First, there are obvious regional habits when choosing words or sentence patterns with the same language.
In addition to dialects, dialect words, dialect grammar, etc. We think it also includes other situations where people have obvious local habits and tendencies when choosing homophones (especially when there are a group of synonymous forms in homophones). Most of these homophones are absorbed from dialects and are still "preferred" by people in dialect areas.
(1) A group of words with similar meanings are used to choosing only this and not that, which reflects the language use characteristics of dialects.
The choice of the word "back" is like "you eat first, then talk." In this space, Jiangxi people generally choose to "turn around" when they speak local Mandarin, rather than "wait a minute" or "finish eating". Of course, it means "wait a little longer; Let's talk about it later; The meaning of "let's talk about it when it's over" has been included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary, which is already homophonic. People in a certain area generally choose to "turn around" instead of "wait for a while" or "later", which is an obvious local expression habit. This expression habit is also fully reflected in the local written language. For example, in Jiangjunzhen (4), the meaning of "Hui" appears 10 times, while the similar meanings of "Wait a minute" and "Wait a minute" only appear 1 time. However, people in other dialect areas choose "V+ completion" and "later" instead of "going back" when speaking Mandarin, which also reflects the regionality.
The choice of the word "at first" Modern Chinese Dictionary defines "at first" as "at first, beginning". However, people in Hakka Gan-speaking areas generally choose "first, first, first, first" when speaking or writing local Mandarin. For example, "At first, he thought he had misunderstood this time. When he really understood the intention of the leader, he stood up and said, "Let others report it." (It will be 19)(4) The word "at first" in "Jiangjunzhen" appears 18 times, and the word "start" only appears 1 time.
It is customary to choose "lazy +VP" instead of "unwilling +VP" or "unwilling +VP" This kind of "laziness" is "boring; Unwilling to (do something) ". For example, "Xu Mei is so annoying that I was too lazy to talk to her later" (who is 2 1). Another example is Who on 149 and 15 1. It is customary to choose "province +vp" instead of "province +vp". For example, "Press as many buttons as you want, so as to save myself" (who is 130). Although "taboo" also exists in the vocabulary system of these two dialects, it is not as commonly used as "deposit". ("lazy +vp" and "provincial +VP" are also the preferred collocation methods in other southern dialect areas. )
Choose "throat" over "sound". "Jiang" and "Sheng" appeared four times, among which: "Shouted a few times", "cleared his throat" (twice), "inverted his throat" and "hung up his throat" (twice), which were mainly fixed collocations. "Jiang" has 15 times of "voice", such as: "After shouting for a long time, my voice will soon become hoarse in this cold weather", "The voice of the Lujia family is getting louder every day in this small town", "Mayor Hu's voice is getting louder", "Needless to say, the famous voice is absolutely irritating", "My voice hurts to death" and "I have been hoarse all the time. In contrast, Lao She's Camel Xiangzi has only a "voice" but no "throat". This work of Lao She embodies the characteristics of words used in northern dialects.
Synonymous with "pain" and "pain", Jiangxi people generally use "pain" instead of "pain" when speaking local Mandarin. Jiangxi writers also "hurt" more than "pain" in their works. For example, Ginger has 40 "pains" and only 7 "pains". Among them, even the disyllabic words "pain" and "pain" with fixed morphemes are sometimes written as "pain" and "pain", some of which are random and appear very irregular in terms of words, such as "headache", "leadership headache" (General 24) and "cadre headache" (General 173). There are "pains" and "pains"; There are "heartache" and "heartache" (meeting 82). Xiong (1995, 199) defines "heartache" in Nanchang dialect as "distressed (emotional, not pathological)". For example, "what to eat, don't worry about money." "Look at his wife is tired. My heart is killing me. " These two sentences generally mean "heartache" rather than "heartache" in northern dialect or Mandarin. From "pain" rather than "pain" in spoken Jiangxi dialect to "pain" in written works of Jiangxi writers, we think that this is about a transition stage from dialect to local written language.
(B) * * * Some sentence patterns and word orders in the same language are not selected or less selected.
According to the investigation of dialect scholars, the word "ba" is not commonly used as a verb or preposition in Hakka dialect. In Gan dialect, the word "ba" is not used much, but is found sporadically in Boyang, Leping, Pingxiang, Pingjiang and other places in Gan dialect. This has influenced people in Hakka Gan-speaking areas to often use or not use the "ba" sentence when speaking local Mandarin or writing. Although the preposition "ba" * * * appeared 497 times in Jiangjunzhen, there are still some sentences that can use "ba" instead of "ba". For example, I took the manuscript paper from my hand (Jiang 276, the writer's narrative language) and I'll get it back tomorrow (Jiang 329, the character's language). These two sentences usually mean "ba" in Mandarin, meaning "take away the manuscript paper in your hand" and "I'll get it back tomorrow".
There are pragmatic differences between "it's raining outside" and "it's raining outside" in the same language, with different narrative starting points and different expression points. However, when Nanchang people describe the objective situation of rain, they usually say only the first sentence and not the second sentence in local Mandarin. When you tell others that it is windy outside, you usually just say "it is windy outside", but there is no such thing as "it is windy outside". Another example: Nanchang people speak local Mandarin, and generally only say "locked the door?" Instead of saying, "Is the door locked?"
Second, the individual meanings of some words are frequently used, and some words or sentence formats are frequently used, which reflects the regionality.
(a) The individual meanings of some words are often used.
For example, there are two meanings in the annotation of Modern Chinese Dictionary: (1) Remember (don't forget), please remember. Used in imperative sentences. Such as: "Yin Yuanzhong respects Yin Daoyan in everything, and asks his advice before doing anything. I did it, and all the credit goes to Yin Daoyan. When a worker joins the league or joins the party, and someone mentions a monitor or workshop director, Yin always tells me: Remember, it is Yin who respects you. " I remembered 342 and 2, but I didn't forget them. For example, "always remember to send a greeting card during the Chinese New Year." (Jiang 376) People in Jiangxi dialect areas often use the first sense when speaking local Mandarin or writing, and this sense is used very frequently. On the contrary, other dialect areas (such as Jianghuai Mandarin where the author lives) tend to choose "don't forget +VP" instead of "remember +VP", such as reminding people to say "don't forget to turn off the lights when going out", and generally don't say "remember to turn off the lights when going out".
For example, in the annotation of Modern Chinese Dictionary, "noisy" has two meanings: (1) Noise disturbs people: ~ panic/wake children ~. (2) Quarrel: They get up/don't want to talk, but have something to say. Xiong's Nanchang Dialect Dictionary (1995, page 1 13) also explains "noisy" in this way: (1) The sound is noisy and disturbing. (2) quarreling. Comparing the two dictionaries, it seems that the two meanings of "noisy" in Mandarin and Gan dialect are the same. But in fact, the frequency of these two meanings in Mandarin and Gan dialect is different. Especially the former meaning, some use less or no, and some use more. When expressing the meaning of "noisy disturbing the people", some dialects do not use the word "noisy", but Nanchang people must use it. For example, when someone makes noise (such as talking loudly, turning on some machines to make noise, etc.). ) and make others very unhappy, Nanchang people will say, "It's so noisy!" It means "these sounds are annoying." Another example: "Suddenly, a sister ... couldn't help screaming' Ouch', which made Yin, who was in a good mood, suddenly exclaim:' What a noise!'" Then, the quarrel stopped and the communication continued. (General 236) Nanchang people will say, "Don't make so much noise! "When they stopped to scold each other. It means that the other party is not allowed to quarrel again, not to stop the other party from quarreling. In other words, influenced by dialects, Nanchang people often use the first meaning of "noisy" in local Mandarin. In contrast, in some northern dialect areas (such as Jianghuai Mandarin area where the author lives), the second meaning of "noisy" is often used in local Mandarin, and the first meaning of "noisy" is hardly used.
Some words are frequently used.
Taking "da" as an example, the collocation range of "da" in Hakka Gan dialect is wider than * * *. (6) Such as: kicking (kicking) football, playing (throwing) discus, playing folk songs (singing folk songs), smoking (referring to handing cigarettes to guests), playing ×× sound, playing ×× accent (referring to speaking a local dialect), spelling words (referring to nonsense), playing singles (referring to single life), and turning around. Let's take a look at the record and reflection of this application feature in Jiangxi writers' works:
( 1) hit+V。
A. Examples in the narrative language of writers
Fight: Fight. "Lao Ai is old and weak, and he often can't help it." (Will 278)
Competition: competition, take part in the competition. (who 219,223) (who describes long-distance running, not ball games)
Shake the rope: Shake the rope. "Lao Yang ... stood shivering in the cold wind in the yard in the middle of the night." (It will be 1 14)
B. Language examples of characters in the works
Discussion: discussion. "Well, let's discuss it, brother." (will be 25 years old)
Level: level. "Three people crowded into a single bed ... When they fell asleep, the son's body fell sideways." (tilt 260 degrees)
Remove the sticker: Turn the sticker upside down. "I am the woman who knocked down the sticker for you ... don't say that you don't eat for half a year, just eat cold drinks and fruits. Have you ever pulled out a coin? " (Qiang 326)
(2) Click +N
Such as: popcorn (WHO/KOOC-0/79), firecrackers (Qiang/KOOC-0/08), grinding circles (in circles, Qiang 90, 98), masturbation (similar to the meaning of "prostitute", Qiang/KOOC-0/90, Qiang 3/KOOC.
Of course, the above examples may also be regarded as dialect words or dialect collocation, which belongs to the lexical or grammatical characteristics of dialects, but we believe that the high or low frequency of some words mainly reflects the characteristics of language material selection and application.
Third, the unique verbal response when seeing or hearing a situation has regional habits.
On the surface, this is a lexical phenomenon, but in fact it is a question of the choice and application of vocabulary and sentence patterns. This paper holds that this speech response also reflects the pragmatic characteristics of dialects.
For example, in Nanchang dialect, Xiong Zheng Hui (1995, page 2 16) means that the water level rises because of too much rain, for example, "Last year, the water rose and many houses were built." This is an explanation of the lexical meaning of "Shangshui" from a static perspective. However, the actual use of language has its dialect habits: when people see water on the ground (such as rain, the tap is not turned off, someone deliberately pours water, etc. ), they will say, "A rising tide lifts all boats." "Is the water rising?" "The water is rising!" Xiong's explanation did not summarize the local usage habits and occasions. When people in northern dialect areas speak Mandarin, their oral response to this situation is generally not to blurt out "the water is rising" habitually, but to say "where did you get so much water" or other words.
In Nanchang dialect, when a child sneezes, an adult will say something. According to Zheng Hui Xiong (1995, 18 1, 13 1), children hit the first one, adults say "chitose", the second one says "hooray" and the third one says "dog farts". All these words are for good luck, and I hope the child will live a long life. Nanchang people are used to comparing children to dogs, because dogs are cheap and scary people don't want them. We believe that this kind of speech response is not mainly the characteristics of dialect vocabulary system, but the characteristics of dialect application. As we know, in some other dialects, the verbal response when hearing a person sneeze is probably "Who is thinking about you" or "Who is speaking ill of you".
There is a proverb in Nanchang dialect: "Pull your foot to your mouth and ask when it will leave." (For example, see Bear 122) Babies of eight or nine months like to pull their feet to their mouths, as if asking when their feet will walk. This is the verbal reaction when people see children's actions, and it is used repeatedly in the form of idioms.
When Nanchang people hear the bad news or see the tragic scene, their first oral reaction is: "I'm dying" or "I can't live without it". This "division" is explained by the bear (page 276): [ka? 5], homophonic substitution, is a conjunction, meaning "this way" and "this time". In Nanchang's local Mandarin, this verbal response has always been "tenaciously" retained in the third and second grades. Even a first-class person, "What should I do?" It also appears frequently. Even first-rate, first-rate people occasionally use it in daily spoken English when they are not working. Interestingly, this very common "gap" in local Putonghua is not found in local written language, and it is difficult for writers to deal with it because there are sounds but no words.
We also see this kind of special verbal response in English, which may not be found in other languages. (7) It also helps to show that different language systems, including different dialect systems, have their own unique speech responses when they see or hear a certain situation.
Four, commonly used with obvious regional fixed phrases, sentence patterns, proverbs, aphorisms and folk songs.
(1) Some forms in dialects have unique ideographic functions, which reflect the regional habits of speech expression and are commonly used in local written languages.
There is an x but there is no x: it means that there will be an x later, which is intermittent. "Someone is boating in the lake, and the sound of oars has never stopped." (Naked 53) "There is a dim light flashing, and there is no light." (General 290) "I just scream in the dark, and there is a silence, intermittent, like a pig that can't be killed." (Who is 249)
Seven +V+ Eight +V: It means that the action is repeated many times, leading to a certain result, which is similar to "Vi comes to Vi" in Mandarin. For example, "Yin Daoyan turned with chopsticks, and even the plates were pulled up after seven to eight turns." (Will 299) Sometimes this V can also be two synonyms, such as "into the alley, turned seven or eight times into the path leading to the gate of his backyard." (Qiang 339) And some dialects may not use "seven +V+ eight +V".
(2) Some fixed phrases and idioms in dialects reflect regional habits and are commonly used in local written language.
The following examples can be found in the narrative language or character language of Jiangxi writers' works. For example, "the meat is rotten in the pot anyway." (Qiang 98) "Yin Daoyan always pulls his bowels straight and pulls whatever he wants." (It will be 3 12) "Hu Yuelan is not faking it. In the words of Li Bawan (note: place name), the heart is not alive, there is only one rectum in the stomach, what to eat. " (General 255) "It's useless to say that this woman was burned to death." (it will be 12 1) "noisy cubs will have milk to eat." (Qiang 290)
(3) Local proverbs that reflect local language expression habits also appear in the language of writers' works.
The following examples are selected from Jiangxi writers' works and often appear in Jiangxi local Putonghua. "Autumn snapper and winter snapper." Mandarin fish is good in autumn and good in winter; Or: it's fun to eat mandarin fish in autumn, and it's fun to eat mandarin fish in winter. ) (Qiang 387) (29 1) "Fall against the wall, lean against the wall." ("Canglang") "Your father is very dependent on money, but I'm afraid it's hard to rely on this time. This is an old saying-you will always meet ghosts when you walk too much at night. " (Who 297) In Nanchang dialect, such as: "On June 6th, the eggs were sun-cooked." On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, you can boil eggs. Said it was the hottest day of the year.
(d) Folk songs and fluency reflect the regional habits of oral expression.
For example, "he seems to see only the other side of his cousin's personality: living in' depend, wait, want'!" Live by' blood transfusion'! Potato shredded rice, charcoal fire, the fairy is not as good as me. "(strong)" Poyang Lake has the saying of "Poyang, whitebait, Artemisia selengensis and spring is not old". "(Report 200 1.2.27.B 1)" Lauder squatted on the kitchen floor and drank a bowl of thin soup: it was a bowl of boiled sweet potato mixed with a few maggot-like rice grains. There is a local Song formula: radish and potatoes (sweet potatoes) in the morning, radish and potatoes at noon, the chopping board ringing at night, or potatoes in the pot. People who can make a living value the valley, or their pockets will be empty in the spring drought next year ... "(put 6 1)
V. Common expressions and rhetorical devices with regional characteristics
(A) dialect used to express a tone of common language, with regional customs.
Several fixed expressions of 1 and exaggeration and their high frequency.
"I don't know a few"+adjective: to describe it to the extreme is an exaggeration, exaggeration, exclamation and emphasis. The adverb "Ji" is equivalent to "Duo, Duo" in Beijing dialect. It is common to speak local Mandarin. Those whose Putonghua level is between Grade III B and Grade II B are frequently used in oral English, and some Nanchang people whose Putonghua level is Grade II A are still using it. Examples of written works are as follows: "That's what I did. I didn't know how many girls were lovesick at first." (Will 280) "I don't know how many times I brushed my teeth from day to night." (strong 155)
Screaming like a pig (Qiang 66): Exaggerated description of screaming is loud and sad. This is an exaggerated expression and a metaphor commonly used by people in Hakka Gan dialect areas when they speak local Mandarin.
Exaggerated expressions of the word "De" used when angry: "My nose is black with anger" (Jiang 39), "Jumping with anger" (Jiang 38-39, Jiang 265) and "Stamping my feet with anger" (Jiang 2 15. I'm angry, but I won't really stamp my feet. There are also common words in spoken English, such as "knotted intestines with anger" and "vomiting blood with anger". In addition, to exaggerate, when you are in a hurry, you often use the word "yes" to mean "you are in a hurry", such as "it's no use worrying." (put 265)
2. Some idioms are emphasized with high frequency and regional characteristics.
For example, the usage of "ghost" is more, and it is often used to express various stresses in spoken language. The following two examples are records of characters' spoken language in written works: "Hu Yuelan roared loudly in front of everyone and walked like a rammer. I went to him, like a big basket of cotton, silently. " (Gen 253) "I was so angry that I tore it, and even he cursed himself. What should I copy? What did I do wrong? I just copied these ghosts. Didn't I meet a ghost? ! "(Who 72)" At the beginning, no ghost in the town thought that the six children in the widow's bag would be admitted to the university. " (put 353)
3. Some rhetorical questions are regional.
For example, "ghost" is used to express rhetorical question, which means "no one …". All these expenses are paid by loans. Li 80 thousand is not famous, and the ghost gives you a loan. "(It will be 3 15)," she thought. It's good to have such a man around. If she marries a city resident, a sick ghost will ask you. (Jiang 254) (The Ghost Will Ask You): No one will come to greet you and care about you. In these examples, Mandarin usually says "Who" to ask questions. Another example is: "Liu Yi said, ... I don't want to see it, do I?" If that's the case, then you can chop me up. ..... I threw the knife away. ..... I said, the devil will chop you up. " (Who is 40) "Xin Li called her again and again in the back, but she just ignored her. What's your hurry? Didn't I come? Xin Li smiled very dry. Whoever is in a hurry, the devil is in a hurry.' "(Will)
Look at the rhetorical question in the following dialogue:
A: "Didn't you say that earlier?" (Author's Note: Don't say "Why didn't you say so earlier?" Don't appear "why not ...")
B: "You drove people away before I could say anything."
A: "So you didn't let them live in?" (Author's Note: Don't say, "Then why didn't you let them live in earlier?" Don't appear "why not ...")
B: "That's what I want to tell you." (put 329)
(B) The choice of common components in some figures of speech is regional, which is also commonly used in local Putonghua.
For example, the habitual choice of transportation has the same regional characteristics. For example:
"Kill the pig" is often used as a metaphor for shouting. Bark like a pig. "... he fell to his knees and howled like a pig. "(Qiang 327) There have been examples and discussions above.
Say screaming is like a ghost, and emphasize that screaming is scary. "My good sister, don't be a ghost." (Qiang 238)
(3) Taboo words, auspicious words and euphemisms. There are regional habits.
A simple example.
Sixth, there is a certain geographical tendency in the derivation of discourse cohesion, conversation and conversation meaning.
(A) the cohesion of idioms in the text, with regional habits
For example, Nanchang people frequently use "(you) know bam" and "you (you) know it" when they speak local Mandarin, and they don't ask listeners to answer anything. This is a format similar to a mantra, a fixed idiom: sometimes it can also play a certain role in text cohesion; It has a specific pragmatic meaning, reminding the listener to pay attention, or leading out the following, or summarizing the above, or indicating the phonetic pause between paragraphs in the text. This is not a personal language habit but a regional language habit. Its frequency of use is higher than that of "you know" in Mandarin, and its degree of fixation is also stronger than that of "you know" in Mandarin. Tao believes that this "do you know" in Putonghua can also be regarded as an ever-evolving pragmatic marker on the whole. (8) From this perspective, "do you know bam" in Nanchang dialect can be regarded as a discourse marker that everyone is very familiar with.
(B) Turn-taking habits, with regional characteristics
For example, "You two are a bit like hide-and-seek." "Can't you? What is she doing playing hide-and-seek with me? " (Who is 77) "Really?" In spoken language, the frequency of occurrence is very high, and the reaction of the other party when it is surprised often blurts out. Use "Really?" Instead of "really? ! ""really? ! "This turn-taking method is both regional and epochal, and is widely used by contemporary young people. Of course, this example is not typical. We just want to make it clear that the rotation method does have obvious regional characteristics.
(C) the execution of some speech acts, with regional characteristics
For example, the speech act of greeting goes like this: "Finally, one day, Xin Li resolutely walked into the house where mulberry leaves were used as tailors. Hello mulberry leaves say hello, very urban. She is dealing with this case. "(Jiang 64) works show that this greeting method is not used by local people, but is urbanized." A man came in from the outside and saw Yin Daoyan. He immediately put down the burden on his shoulder, leaned on it, stood still and cried respectfully,' Secretary Yin is here.' Secretary Yin said, are you off duty? This is the way the locals say hello.
For another example, when reminding others of their direction or position, use "here" instead of other verbal means. For example, in the case of a large number of customers in a snack bar or shop, if customers want to call a waiter, they will shout loudly: "coming!" " ""here! "In the food stalls in Nanchang, customers often cry, and some use pure dialect forms such as" Gree! " "Gree-"read [KO 2 13 plum]; Some are "coming!" "Here-"is either in the phonetic form of local Putonghua, or in the phonetic form of Putonghua. So called, it may be to invite people to provide services here, or it may be an invitation from peers. People in other dialect areas may shout "waiter-"and "miss-"when they speak Mandarin, or hope that others will come and serve them through other oral means.
(d) There are certain regional habits in the ways of generating and deducing conversational implicature. Jargon refers to the terms used by some specific professionals. In order to help discuss the topic, many terms will be gradually simplified during the development process. For example, abbreviations can be used directly without additional explanation. Different industries have different jargon. In a field, a word may have a more precise definition than the standard interpretation.
Because of these attributes, jargon is generally characterized by simplicity, exclusiveness and exclusivity.