ERP is an enterprise management software that integrates material resource management (logistics), human resource management (people flow), financial resource management (capital flow) and information resource management (information flow). A concept developed by Gartner Group describes the next generation manufacturing business system and manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) software. It will include a client/service architecture, using a graphical user interface, and through the use of open systems. In addition to the existing standard functions, it also includes other functions, such as quality, process operation management and adjustment report. In particular, the basic technology adopted by ERP will make users independent in both software and hardware, making it easier to upgrade. The key of ERP is that all users can tailor their own applications, so it is naturally easy to use.
However, ERP itself is not management and cannot replace management. ERP itself cannot solve the management problems of enterprises. Enterprise management problems can only be solved by managers themselves. ERP can be a tool for managers to solve enterprise management problems. Because many enterprises mistakenly regard ERP as management itself, they failed to seriously analyze the management problems of enterprises and find solutions before ERP implementation, and relied too much on ERP to solve the problems.
Finally, not only the old problems can not be effectively solved, but also many new problems have arisen, which eventually lead to the failure of ERP implementation. Enterprises have also been hurt. To correctly understand what ERP is and what is not, we should carefully analyze the problems existing in enterprise management before implementing ERP, understand the role of ERP in solving these problems, comprehensively and carefully plan and implement the procedures for using ERP to solve these problems, and provide guarantee for ERP to give full play to its efficiency. With the gradual development of management discipline and computer application technology, people have re-recognized and positioned ERP. ERP has gradually changed its role. In management, people find that ERP can't manage random and unexpected events, such as safety accidents, but ERP doesn't have to play an advantage in these aspects. ERP can exert great advantages in human resource management, execution, file management, information sharing and fixed information. So the researchers found that ERP is used to assist management. The combination of manager-led management can achieve very efficient and fast results, which not only solves the problem of high threshold for mastering ERP, but also solves the problem of ERP management defects, which is also the reason why large enterprises are re-enabled and very keen on ERP now.
Management thought of ERP system
ERP was first put forward by Gartner Group Consulting. As the most advanced enterprise management mode in the world today, it not only embodies the most advanced enterprise management theory in the world today, but also provides the best solution for enterprise information integration. It unifies the logistics, capital flow and information flow of enterprises for management, so as to maximize the use of existing resources of enterprises and maximize the economic benefits of enterprises.
The core management idea of ERP is to realize the effective management of the whole supply chain, which is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:
1. It embodies the idea of managing the whole supply chain resources. In the era of knowledge economy, it is impossible to effectively participate in market competition only by relying on the resources of one's own enterprises. It is also necessary to bring suppliers, manufacturers, distribution networks, customers and other parties involved in the business process into a close supply chain, so as to effectively arrange the production and supply activities of enterprises, meet the needs of enterprises to use all market resources of the whole society to carry out production and operation quickly and efficiently, and further improve efficiency and gain market competitive advantage. In other words, modern enterprise competition is not the competition between individual enterprises, but the competition between one enterprise supply chain and another. ERP system realizes the management of the whole enterprise supply chain and meets the needs of market competition in the era of knowledge economy.
2. ERP system, which embodies the ideas of lean production, synchronous engineering and agile manufacturing, supports the management of mixed production mode, and its management ideas are manifested in two aspects: one is the idea of "lean production LP(Lean Production)", which is an enterprise management strategic system proposed by MIT. That is, when an enterprise organizes production by mass production, it brings customers, sales agents, suppliers and cooperative units into the production system. The relationship between enterprises and sales agents, customers and suppliers is no longer a simple business relationship, but a cooperative partnership with * * * interests. This kind of partnership constitutes the supply chain of enterprises, which is the core idea of lean production. The second is the idea of "agile manufacturing". When the market changes and enterprises meet specific market and product requirements, the basic partners of enterprises may not be able to meet the requirements of new product development and production. At this time, the enterprise will organize a short-term or one-off supply chain composed of specific suppliers and sales channels to form a "virtual factory", regard suppliers and cooperative units as components of the enterprise, and adopt "synchronous engineering" to organize production, so as to bring new products to the market in the shortest time and keep products at all times.
3. The planning system in 3.ERP system mainly includes: master production plan, material demand plan, capacity plan, purchase plan, sales execution plan, profit plan, financial budget and human resource plan, and these planning functions and value control functions have been completely integrated into the whole supply chain system. On the other hand, the ERP system defines the accounting subjects and accounting methods related to the transaction, so as to automatically generate accounting entries when the transaction occurs, and ensure the synchronous record and data consistency of capital flow and logistics. Therefore, according to the present situation of financial funds, we can trace the ins and outs of funds, further trace related business activities, change the situation that funds information lags behind material information, and facilitate the control and real-time decision-making in the process. In addition, the functions of planning, transaction processing, control and decision-making are all realized in the business process of the whole supply chain. It is required to give full play to everyone's work potential and sense of responsibility in the business process of each process, and emphasize the spirit of cooperation between processes, so as to give full play to everyone's subjective initiative and potential in an organic organization. Realize the transformation of enterprise management from "towering" organizational structure to "flat" organizational structure, and improve the response speed of enterprises to dynamic changes in the market. In a word, with the rapid development and application of IT technology, ERP system can transform many advanced management ideas into practical computer software systems.
Development course of ERP
A.MIS system stage (management information system) The information management system of an enterprise mainly records a large number of original data and supports query and summary.
B.b. In MRP stage (material demand planning), the enterprise's information management system manages the product composition, and with the help of the computer's computing power and the system's management ability for customer orders, inventory materials and product composition, the material demand plan is formulated and calculated according to the customer orders and product structure list. Achieve the management objectives of reducing inventory and optimizing inventory.
C.MRPⅱ II (Manufacturing Resource Planning) Based on the MRP management system, the system has increased the management of enterprise production centers, processing hours and production capacity. Realize the function of computer production scheduling, including financial function, and form a closed-loop management system with computer as the core in enterprises. This management system has been able to dynamically monitor the whole production process of production, supply and sales.
D. After the ERP stage (enterprise resource planning) enters the ERP stage, the enterprise-level management system with computer as the core is more mature, and the system has added functions including financial forecasting, production capacity and resource scheduling adjustment. Cooperate with enterprises to realize JIT management comprehensive, quality management, production resource scheduling management and decision-making assistance. Become a platform tool for enterprises to carry out production management and decision-making.
E. The maturity of ERP Internet technology in e-commerce era has increased the ability of information sharing and direct data exchange with customers or suppliers for enterprise information management systems, thus strengthening the connection between enterprises, forming a survival chain of * * * development, and embodying the supply chain management idea of enterprises in order to achieve survival competition. ERP system realizes this function accordingly, which enables decision-makers and business departments to realize joint operations across enterprises. It can be seen that the application of ERP can effectively promote the modernization and scientificity of existing enterprise management and adapt to the increasingly competitive market requirements, and its introduction has become the general trend.
F: ERP in the proletarian era will bring the whole country into the whole ERP, which will form a new socialist planned economy. G: ERP in today's era. ERP in the present era firmly grasps the main line of enterprise information flow and provides very professional ERP for the industry with the purpose of production and operation.