Everyone has two different brains in his skull, and each brain has complex abilities.
2. Mark Rosenczveig, Edward Bennett, Marianne Diamond? Experience can change the structure of the brain and enrich the environment for better development of the brain.
3. bouchard and Kenley? Genes have a great influence on personality and humanity, and the environment only accounts for a small part.
Interestingly, human nature will affect the environment around individuals.
4.gibson and walker? "Visual cliff"-depth perception ability. Nature or nurture → compromise
5. Colin Turnbull? Perception is a process that enables us to process a lot of sensory information and give it meaning.
Perceptual constancy size constancy figure-background relationship
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Experience acquisition is innate.
Some perceptual abilities are innate, while others are acquired. Environment affects the development of human perception.
6. Eugene aselesky? rapid-eye-movement sleep
If people are not allowed to dream or sleep deprivation for several nights in a row, the number of dreams will increase and the time will be obviously prolonged. It's called rapid eye movement rebound. For example, using alcohol products or other drugs will increase the tendency to sleep, inhibit REM sleep, and make most people maintain NREM at night, so they can't quit. Once it stops, too strong REM rebound effect will hinder their sleep.
7. Hobson and McCully? Research and integration of "activation" will make people have a dream experience. Activation integration model
8. Spanos? It proves that our hypnotic behavior is a social behavior driven by higher motives and goals, rather than a unique state of consciousness that has changed.
9. "Pavlov's dog" classic conditioned reflex-the bell rings to secrete saliva.
10. Watson-emotional Albert-emotional stimulus formation.
However, the study of 1700 twins found that phobia was largely caused by congenital factors.
1 1. skinner-radical behaviorism (superstitious pigeon experiment)
After a behavior is reinforced, if the reinforcement no longer appears, the possibility of this behavior happening again will gradually weaken until it disappears. This inhibition process is called regression.
12. Bandura? Children's new behaviors are obtained by simply imitating adults, and they learn more from same-sex adults.
The potential impact of violence in life or in the media on children.
13, Robert Rosenthal's expectation effect will have a long-term potential impact on students' school performance. The expectations of psychological researchers, judges, corporate executives and medical staff will inadvertently affect the reactions of subjects, juries, employees and patients.
14. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (MI theory). Expand the concept of intelligence into many different types of intelligence, and each intelligence has a completely "independent" feature. Language intelligence, music intelligence, logic and mathematics intelligence, space intelligence, body movement intelligence, introspection intelligence, interpersonal intelligence and natural intelligence.
15 tolman? Cognitive map theory. In the process of learning, there is not only the idea of stimulus-response connection, but also the internal psychological process (environmental cognition). The comprehensive map formed in the social environment is beneficial to human beings, while the sequence map with single connotation may make people enter a negative state.
16. rover? The field of memory research. Memory is a reconstruction of actual events, and the reconstructed memory is the result of filling the omission of an experience with new information and existing information. Memory can be adjusted and changed.
17. Henry Harlow? Contact comfort is more important to the development of maternal-infant attachment relationship than feeding ability. Feeding experiment of young monkeys, velveteen monkeys and silky monkeys.
The influence of interpersonal communication on emotion and physiology.
18. Piaget? People think that the cognitive skill of object permanence is the beginning of real thinking and the foundation of all intelligence, and it will begin to develop when it is 8 months old. From the sensory motor stage to the pre-operation stage, infants must have the ability of object constancy. Babies have the advantage of finding things in the dark.
However, another study led by Renee Bellagian believes that the concept of object constancy may have been available at birth. Two-month-old children can correctly remember the location of lost objects, and there is no significant difference in the concept of object constancy between premature infants and full-term infants. Babies' sleep is related to their development of the concept of object constancy.
19. Kohlberg? On the stages of moral development.
The basis of women's moral judgment is caring orientation. They talk more about interpersonal relationships, responsibilities to others, the importance of avoiding hurting others and keeping in touch with others. Men's moral judgment is based on justice.
20. Langer and Rodin? Having personal choice and control can positively affect people's happy psychology and health.
2 1. masters and Johnson? The physiological process of human sexual pleasure and sexual response can be divided into four stages: excitement, persistence, climax and regression. All treatments for sexual dysfunction are based on their research.
22. Aikman and Freeson? The research on the concrete expression of basic emotion correspondence has cross-cultural consistency. So six emotions-joy, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise and fear-should be born.
"Expression Feedback Theory"-Your facial expression actually feeds all the expression information back to your brain to help you explain the emotional experience you are experiencing.
When people have to make some major internal psychological adjustments to adapt to some external changes, their chances of getting sick will increase accordingly. We call these external changes life stress.
Sherlock Holmes and Reich " Social Adaptation Rating Scale "(SRRS). The relationship between stress and illness.
24. Leonfi stringer? Cognitive dissonance theory. When you experience two or more psychological processes that are not harmonious with each other at the same time, it will lead to different degrees of tension and discomfort, and the degree depends on the importance of cognitive impairment to you. This discomfort will make you make some changes to weaken it. If you can't change your behavior, you can only change your attitude.
Behavior inconsistent with attitude → sufficient reasons to explain behavior → slight cognitive dissonance → slight attitude change.
Behavior inconsistent with attitude → insufficient reasons to explain behavior → serious cognitive dissonance → great changes in attitude.
25. The influence of internal and external control dimensions of Rote-IE scale on behavior is that different people take different actions in the same situation. Control point theory
Individuals with internal control tendency (such as those who firmly believe that they can control their own destiny) prefer external control:
(1) Try to get more information from some specific situations or similar situations in order to improve your future behavior.
(2) actively change and improve their living conditions.
(3) Pay more attention to achievements and internal strength.
(4) More resistant to the influence of others.
26. Sander Rabem? The BSRI scale measures the differences between masculinity, femininity and hermaphroditism. Encourage researchers in the field of gender differences and gender roles to pay attention to the impact of more flexible gender role concepts on human behavior and society. The concept of androgyny will establish a more humane standard for mental health.
27. Friedman and rosenman? It is pointed out that some special behavior patterns of individuals will greatly increase the incidence of some serious physiological diseases.
Type A behavior pattern has long been bound by commitment, ambition and internal drive, and has a strong desire to win. In the face of stressful events, it is easy to become extremely angry physically. This state of extreme anger makes the body produce too many hormones such as adrenaline, and at the same time raises the heart rate and blood pressure, which is easy to cause coronary heart disease.
28. Harry Trendis? When we define and explain culture according to the individual-collectivism model, this model can explain most of the differences we see in human behavior, social interaction and personality. At the same time, it has an impact on the health of members of a particular culture. For example, coronary heart disease in the last study is more common in individualistic culture.
29. Normal-abnormal.
(Effective psychological function) (mental illness)
Judging criteria: behavior occasion, behavior persistence, social deviance, subjective pain, psychological disorder, and influence on function.
David Rosenhahn believes that the diagnosis made by the observer is greatly influenced by the patient's environment or situation. (Fake mental patients go to the hospital for testing)
When the risk (authority and ability here) is high, the tendency to diagnose whether a person is normal or abnormal can be reversed.
30. Freud? Psychological defense mechanism. When the demand of the id is too strong for the ego to control properly, it will produce freedom anxiety. The defense mechanism is to change the reality to avoid anxiety.
Five primitive defense mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reverse action and sublimation.
3 1. seligman? When a person's efforts to control a specific event fail many times, he or she will stop trying. If this happens too often, this person will extend this feeling of lack of control to all situations, even situations that can actually be controlled. So he felt like a "pawn of fate", helpless and depressed.
The cause of this depression is called "learned helplessness".
32. Carl Horn? The influence of high-density environment on social behavior.
The stress brought by the high-density living environment has obviously changed the society and natural behavior of mice. Behavioral decline: aggression, obedience, sexual deviance, reproductive abnormality.
33.smith and Lagos? The effects of psychological counseling and psychotherapy in 375 cases were studied by meta-analysis and statistical techniques.
Integration analysis: integrating the results of many individual studies for better statistical analysis.
Research conclusions:
(1) Psychotherapy is effective.
(2) The difference of curative effect produced by different types of psychotherapy can be ignored.
Treatment methods: psychoanalysis, interactive analysis, rational emotional therapy, visitor center therapy, systematic desensitization, behavior correction and shock therapy.
34. Joseph volpe? Phobia is a fear response that is not commensurate with the actual danger.
Systematic desensitization therapy increases the chances of contact with fearful objects (including association in relaxed state) and is superior to psychotherapy in treating phobia.
35. Herman Rorschach? Ink testing, projection technology. By investigating the subjects' attention to specific parts and details in the ink painting and their perception of the movement in the painting, the unconscious tendency of personality is revealed. Used for various types of psychopathological diagnosis.
36. Henry Murray and his assistant cristiana? Another projection test, named "thematic apperception test", is compiled, which is abbreviated as "TAT". Through the description of the specific content in the picture, the unconscious tendency in the heart is revealed.
37. Richard Lapier? People's "social behavior" is rarely consistent with their oral social attitudes.
Attitude measurement can successfully predict five factors of behavior: toughness of attitude, stability of attitude, correlation between behavior and attitude, salience of attitude and pressure of situation.
38. Solomon Ash? Herd behavior. Group pressure has a great influence on herd behavior.
Determine the influence of conformity effect on human behavior: social support, group attraction and sense of belonging, group size and gender.
39. john darley and Bieber Latane? The behavior of "bystander intervention" in emergencies. When an emergency happens, the more onlookers there are, the stronger the concept of "responsibility diffusion" in people's minds, and the less likely it is to provide help. (This social influence includes "evaluation anxiety", and helping others is likely to make people look stupid. )
40.Stanley milgram? Under special circumstances, human beings tend to obey authoritative orders, even if these orders violate their own moral and ethical principles. The change of distance also restricts the intensity of obedience tendency.