dog a bell, it will be fed immediately. After this combination, dogs will also secrete saliva when they hear the bell alone. The bell, a comfort that has nothing to do with saliva secretion, has become an unnecessary comfort that causes saliva secretion-a food signal, and a signal comfort that causes saliva secretion. If we do not strengthen and persist in the required reflection, there will be a decline in the required reflection. About bad habits, psychological problems, psychosomatic disorders, etc. Caused by unconscious demand reflex, we can use anti-demand comfort to eliminate and exclude it in consultation. Skinner's operant demand reflex refers to the demand reflex formed by strengthening the spontaneous activity of animals. Skinner puts a hungry mouse in the experimental box. When the mouse was scurrying about in the box, it accidentally pressed the crossbar that could tilt the food and got the food. After several enhancements, the demand function was quickly formed. In consultation, as long as the counselor rewards the desired behavior, this behavior will be strengthened, otherwise it will decline, and if it is punished, it will accelerate the decline. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the exemplary role of paradigm, and holds that many people's behaviors are obtained by learning from paradigm. Like the establishment of demand reflection, paradigm learning is also a basic method of human social learning. There are other commonly used methods of behavioral therapy, such as systematic desensitization, imagination aversion, reinforcement, consideration of termination, etc. Cognitive behavioral counseling Cognitive behavioral therapy is a set of short-term psychotherapy methods to change bad cognition and eliminate bad emotions and behaviors by changing thoughts or confidence and behavior. Representative ones are Ellis' rational emotional behavior therapy (REBT), Baker's and Remy's cognitive therapy (CT) and Mackenbaum's cognitive behavior correction technology. Cognitive therapy is more effective for the symptoms of depression, guilt and shame. PTSD patients with mood or anxiety or personality disorder (antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder) usually receive cognitive therapy. Psychoanalysis consulting psychoanalysis, also known as psychoanalysis, is usually marked by the discussion on hysteria published by Freud and Bluel in 1895. Through free association, empathy and explanation of dreams and mistakes, it is a way to cure and restrain the influence of motivation conflict in infancy. The application of psychoanalysis in the consultation process: (1) Free association: The classic free association is that no matter what ideas appear in the client's mind, they are all spoken. No matter how absurd these contents are, I think they are very ignorant, no matter how the existing moral standards do not allow them, including my views on doctors. Don't have any scruples and constraints, just say everything that comes to mind. (2) Impedance: The parties show discomfort in communication, which is often intermittent, hesitant or speechless. Or deliberately avoid some thorny issues, or argue with consultants. Resistance is a sign of unwillingness to show subconscious content, because they are afraid to shake their "scars". Because this is an unconscious process, the parties are not clear. It is not easy to cancel impedance, which is the most difficult process to analyze and cure, and also the most time-consuming reason. It is necessary to be patient with impedance consultants, and the presentation of impedance is also an important clue to discover the psychological defense mechanism of visitors. (3) Empathy: In the negotiation, the client regards the consultant as the object of venting, which is called empathy. Freud believes that empathy is the reappearance of the relationship between the client and his parents in his early years, not his true attitude towards the consultant, but the performance of the client transplanting his early experience to the consultant. Empathy can also be divided into positive empathy and negative empathy. In empathy, the parties often regard the counselor as a special person. At this time, the client may rely more on the counselor, have many thresholds, or fall in love with the therapist like a child or a therapist. The presentation of empathy is a great challenge for counselors, and the handling and explanation of empathy is also an important healing skill for counselors. Let the customer know that her performances are the reappearance of immature psychology. Empathy is very important for healing, and it is also the most difficult technique to master in anatomy. (4) Interpretation of dreams: This paragraph refers to Freud's interpretation of dreams. (5) Interpretation, cultivation and comprehension: In the process of healing, the counselor gives some explanations to the clients, but this explanation should be carried out under a good healing relationship. Tips for some difficult problems are usually not enough once, and more difficult problems of customers are displayed in life, so consultants give timely tips according to the changes of customers' lives. Continue to assist the parties to deal with contradictions, called channels. In this temporary treatment, with the help of the psychological counselor, the client gradually realized my problem. The object, classification and mode of psychological counseling The most common and main object of psychological counseling is healthy people or people with psychological problems, which is different from extremely healthy people and is the main object of psychotherapy [2]. Classification and methods of psychological counseling According to the content of counseling, it can be divided into counseling and welfare counseling; According to the scale of consultation, it can be divided into individual consultation and group consultation; According to the way of consultation, it can be divided into outpatient consultation, telephone consultation and internet consultation. To carry out counseling and well-being counseling 1, to carry out counseling In order to conform to the rhythm of ancient occupation and life, people pay more and more attention to their views and concerns, and to carry out sexual psychological counseling can help people explore their psychological potential and enhance their ability to look at themselves. When the self-concept is deviated or blocked, we can deal with it through psychological counseling. With the improvement of human material civilization and spiritual civilization from time to time, people gradually pay attention to how to improve the quality of life unilaterally, such as improving learning and professional ability, adhering to the best professional form, maintaining a stable living environment, and coordinating interpersonal relationships between family members and social members. As a professional technology, psychological counseling can help people adjust their inner world and improve their quality of life. Sexual psychological counseling often touches on the following contents: the influence of pregnant women's psychological form, behavioral activities and living environment on the fetus; Children's later intellectual development; Psychological problems in children's development; Unbalanced physical and mental development in adolescence; Social adaptation; Sexual psychological knowledge consultation; Social communication and puppy love between men and women; The contradiction between youth's independence and dependence; Friendship and love; Achievement motivation and self-completion; Choose a spouse to get married; Interpersonal relationship; Employment, unemployment and reemployment; Interpersonal conflict, emotional disorder, occupation and family load adaptation in middle age and menopause; Family structure adjustment; Menopause syndrome, etc. Re-adapt to the social role of the elderly; Family relations such as husband and wife, two generations, grandparents and grandchildren; Physical aging and psychological aging; Old age life, etc. 2. Who is the target of Ankang consultation? It should be said that people who feel that their psychology is not healthy enough are the objects of mental health consultation. In other words, anyone who is psychologically nervous due to some kind of psychological and social comfort and understands that he has experienced physical or emotional troubles can become the object of psychological counseling in Ankang. Because psychological and social comfort is very complicated and intricate, it is ubiquitous in the current society. So any psychological problems in life, occupation, study, family, illness, rehabilitation, marriage, parenting and so on. Once the help seeker experiences discomfort or pain, he can belong to the occupation scope of Ankang psychological counseling. Its contents are as follows: (1) Various emotional disorders, such as anxiety, fear, depression and disappointment; (2) Interpretation of uncontrollable thoughts, intentions, behaviors and actions; (3) various psychosomatic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, bronchial asthma, ulcers, etc. And sexual dysfunction; (4) Temporary chronic physical diseases, which can't be cured for a long time, are dissatisfied with the treatment, lose their determination and need psychological counseling; (5) Psychological guidance for help-seekers in psychiatric rehabilitation period; (6) How to deal with and care for the help seekers in the family. The process of psychological counseling is 1, and the relationship between entry and orientation is established [3] (1); (2) Collect relevant information, preliminarily clarify the problems and understand the counseling needs; (3) a preliminary understanding of the personal and environmental resources of the parties; Make a resolution to accept the case; Make consultation arrangements. 2. Establish a good relationship during the question-individual inquiry stage (1); 2. Collect relevant information to further define and understand the question; 3. Help the parties to ask themselves. Get to know the parties better. 3. The discussion stage of objectives and plans (1) arouses the motivation of the parties to change. 2. Handle the relationship between the hopes and goals of all parties. 3. Consultants should understand the limitations of existing intervention methods and their own talents. 4. The consulting objective must be based on the client. Counselors play an auxiliary role. 4. The action/transformation stage (1) prevents the parties from becoming an active, tolerant and dependent role. (2) Adhere to sensitivity. (3) Pay attention to the migration and use of medical harvest in real life. (4) Regularly evaluate the action/transformation stage, that is, according to the established goals. See how much progress has been made in the practice of counseling and treatment. 5. Assessment target harvest in assessment/completion stage (1). 2. Dealing with the problem of complete relationship: separation anxiety. 3. Prepare for the transfer of learning and self-reliance. 4. The last consultation psychological counseling technology. Methods of establishing good consulting relationship. 1. Respect equality with helpers in value, dignity and personality, and be kind to helpers. It should be manifested in the acceptance, care and protection of the status quo, values, personality and rights and interests of those who seek help. 2. Sincerity means that the consultant is sincere and frank with the visitors during the consultation process, and does not deliberately please each other, whitewash because of self-defense, and directly express my thoughts without avoiding my mistakes and shortcomings. Sincerity can buy trust and love, and it can also give people a sense of security. However, it should be noted that sincerity should not be understood as complexity and lying, and the words and deeds of consultants should help the growth of visitors. 3.* * * Affection * * Affection refers to the ability to experience the inner world of others. It includes three meanings: (1) the counselor goes deep into the other person's heart to experience his feelings and thoughts with the help of the words and deeds of the helper; (2) With the help of knowledge and experience, the consultant grasps the relationship between the experience of the helper and his experience and personality, and better understands the essence of the problem; (3) Counselors convey their feelings to each other by consulting, thus influencing each other and getting feedback. * * * Emotion needs rationality, and cannot replace the parties to make rational judgments. "* * * Emotion" does not mean to use sympathy indiscriminately, but to help others introduce positive, optimistic and upward emotions. Participatory technology 1, listening is the first step of psychological counseling and the basic threshold for establishing a good counseling relationship. Listening can not only show respect to the helper, but also let the other person express his troubles with ease and trust. When listening, the counselor should be able to listen carefully and interestingly, put himself in the other person's shoes, and properly express his understanding without prejudice or value evaluation. 2. Open inquiry and closed inquiry (1). Open interrogation usually uses words such as "what", "how", "why", "can …" and "willing …" to ask questions, so that the helped person can explain the relevant questions, thoughts and emotions in detail. (2) Blocked interrogation usually uses words such as "yes", "right", "want" and "have", and the answer is also a compound answer of "yes" and "no". 3. Technical encouragement of encouragement and repetition, that is, directly repeating the words of the helper or only using certain words such as "Well", "Continue" and "Anything else" to strengthen the content of the helper's narrative and encourage him to continue. 4. Content response Content response, also known as explanation or clarification, refers to the psychological counselor's comprehensive arrangement of the main speeches and thoughts of the helper, and then feedback to the helper. 5. Emotional reaction and interpretation are very close, but there are also differences. Interpretation focuses on the feedback of the helper's conversation, while emotional response focuses on the helper's emotional response. 6. Detailed and detailed means that consultants help clients express their ideas, concepts, emotions and things clearly and accurately. 7. Summary refers to the psychological counselor's verbal and nonverbal behaviors, including the comprehensive arrangement of emotions, and then express them to the seekers in the form of an outline. Influential technology 1, quality, also known as questioning, confrontation, confrontation, confrontation, facing up to ideals, etc. Refers to the contradiction pointed out by the consultant to the helper. 2. Interpretation, that is, using a certain theory to describe the reasons and essence of the seeker's thoughts, emotions and behaviors. 3. Guidance means that the consultant directly instructs the helper to do something, say something or act in a certain way. Pointing is one of the most influential methods. 4. The emotional expression consultant informed me of my mood and emotional activities, so that the help-seekers could understand that it was emotional expression. 5. Content expression Content expression refers to the information, suggestion, advice, guarantee, praise and criticism and feedback transmitted by the consultant. 6. Self-opening, also known as self-exposure and self-disclosure, refers to the fact that psychological counselors put forward their feelings, ideas and experiences to share with help seekers. The way to eliminate resistance is people's resistance to self-exposure and self-change in the process of psychological counseling. The expression of impedance: from the verbal level: silence, silence and verbosity; From the content of the speech: theoretical conversation, emotional venting, discussion of trivial matters, wig asking; From the way of speaking: psychological external attribution, forgetfulness, obedience, controlling the topic, and finally exposure. At present, the main points of psychological counselors in dealing with impedance are: 65,438+0, so let your guard down and don't take it too seriously. 2. Correct diagnosis and analysis. According to some personality characteristics of the person seeking help, the consultant should also have his own opinions in the negotiation and gain the trust of the other party with sincere attitude and professional knowledge and technology. 3. Look at resistance with an attitude of honestly helping each other. Once the counselor confirms that there is resistance, he can feedback this information to the helper. Pay attention to help each other and present them to each other with a frank attitude of discussing problems. Expert concept 1. With the acceleration of ancient occupation and life rhythm, people are facing more and more pressures and difficulties. Psychological counseling can help people explore their psychological potential, improve their self-views and get out of their psychological haze. 2. Such as emotional problems, physical and mental diseases, and psychological problems in children's development; Unbalanced physical and mental development in adolescence; Social adaptation; Sexual psychological knowledge consultation; Social communication and puppy love between men and women; The contradiction between youth's independence and dependence; Friendship and love; Achievement motivation and self-completion; Choose a spouse to get married; Interpersonal relationship; Employment, unemployment and reemployment; Interpersonal conflict, emotional disorder, occupation and family load adaptation in middle age and menopause; Family structure adjustment; Menopause syndrome, etc. Re-adapt to the social role of the elderly; Family relations such as husband and wife, two generations, grandparents and grandchildren; Physical aging and psychological aging; Problems such as old age life can be alleviated and assisted by psychological counseling. What's going on here? What is psychological counseling? The answer to education in Peng Zhong. 15