Dr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing on 1925. Before he died, he hoped to bury his body in Zhongshan, Nanjing, so the coffin was temporarily placed in Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing. In order to respect his wishes, the tomb was built in Zhongshan in March of the following year 12, the first anniversary of his death, and it was completed in the spring of the same year 1929.
The mystery of Sun Yat-sen's burial
A.D.1986165438+10/2 is the 20th anniversary of the birth of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner. The 60th anniversary of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing is also this year. The 75th anniversary of Sun Yat-sen leading the Revolution of 1911 and overthrowing the feudal dynasty was in this year.
However, after Mr. Zhongshan died, why not use a crystal coffin? Why build Purple Mountain? Why did the body move to Nanjing? Who is carrying the bronze coffin? Where are the internal organs of the abdomen? Are there any funerary objects in the tomb? Who will supervise the sealing after burial? Are there many presents? Where the hell is the body? Why did Chiang Kai-shek fail to move to Chongqing during the Anti-Japanese War? There have been different opinions for decades, and no one can agree. With this series of questions, I specially interviewed Liang Fan, Sun Yat-sen's personal bodyguard.
Mr. Fan Lao, aged 80, is the only personal bodyguard of Sun Yat-sen who is still alive. He was also the only representative who participated in the construction of the mausoleum after Sun Yat-sen's death, carried the coffin during burial and kept the mausoleum for a long time after burial, and was a historical witness of Sun Yat-sen's burial.
Zhou: After the death of Mr. Sun in March 1925, his body was placed in Beijing. Why did he build a cemetery in Nanjing later?
Fan: This is the last wish of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the common aspiration of the people of the whole country. After liberation, Guo, the captain of Sun Yat-sen's guard during the Revolution of 1911, came to me to talk about Sun Yat-sen's tomb selection in Nanjing. During his temporary presidency in Nanjing, Mr. Wang once took Guo on horseback to visit the Purple Mountain. When passing by the Ming tombs, he praised the beautiful scenery and good feng shui in this area. There are mountains in the north and undercurrents near the lake in the south, which can be described as "the mountains are high and the water is long", so he said to Guo, "I can ask the people for a grave here behind me, and death is enough." This is the origin of Jianling Nanjing.
Zhou: It is said that Dr. Sun Yat-sen's internal organs were all taken out after death. Is it true?/You don't say. What's the story of internal organs being stolen?
Fan: The former is a fact, and theft is a rumor. At that time, Mr. Wang asked for pathological anatomy of the five internal organs after death, because he was a doctor and knew the value of anatomy. Later, when dissecting, the doctor found that Mr. Wang had liver cancer. After that, the internal organs were cremated separately and are now stored in a copper coffin. During the Anti-Japanese War, a strange thing happened in front of the statue of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing: Wang Jingwei welcomed Mr. Organ from Peking Union Medical College Hospital, which attracted great attention at home and abroad at that time. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek sent Zheng Jiemin to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum to investigate the matter, asked me what was going on, and wrote a detailed report to Chiang Kai-shek. I went down to the grave, uncovered the glass cover, and opened five glass bottles blocked by red cloth, on which was written the sliced model of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's five internal organs. No one dared to go down and have a look before me. Chiang Kai-shek summoned me afterwards, and I reported the matter to him, and protested to the then Central Daily, sending false news without looking for the parties. Finally, with the signatures of all members of the Fengan Committee, this strange case was closed.
Zhou: It is said that Mr. Sun's body was originally intended for future generations to pay tribute to forever. Why was it finally blocked?
Fan: This was originally considered. The Soviet government also specially sent a crystal coffin. So, at first, Mr. Sun's body was stored in a nanmu coffin filled with formalin. At that time, he only wore linen short-sleeved shirts and shorts. Unfortunately, the body was exposed to the air, and it was found that the local deterioration could not be well preserved. The crystal coffin of the Soviet Union was useless, so it had to be left in the Xiangshan Memorial Hall for people to visit. When the remains moved south, nanmu coffins were replaced by copper coffins imported from Italy. But there are also rumors that Zhang's men were forced to Xiangshan by the Northern Expeditionary Army, and they threatened to burn Sun Yat-sen's body if they attacked again. The night watchman secretly took the body out of the nanmu coffin in the middle of the night and stored it in a nearby cave to let it deteriorate. This is just a rumor, but I didn't see it with my own eyes.
Zhou: Do you still have the nanmu coffin you mentioned?
Fan: Nanmu coffin, together with bedding, was sealed in the cenotaph of Mr. Sun at Biyun Temple in Beijing.
Zhou: 1 May, 929, the first phase of Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum-Lingbi Project was completed, and the security ceremony was scheduled to be held in June1year. Who went to Beijing to move the spirit?
Fan: In late May, the southern government sent eight escorts to the north to translate Ling. There is also a coincidence here. When Mr. Sun was alive, he had eight personal bodyguards. This time, eight people moved their spirits. Later, we met the spirit in Nanjing, which happened to be eight people. I still don't understand the mystery.
Zhou: Maybe eight donkey kong?
Fan: (laughs) Maybe. The coffins of great men, such as Marshal Stalin and Marshal Tito, are personally escorted by senior generals, and our highest is only the school official. I was a captain at that time, and our eight guards were selected from Mr. Tito's previous 80 guards. After Mr. Wang's death, the 80 guard once became a part of Chiang Kai-shek's guard. After Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum set up the treasury, it also undertook the task of guarding the mausoleum.
Zhou: How did Mr. Sun's bronze coffin get to Nanjing? Besides the Eight Guards, who else has the spirit?
Fan: Mr. Wang's body was transported by train, and the coffin was carried by the descendants of the emperor and relatives of the country in the Qing Dynasty, with a total of 128 people, 64 people before and after the coffin, from Xiangshan to Beiping Station, Lingqian Square to the platform in front of the tomb. These people are very good at carrying coffins. No matter on the flat ground or on the upper and lower slopes, the coffin is always horizontal and has no bumps at all. After being transported from Beiping to Pukou, it was sent to a warship to cross the river. After arriving at Zhongshan Wharf, it was transported by special hearse to the auditorium of the Kuomintang Central Party Department (now Hunan Road, Jiangsu Military Region).
Zhou: Please tell us about the Feng 'an Grand Ceremony and the burial seal in detail.
Fan: After the body was transported to the auditorium of the Central Party Department on Hunan Road, there were three days of public sacrifice. On June 1 day, the hearse left Hunan Road and slowly headed for Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. As many as 200,000 people and foreign envoys attended the funeral, including many Japanese friends of Mr. Sun. Dozens of miles of roads are also crowded with people on both sides.
Zhou: Zhongshan Wharf and Zhongshan Road are both built for wandering souls, right?
Fan: Yes, the road from Zhongshan Pier in Xiaguan to the southern foot of Zijinshan Mountain was built and named at that time, and the Zhongshan Gate was also changed from the original Chaoyangmen Gate. ...
/kloc-in June, Soong Ching Ling and her family, Chiang Kai-shek and all the important officials of the Kuomintang government attended the Feng 'an ceremony.
After the ceremony, accompanied by bursts of military music, seven other guards and I slowly approached the coffin, opened the copper rings on both sides of the coffin and slowly entered the tomb. Then we hung the coffin into the circular tomb with rope, walked to the bottom of the tomb through the copper ladder, and then moved the coffin away. It turns out that there is a special copper ladder, which is 5 meters long, that is, the height of the circular tomb. The copper ladder was originally made for people to pay tribute to the remains, but unfortunately, the remains were not well preserved and the copper ladder lost its function.
Zhou: Do you remember the shape and size of the bronze coffin? Are there any treasures and other funerary objects in the tomb?
Fan: I'm very impressed. It is about the size of a crystal coffin in Beijing, about 1 cm thick, with a crystal glass cover on it. Through the crystal glass, I saw Mr. Sun, wearing a black jacket, a blue robe and black cloth boots, lying peacefully on his back on a blue spring cushion with many silk balls fixed on his sides. Between his feet, there is a big-mouthed porcelain bottle with a height of about 33 cm and a diameter of 20 cm, which contains charred internal organs and binds his mouth with a HongLing. Before sealing, a bronze coffin was built, engraved with plum blossom patterns, which was very delicate. The station was closed on the morning of June 2 and lasted for 5 days. The tomb is surrounded by the stone tomb of Changgang. The outside of the tomb is a barrier more than a foot wide, and there is a solid wall outside. The sealing position is in the middle of the tomb. Steel bars are used first, and steel bars are covered with steel wire mesh. After tightening, spread a layer of linoleum and seal it with concrete. In this way, the upper part was carefully carved by the famous Japanese sculptor Takasaki, and the lower part was the copper coffin where Mr. Sun was buried. The sealing work is very meticulous, and I have been on the scene. There are no funerary objects in graves or coffins.
Zhou: Not long ago, Hong Kong Wen Wei Po reported that Sun Yat-sen's body was shortened by about one inch by modern advanced instruments, and everything else was intact. Do you know this?
Fan: I feel strange about this, too. Activities related to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum usually go through the cemetery management office, but none of our management office 1000 cadres and workers knows about it. Last week, a reporter from Hong Kong Wen Wei Po came to Ning. I asked him where the news came from. He just said "it really happened", but he didn't answer me directly. Therefore, we all think that it can only be regarded as "reference news" before it is confirmed by the relevant state departments. Whether it is shortened or not and whether it is in good condition remains to be tested and confirmed.
Zhou: Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is a great miracle in the architectural history of China. Who is the main designer?
Fan: Mr famous architect. He also gave his life for Jianling. It turns out that there is a relief statue of him in the southwest lounge of the mourning hall. Yu Youren wrote an inscription on the relief: "Lv Yanzhi architect died of overwork in Yu Ling Palace as a memorial." After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, relief disappeared.
Zhou: Is this project expensive?
Fan: At that time, the total cost of designing and building Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was 4 million taels of silver. In the preparation process before the official foundation laying of 1926 on March 2, it won the support and support of the people all over the country. People of all ethnic groups, especially overseas Chinese, donated 4.6 million yuan, exceeding the total cost. Overseas Chinese also built memorial buildings such as Guanghua Pavilion and Liuhui Waterfront around Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and built a water tower in front of Xiazi Cave in Zijin Mountain to irrigate flowers and trees with landscape.
Zhou: Chiang Kai-shek once wanted to move Sun Yat-sen's body to Chongqing, the capital. Is there any basis for this rumor?
Fan: That's true. The disaster that Chiang Kai-shek brought to the Chinese nation is well known; But during his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he also did something beneficial to the Chinese nation. He still has deep feelings for her husband. Japanese invaders attacked Shanghai and Suzhou; Chiang Kai-shek wanted to transport Mr. Wang's body to Chongqing. At that time, the engineer who designed the mausoleum thought that the mausoleum was relatively strong. If the coffin was moved again, it was afraid of damaging the coffin and the remains, and the coffin was not moved as expected.
To be honest, it is possible to move. Go down from the compartment around the grave and make a hole next to it, and you can get the coffin. It's not very difficult. I think the main reason is that engineers don't want to break the tomb, and considering that Japan is afraid of the pressure of world public opinion, it dare not make a move on Mr. Sun's tomb. History has proved that this analysis is correct. On the eve of the Kuomintang's withdrawal from Nanjing, Lin Sen went to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and said to us, "The body of the Prime Minister cannot be moved. You should protect the tomb of the Prime Minister. " All 80 guards signed the oath of "sharing life and death with Ling".
Zhou: During the eight years of Anti-Japanese War, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum left only one vault class. Where are the rest of the guards?
Fan:1in the autumn of 937, Nanjing was in an emergency, and all the non-combat troops left Nanjing, leaving only 12 people to continue guarding the mausoleum, and the rest were incorporated into the troops of Tang Shengzhi, the commander of Nanjing city defense. I was also transferred to Chongqing five days before the Japanese occupation of Nanjing (1 1.5), and then served as the leader of the fourth group in the second section of the Political Department of Chengdu Aviation Committee until I returned to Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
On the eve of Nanjing's liberation, I served as acting director of the treasury of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. After that, I received an order from Commander Chen Yi to continue guarding the mausoleum. After the PLA crossed the river, it sent a company to protect the wartime cemetery with us. Until now, I haven't retired.
/jdjq/zjqjd.jsp？ zbianma = 10000000867 & amp； jqjd=%D6%D3%C9%BD