(A) innovative venture capital mechanism
Zhao Dawei (2004) drew lessons from the development experience of developed countries, and proposed that only by accelerating the development of venture capital system can we fill the gap between financing capacity, state financial support, private capital investment and bank loans of enterprises, universities and scientific research institutions in the transformation stage of scientific and technological achievements. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a complete and sound investment mechanism to ensure that venture capital has sufficient funds. Zhang Xinglong (2000) further believes that the establishment of venture capital system can activate the capital operation market, dredge financing channels, organically combine risks with rights and interests, and transform simple financing form into an organic integration mechanism of investment, supervision and participation in politics. In this way, the demonstration of the transformation of major scientific and technological achievements is more complete, the evaluation is more objective and the conclusion is more accurate. Once the parties to the project reach a * * * understanding, the transformation of results will be fundamentally guaranteed.
Zhang Pu and Zhang Xuedong (200 1) believe that venture capital is a financing tool to adapt to the characteristics of high technology and high risk, and the establishment of venture capital mechanism can solve the problem of insufficient funds for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China. It is suggested to establish a venture capital mechanism from the following aspects: taking venture capital funds as the main form, giving full play to the private forces, socializing the sources of venture capital, encouraging banks, insurance companies and enterprise groups to participate in venture capital companies and activating the venture capital market. Improve the service quality and reputation of institutions such as project evaluation, accounting audit, legal consultation and property right definition, and play their role in the process of venture capital activities. In addition to the securities market and property rights trading market, China should also establish a second-board market with centralized management, unified supervision and standardized operation, invest in venture capital funds, and provide multi-level listing and exit channels for venture capital. The government should strengthen the macro-control and guidance of venture capital and provide a special legal basis for the operation of venture capital through special laws. The government should also use tax leverage and preferential credit to guide social funds into the field of venture capital and create a good policy environment for venture capital. Hu Weiwei (2006) held the same opinion, but on this basis, he proposed to establish a set of practical scientific evaluation system for high-tech products to evaluate the risks and benefits of unlisted high-tech enterprises, so as to reduce the blindness of venture capital enterprises.
Zou (2002) pointed out from the perspective of promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities that colleges and universities should establish a partnership with venture capital companies to bear risks and enjoy benefits. In this way, in the process of cooperation, both sides can develop their strengths and avoid their weaknesses, and their advantages complement each other. In the process of industrialization of achievements, colleges and universities can make full use of the company's advantages in financing, talents and information.
(B) to build a reasonable intellectual property system
In view of the important position of intellectual property in institutional change, the research results on intellectual property are rich, and experts and scholars have given countermeasures and suggestions from different angles.
Cao Qinrun and Jiang (2004) believe that the essence of intellectual property system obstacle is the concrete embodiment of the conflict between man-made social system or system and the internal objective law of scientific and technological development. We can comprehensively use relevant policies such as financial law and property law to guide and open the market, automatically and rationally allocate scientific and technological R&D resources through the market, promote the benign operation of R&D process, promote the combination of capital and technology, technology and economy, and realize politics, production, learning and economics.
Yang Ping and Bird (20 10) pointed out that the transformation of scientific and technological achievements needs to be based on the clear boundary of scientific and technological achievements property rights, which will help successful owners of scientific and technological property rights to obtain reasonable returns, increase investment in scientific and technological projects and help venture capital to enter. After the property right of scientific and technological achievements is clear, the property right information of scientific and technological achievements can be published through the registration procedure of scientific and technological achievements, which is bound to contribute to the formation of the information platform of scientific and technological achievements and make the information platform of scientific and technological achievements become living water.
Li (2004) believes that there are two main problems in the protection of patent intellectual property rights in China: one is the lack of awareness of patent intellectual property protection and the lack of understanding and research on patent strategic knowledge; Second, a good operational mechanism for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements has not been established, and a strong ability to transform scientific and technological achievements has been formed. The key to the innovation of patent intellectual property system is to improve the overall awareness of patent intellectual property protection and the ability to use patent strategy, and to establish an independent technological innovation system with the market as the core. Specifically, it is to strengthen the allocation and training of professional talents in the construction of patent strategic management organization, so as to promote the formation and improvement of enterprise patent operation mechanism; Selectively form a number of high-tech industries with independent intellectual property rights and transform a number of traditional industries; The evaluation of high-tech research results should change from the number and level of published papers to the acquisition of invention patents; Give contractors and inventors more rights to use and benefits, and mobilize the enthusiasm of patent inventors and implementers with interest mechanism; Establish a government fund system to support overseas patent applications, so that China's national industries can be protected in the international market. Encourage enterprises to develop the innovation vitality of independent intellectual property rights by adopting a series of tax reduction and exemption systems and government procurement systems for patented products; Establish * * * Industry-University-Research cooperation and sharing mechanism to realize the optimal allocation and use of innovative resource elements; Promote the optimal allocation of innovative resources such as capital, technology and talents through the combination mechanism of property rights flow, and promote the formation of a dynamic mechanism for multi-channel and multi-investment entities to participate in technological innovation cooperation and scientific and technological investment; Strengthen the construction of patent information publishing and exchange system, and promote the effective use of patent information resources and patent circulation.
Guo Hongbo (2005) compared the legal systems of scientific and technological achievements transformation at home and abroad, and found that compared with developed countries, China's intellectual property legal system still has room for improvement in encouraging scientific and technological innovation and achievements transformation. It is suggested that the following aspects should be improved: perfecting the ownership system of intellectual property rights, making clear and specific definitions of "professional achievements" and "non-professional achievements" in patent law and copyright law, increasing operability, and solving the balance mechanism of rights and interests of scientific research units and scientific and technological personnel in intellectual property rights. Reduce the time limit for application and authorization of invention patents, and effectively solve the problem of high time cost for patent applicants. Establish and improve the legal system of intellectual property rights, and stipulate the definition, types, pricing methods, capital contribution ratio, rights and obligations of investors, etc. Investment in intellectual property rights, thus stimulating the rapid transformation of scientific and technological knowledge achievements. Adding punitive damages to the legal system of scientific and technological achievements transformation will provide more adequate judicial protection for scientific and technological innovation subjects and obligees.
Zhao Dawei (2004) discussed the protection of intellectual property rights in Industry-University-Research's cooperation from the perspective of distribution, and pointed out that in Industry-University-Research's cooperation practice, it is difficult to embody the principle of * * * taking risks and * * * enjoying benefits, which is not conducive to the healthy development of Industry-University-Research's cooperation. It is suggested that the responsibility system for the benefits and risks of Industry-University-Research's cooperative innovation should be gradually established, so as to realize hierarchical and phased decomposition.
Leng Junfeng and Li (2008) pointed out that universities, research institutes and enterprises should establish intellectual property management systems such as patents, raise funds for scientific research achievements in various ways, actively apply for patents, and form a system of patent creation, protection and application. Considering that patents and other intellectual property rights are highly dependent on scientific and technological personnel, according to the provisions of contract law and patent law, the ownership ratio of individual intellectual property rights between units and scientific research personnel can be agreed and the property rights can be effectively divided. By clarifying property rights, we can lay the foundation for the effective transformation of patent achievements, and also prevent the loss of achievements caused by the dissatisfaction of scientific and technological personnel with the distribution method.
Qian Feng (20 1 1) suggested that the government should set up a professional and authoritative technical evaluation institution from the perspective of patent pledge financing to prevent the evaluation results of different institutions from being quite different. As soon as possible, formulate the policy of patent pledge loan and its related policies such as evaluation, circulation, guarantee and interest discount. , build the corresponding operation platform, operation process and expert database, set up a patent pledge loan risk compensation fund to compensate the risks of patent pledge loans issued by banks.
Guo et al. (2003) pointed out the importance of patent literature, emphasizing that patent literature is an information carrier integrating technical information, legal information and economic information, and contains huge strategic information resources. Making full use of this information can provide strategic decision-making basis for the national rejuvenation through science and education and scientific and technological innovation projects, promote the information flow of scientific and technological achievements, and accelerate the transformation, popularization and application of scientific and technological achievements.
(C) the transformation of scientific and technological achievements system innovation
This system will form an external pressure to urge relevant parties to transform scientific and technological achievements. For the innovation transformation system of scientific and technological achievements, there are mainly the following viewpoints:
Wu Xiang (2002) believes that the separation of scientific research and production in China makes it difficult to quickly transform high-tech achievements into productive forces. Therefore, we should separate government from research, encourage scientific research institutes to enter enterprises in a reasonable way, or operate in an enterprise way, so as to shorten the distance between science and technology and production and promote the rapid transformation of potential productivity into real productivity. Zhang Pu and Zhang Xuedong (200 1) also pointed out that there are some problems in the enterprises affiliated to scientific research institutes, such as too single equity capital structure, irregular operation of enterprise system and unclear definition of enterprise assets. It is suggested that scientific research institutes should be transformed into enterprises according to the requirements of modern enterprise system, and a few large scientific research institutes can be formed into holding companies to exercise the management right of state-owned assets and property rights. For small and medium-sized scientific research institutes, they can be transformed into scientific and technological enterprises, or directly into large enterprise groups, or into knowledge-intensive enterprises that conduct technology transfer, technical services and consulting technical training for enterprises and markets, or into intermediary service institutions to implement enterprise management.
Mei Changchao (2003) thinks that the reform of China's science and technology system is relatively backward, and the evaluation system that ignores the market development prospect of scientific research results leads to the disconnection between scientific research and market. It is suggested to establish a scientific and technological system adapted to the market economy; Reforming the scientific research funding system, reducing the government's funding for most applied research and technology development institutions, and implementing the technology contract system, forcing their scientific research work to be more market-oriented; Develop the technology market and promote the commercialization of technological achievements; Change the separation of scientific research institutions from enterprises, and the separation of research and development, pilot test and industrialization of achievements, promote the diversion and reorganization of scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel, and encourage scientific research institutions to transform or enter enterprises; The scope of the national direct evaluation system is narrowed, mainly aiming at "direct control projects" and encouraging theoretical research; Establish a market evaluation system for "market-oriented projects", mainly in the form of results transformation income and social evaluation; Stimulate the enthusiasm of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and regard the economic benefits of scientific and technological achievements as an important index for the evaluation of scientific research projects, funds investment and scientific research institutions.
Tan Hua and others (20 10) believe that the prerequisite for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is that the scientific and technological achievements themselves are of high quality. In order to improve the quality of scientific and technological achievements, those topics with advanced technology, strong application, obvious economic benefits and self-created conditions will be tilted in the project establishment and application; In the process of project research, regular inspection and supervision; In the appraisal of achievements, the appraisal of achievements should be carried out in strict accordance with the procedures to ensure the quality of appraisal. In addition, we should correctly determine the proportion of scientific research investment and gradually institutionalize it. It is necessary to strengthen applied research and scientific and technological development, promote the transformation of achievements, and ensure the scientific research stamina of basic research work. A series of management systems such as scientific and technological projects, scientific research topics, project organization, achievement evaluation and professional title evaluation should be thoroughly reformed. The selection of scientific and technological projects should be market-oriented, with market competitiveness, market efficiency, independent innovation and independent intellectual property rights as the starting point and destination. The evaluation of scientific and technological achievements should abandon the disadvantages of "expert evaluation" and establish a new mechanism combining "expert evaluation" with "market evaluation", "user evaluation" and "management evaluation" to truly realize the internal combination of scientific and technological achievements evaluation, management, production application and market operation.
(4) Other related research.
In addition to the various institutional innovations mentioned above, many scholars have also given suggestions on institutional changes from other angles.
Wang Shuiping, Jiang Han (2005) and other scholars pointed out that the development of China's technology market is not perfect, the growth of science and technology service intermediaries is weak, and the comprehensive quality of brokers is low, which seriously restricts the transaction scale and turnover rate of the technology market. To change this situation, we should further improve the macro-management of the technology market, establish a fair, just and open market competition order, and promote the development of the technology market in scale, structure, level and management. Promote the docking of technology market with information, labor, finance, property rights and other markets, build a unified and open national market system, reallocate and rationally utilize scientific and technological resources in colleges and universities through policy and financial support, continuously improve the technology market, and establish a socialized service system in the market field and the public field.
Yang Ping and Bird (20 10) pointed out from the perspective of information platform that the lack of information platform for scientific and technological achievements will lead to the failure of the government to formulate guiding policies in time according to the relationship between supply and demand, thus leading to the failure to establish a vicious circle of "official Industry-University-Research" integrated scientific and technological achievements transformation chain. Through the establishment of the trading market, enterprises can seek capital and technological achievements in various ways, and use various combinations to always ensure the maximization of interests in the transfer and integration of scientific and technological achievements.