The Eight Banners, also known as the Eight Banners System, is the social life military organization form of the flag bearer (later evolved into Manchu) in Qing Dynasty, and it is also the fundamental system of Qing Dynasty. The Eight Banners system was formally established by Nurhachi in the 43rd year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (16 15). 160 1 When it was first built, there were only three kinds of flags: black flag, white flag and red flag. 16 15 years, the analysis of the three flags was decided as eight flags because of "serving the interests of the broad": the original red flag was divided into yellow flag and yellow flag; The original white flag is divided into three flags: white, white and blue; The original black flag was divided into three flags: red, red and blue. Collectively known as the Eight Banners, they commanded the Eight Banners Manchuria, the Eight Banners Mongolia and the Eight Banners Han Army.
2. Origin
The Qing Empire established by Manchu people is usually regarded as a miracle. A nation with a population of only a few hundred thousand has conquered and firmly ruled the Han nationality areas with a population of nearly 100 million and the vast areas of Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang. But from another perspective, this figure is not surprising. In fact, if you add up the total population of bureaucrats and nobles at any time in the Chinese empire, it is almost the same proportion. In other words, Manchu basically constitutes the new upper pyramid structure of the empire, and a small ethnic group can do this. The secret lies in the Manchu organization called the "Eight Banners System". The Eight Banners system integrated Manchuria and the Eight Banners in many aspects, mainly involving official system, legal system, military service system, education system, crown service system, wedding and funeral system, ritual system, performance appraisal system, etiquette system, farmland system, pension system, election system and salary system. Through the formulation and implementation of these systems, the Qing dynasty established a new society with strict order, and the ideology and behavior norms of the Eight Banners were unified and integrated into an orderly social group. The most important function of these systems is to realize the formation of the hierarchy and concept of the Manchu Eight Banners, the formation of the integration of the Manchu Eight Banners and the transformation of the social form of the Manchu Eight Banners to a higher level in the feudal process based on the patriarchal clan system.
The establishment of the Eight Banners was realized on the basis of conquering many nationalities and tribes, which caused various difficulties in the transformation and stability of the Eight Banners society. Even between Jurchen and Manchu, there are many contradictions due to the differences between tribes and families. The original separatist history and conquered hatred, as well as diversified ways of thinking and social and cultural concepts, make it difficult for the Eight Banners to become a stable social group. In this situation, the Eight Banners society finally formed a hierarchical and orderly situation, which has to be said to be related to the formulation and implementation of various systems, especially the official system, the legal system, the military service system and the population household registration system. Later, the Mongols and Han Chinese conquered by Manchus were merged into the Eight Banners, and they were called "Banners" together with Manchu in the Eight Banners, but the core of them was Manchu Banners.
3, classification and representative figures
(1) Zhenghuang Banner
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure yellow flag. Yellow flag, yellow flag and white flag are listed as the upper three flags. There is no king on the three flags, all of them belong to the emperor. Soldiers are the emperor's own soldiers, and members of the royal family are also selected from the three flags. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the most populous one in Eight Banners Manchuria, with 92 full-time assistants, 2 part-time assistants and about 30,000 soldiers. The total population of men, women and children was about 6.5438+0.5 million. ? Famous figures: Sony, Nalan Xingde, etc.
(2) Yellow Flag
The first flag of the Eight Banners and the first of the Three Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the yellow edge of the flag. The yellow flag is one of the three flags, and there is no king in it. The soldiers are all the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the Royal Guards are also selected from the upper three flags. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time assistants and 2 part-time assistants, with about 26,000 soldiers and a total population of 65,438+3,000 men, women and children. Many members of the Qing royal family were decorated with yellow flags. Famous figures: such as filial piety of Emperor Qianlong, filial piety and Rui of Emperor Jiaqing, Empress Ci 'an, and many senior officials of the imperial court are also from the Yellow Flag; Empress Dowager Cixi was decorated with a blue flag, which was later carried as a yellow flag.
(3) the whole white flag
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Nurhachi was founded in the 29th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (160 1), and was named after its pure white flag when it was first built. Zhengbaiqi is one of the first three of the Eight Banners. Before Shunzhi, there was no white flag in the upper three flags, but a blue flag. At the beginning of Shunzhi, Dourgen brought the white flag into the upper three flags and lowered the blue flag into the lower five flags. After the death of Dourgen, Shunzhi incorporated Zhengbai Banner into the Three Flags, which became a custom in the Qing Dynasty. Zhengbaiqi is one of the flags of the emperor's pro-unification. There is no king in the flag, and the soldiers are the emperor's own soldiers, and the members of the royal family are selected from them. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 86 full-time commanders (basic hukou and military establishment units, 100-300 people as one unit), about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 65.438+0.3 million. Famous figures: Rong Lu, Duan Fang, the minister of the late Qing Dynasty, and Wanrong (Daur), the last empress of the Qing Dynasty, all came from Zhengbai Banner.
(4) White flag
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named after the white flag with red inlay. The white flag is one of the later five flags, which was not unified by the emperor, but divided by the kings, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 84 full-time leaders with about 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was about 6,543,800+0,300. Famous figures: Cao Xueqin, Prince Su, A Gui and Zaizai, the authors of A Dream of Red Mansions.
(5) Zhenghongqi
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named for its pure flag color. The red flag is the next five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was the flag with the least population among the Eight Banners, with 74 full-time commanders and 23,000 soldiers, with a total population of about 1 1.5 million men, women and children. Celebrity: Mr. Lao She, a famous writer, formerly turned red flag; Xiao Shenyang, a corrupt official during the reign of Qing Qianlong, was also a red flag man.
(6) inlaid with red flags
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. Built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), it was named after the red and white flag. The red flag is one of the later five flags, which was divided by Wang, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale reached 86. There are 26,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children is about 6.5438+0.3 million. Famous figures: Emperor Guangxu's favorite concubine Zhen Fei, etc.
(7) Zhenglan Banner
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), so it was named after its pure blue flag. Before Shunzhi, Zhenglan Banner was tied with Huangzheng Banner and Huangxiang Banner as the top three banners. At the beginning of Shunzhi, Dourgen was reduced to the next five flags, which was no longer unified by the emperor, but by the kings, Baylor and Beizi. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the scale had reached 83 full commanders and 1 1 half commanders, with 26,000 soldiers and a total population of men, women and children 1300. Famous figure: Chongqi (1864), the top scholar, the minister of the household department. Tongzhi Emperor Xiao and Empress Yi Zhe's father)
(8) Blue flag
One of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the 43rd year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 15), so it was named after the red flag. The blue flag is the last five flags, which are divided by the king, Baylor and Beizi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were 87 full-time assistants and 1 half-time assistants, 27,000 soldiers, and the total population of men, women and children was135,000. Famous people: Mr. Hou, a famous crosstalk performer, is a man holding a blue flag. The infamous Empress Dowager Cixi (also known as the Western Empress) wore a blue flag at first, and later carried it as a yellow flag. So did Gu Ming's minister Su Shun, who was executed in the Xinyou coup.
4. Manchu Eight Banners Flag Master
Eight Banners of Manchu: yellow, yellow, white, red, red, blue, blue and red.
Yellow flag: Huang taiji
Huang taiji (1592 1 65438+1October 28-1643 September 21) (also known as the crown prince, huang taiji and huang taiji), Aixin Jueluo, Manchuria. 1626, after the succession, Jin Khan changed his country name to Tiancong, which was called "Tiancong Khan" in history. 1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor in Shengjing, changed his country name to "Daqing" and changed his name to Chongde. In the eighth year of Chongde (1643), he died on August 9th. Tan Poulnot. : Taizong posthumous title: Yingtian Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Wenkuanren Xiaomin Longdao County Wendi.
Red flag: Azig
Aisingiorro Azig (1605- 165 1 year), the twelfth son of Qing Taizu. Famous soldier in early Qing dynasty. Manchu, wild and resourceful. At the beginning, he was named Tai Chi, and later he was named Baylor and Wuying County King with military merits. The queen of the wind and prince shuoying. Second only to Sibeile. In the first year of Chongde in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1636), the king of Duoluo Wuying County in Jin Dynasty led the army of Meng Man, the main general, to enter the Ming Dynasty from xifengkou, and swept the Gyeonggi area vertically, winning all 56 wars and equating more than ten counties. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644), Regent Dourgen defeated Li Zicheng Dashun Army in Shanhaiguan War and was named Prince Heshuo. General Jingyuan was appointed, and more than 30,000 Manchu-Han troops led by Wu Sangui, the king of the day, Shangkexi, the king of Shunzhi, entered Shaanxi from Shaanxi. Soon, he was reduced to the county king for delaying the fighter plane and lying about the military situation, and was restored to the crown prince. In December of the seventh year of Shunzhi (A.D. 1650), King Azig of England took the death of Regent Dourgen, but failed to seize power. On December 26th, the seventh year of Shunzhi (AD 1650), Wang discussed the crime of Azig and put him in prison. His son, Lao Qin, was deprived of his title and reduced to Beizi. During his imprisonment, Azig not only failed to restrain himself, but became more violent and rude. He hid a big knife in his cell, secretly dug a tunnel, and claimed to set the cell on fire. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (A.D. 165 1 year), on October 16th (165438+1October 28th), the kings rebelled against Aziz to the extreme, so they should be executed immediately for fear of causing future trouble. During the performance, the emperor shunzhi ordered him to commit suicide. His descendants were banished to Shu Ren, and his second son, Fletcher, was acquitted and still entered the royal family. In the 43rd year of Qianlong (A.D. 1778), his descendants, such as Belson, were included in the genealogy.
Zhengbaiqi: Dourgen
Aisingiorro dourgen (1612.1.17-1650.12.31). An outstanding politician and strategist in the early Qing dynasty, a key figure in accomplishing the great cause of Qing reunification, and an actual ruler in the early Qing dynasty. In the 40th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (16 12), he was born in Hetuala on October 25th, and his biological mother Abahai was named Ulan Allah. In A.D. 16 16, after the establishment of Nurhachi, the State of Jin was named Destiny. Two years later, he denounced the "seven great hates" and launched an attack on the Ming Dynasty, which opened the prelude to the Ming and Qing wars. Dourgen is the real leader of Heshuo. In the second year of Tiancong (1628), in March, Huang Taiji deposed the owner of Azig Banner who relied on courage and pride, and Dourgen succeeded Baylor in Gushan. In February of the second year of Tiancong (1628), he first went to Dorotte Department of Chahar, Mongolia with Huang Taiji, which made great achievements. Huang Taiji named him "Mo Ergen Daiqing" and praised him for his "wisdom and courage". Half a month later, he succeeded Gu Shan Baylor. The success of Dourgen as a teenager laid the foundation for his future progress. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang taiji changed his title to Qing, and his title was Chongde, and he proclaimed himself emperor in the south. In April of that year, he was named Prince He Shuorui, ranking third among the six kings, when he was only 24 years old. Chongde for three years (1638), and was named as "the appointed general". Dourgen is not a soldier, and even Huang Taiji saw this clearly. So when the official system was changed, he was given the official department, the first of the six departments. In October of the first year of Shunzhi, after Dourgen was made as an uncle and nephew regent, his salary, crown and palace system exceeded that of ordinary princes. It is said that his mansion is "decorated with birds and shoes, perched on the dragon and dragon, not only suspended in the air, but also no different from the throne, resplendent and magnificent, with strange carving, especially surpassing". In May of the second year of Shunzhi, according to Zhao's suggestion, Dourgen called himself "the regent of the imperial uncle" and redefined various rituals such as bowing and kneeling, which was almost the same as that of the emperor. In the fourth year of Shunzhi, according to the opinions of ministers, he stopped bowing to Fu Lin on New Year's Day. In November of the fifth year of Shunzhi, Prince Regent was added as the father regent, and anyone who submitted this chapter's will was written by the father regent. At this point, his power position has reached an unbounded level. "Dourgen in power, all politics and votes are in this chapter, not life, is a letter to the purport. Good at Fu Wei and willing to do it. People who are happy in Iraq should not be excessively promoted by officials, and those who are not in Iraq should be excessively belittled to arrogance and irrationality. Don't let the kings, Baylor, Beizi, Gong, etc. Entering the DPRK to do things, but pretending to be the court, making it wait for the court. " On the ninth day of December in the seventh year of Shunzhi, Dourgen died in Kara City. On the 26th day of the first month of the eighth year of Shunzhi, Fu Lin officially issued an imperial edict, announcing that Dourgen and his wife were honored as the righteous emperor and queen, and announcing the treatment they enjoyed in Zuodian, thus granting them amnesty. Later, he was chased by the emperor shunzhi for treason. 1778, Emperor Qianlong rehabilitated him and restored the title of Prince Rui, and evaluated him as "the most outstanding person who built the country on the foundation and became a unified industry".
White flag: Duoduo
Aisingiorro Duoduo (1614-1649), Manchu, Aisingiorro, the fifteenth son of Nurhachi, was born in Abahai, Nurhachi, princess royal, and was half-brother to A Zi and Dourgen. Seal baylor first. In the second year of Tiancong, he made the meritorious military service, cut off Dorotte from Taizong and named him Hongxing Erke Chuhur. In April of the first year of Chongde, the prince was appointed to be in charge of the affairs of the Ministry of Rites. From the beginning of the conquest of Korea, in May of four years, he went to the Imperial Palace to worship the imperial court, called Tudor to give him a warning, counted his crimes, consulted with kings, Baylor and ministers, cut his rank and sealed up his subordinate posts. In April of the first year of Shunzhi, he entered the customs from Prince Dorje of Switzerland, broke Li Zicheng and entered the Prince. He was appointed as the general of Dingguo, went south, took the title of Prince Deyu, and gave him a black fox crown, a sable robe, five thousand gold, fifty thousand silver, ten horses and two saddles. For three years, General Ren Yangwei, and for four years, he was named Prince Deyu of Fuzheng, given Qian Jin, Yin Wan and pommel horse, and sealed a letter for meritorious service. In March of six years, I was thirty-six. In March of nine years, Prince Rui cut his title and chased down the county king with his mother and brother. Ten years of Kangxi, chasing stones. In the first month of the forty-third year of Qianlong, it was conferred as the ancestral temple.
Zheng Hongqi: Dai Shan
Aisingiorro Daishan, (1583—1648), the second son of Nurhachi, is the prince of Heshuo Lili. Gui was born in Tong Jiashi on the third day of July in the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. He is the eldest son and mother brother of King Chu Ying. He was also an outstanding politician and strategist in the Qing Dynasty, and made great contributions to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. At the age of fourteen or fifteen, he was honored as Baylor. Nurhachi was awarded the title of "Gu Ying Batulu" because Daishan "courageously defeated the enemy" and killed the enemy's unified soldier Baylor Bokedo. "Gu Ying" is transliteration in Manchu, which means "hat iron with nails on the handle". Batulu is brave, which is the reputation of a soldier. He is brave and as hard as steel, and he is the bravest. This honorific title is unique to Daishan in Qing Dynasty. In the forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (16 16), on the first day of the first month, after the official establishment of Nurhachi, the State of Jin ascended the throne of "Xian Khan" and designated the title of the country as destiny. Dai Shan and his cousin A Min, his fifth brother Mang Kuertai, and his eighth brother Huang Taiji were named Heshuo Baylor by Nurhachi, and were named Big Baylor, Second Baylor, Third Baylor, and Fourth Baylor in chronological order. Because Daishan has repeatedly made outstanding achievements, she is also the son of the first Fujin and the brother among brothers. He ruled the country with the army for a long time, ranking first among the four Baylor, and the red flag did not fall. He was powerful and prestigious, so he was made a prince by Nuerhachi, who was in charge of the affairs of the late Jin army. In February of the sixth year of Destiny, according to the orders of Khan's father Daishan and A Min, Mangutai and Huang Taiji took charge of the government by the month. In March, Dai Shan led the troops to conquer Shenyang and Liaoyang with the red flag and the red flag, following Khan's father. In July, Zhenjiang military and civilian uprising, Tiancong nine years in September, Daishan's father and son Yue Tuo, Sahalian and Weikeda made peace, Daishan Baylor and Shuobaile took ten records of cattle, fined two thousand records of silver, and Yue Tuo's silver was one thousand and two hundred. Weikeda took Manchuria, Mongolia and Han nationality, but there was no farm servant. Huang taiji was ordered to remove the names of Daishan Baylor and Heshuo Baylor and return to Daishan. In the tenth year of Tiancong (the ninth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty 1636), Dai Shan played Baylor on the fifth day of April, and held a ceremony on the 11th. Huang taiji is the throne, honoring him as "Emperor Kuan Wen Ren", and changing his title to Qing and his title to Chongde. On 23rd, Huang Taiji enfeoffed his younger brother and nephew, named Dai Shan as "Prince of Ritual" and named Yue Tuo as Prince of Heshuo. On August 11th, the third year of Chongde, Huang Taiji took Daishan's "old age turned upside down" as a statement, and "spared his sin" and ordered him to slay Yi Xida. Since Daishan was declared an "old man turned upside down" and committed a crime, he certainly could not govern the country. He had to obey your orders, retreat to the forest and stop asking about state affairs. In the early years of Shunzhi, Dourgen was regent and Daishan was excluded. Daishan is old, so he lives at home. On October 11th, the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Daishan died in Beijing at the age of 66 and was buried in Mentou Village, Xishan. The emperor made a sacrifice for him and set up a monument. In the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), there was a strong wind of chasing after death. In the 19th year of Qianlong (1754), he entered the Wang Xian Temple in Shengjing and enjoyed the ancestral temple in the 43rd year. His seventh son, Mandahai, attacked Jue, and later he was hereditary.
Blue Flag: One minute.
Aisingiorro A Min (1586— 1640), minister of imperial clan in early Qing dynasty. Manchu, Ai Xinjue Roche. The second son of Zunuhachi's younger brother Shu Erba. His father and son were killed for plotting against Mao, as well as their elder brothers Altun and Za Saquito. Their father died in prison. He survived and was raised in Taizu. Seal Baylor first. It's a great feat. In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1607), Chu Ying, the eldest son of Taizu, captured the mountain city of Wulayihan. Forty-one years (16 13), Taizu destroyed the Wula Department. In forty-three, Taizu founded the Eight Banners system and appointed Baylor and the Blue Flag Master. In the first year of the mandate of heaven (16 16), he was named Baylor, and he was also called the four Baylor with Daishan, Manggutai and Huang Taiji, commonly known as the second Baylor, and participated in the political affairs. Four years; Soldiers who broke the Ming Dynasty took part in the battle to destroy Yehe Department in Salhu Mountain, Shangjian Cliff and Dong 'a Road. In six years, since Taizu conquered Shenyang and Liaoyang. 1 1 month, he entered North Korea and attacked Mao Zai's headquarters. In the eleventh year (1626), the Karbalin Ministry was requisitioned one after another. And zarut province. In the first year of Tiancong (1627), he and Baylor Yue Tuo conquered Korea and fell into Dingzhou, Anzhou and Pingyang. The king of South Korea was forced to make peace and ordered the Jiangdu Alliance. Later, Jinzhou and Ningyuan were collected from Taizong. In four years, I entered Shanhaiguan, Keping, Luanzhou, Qian 'an and other places. The following year, Ming Taizu Sun Chengzong led troops to fight back, and Zhang Chun, the army supervisor, surrounded Luanzhou. He was afraid of not reinforcing, so he killed him and sent someone to escape from the customs. In June, Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty sentenced him to sixteen crimes and went to prison. 1 1 month died in prison (1640).
Zhenglan Banner: Manggutai
Asin Gyoro Mangguftai (1587- 1632), a general in the early Qing Dynasty, was the fifth son of the founding emperor Nurhachi of the Qing Dynasty. Nurhachi's second son, Fujin Fu Cha, was born in Jianchou Fucheng in the 15th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. The fifth son of Nurhachi, the owner of Zhenglan Banner. After the establishment of Nuerhachi, the Emperor Taizu of Qing Dynasty, Man Gu Tai was named Heshuo Baylor, and together with Daishan, A Min and Huang Taiji of Baylor, it was called Four Baylor. Sorted by age, he is the third, so he is called Sanbaylor. Although Mang Gourtay was one of the key figures in the post-Jin regime, he was not relied on by Nurhachi because of his mediocre political achievements, bravery and rude words. When he was a child, Mangurtai had the kindness of "pushing food and undressing" to Huang Taiji, so he supported the view that Sibeile inherited the Khan position. However, he was very dissatisfied with Huang taiji's arrogant attitude, especially when he heard that the so-called "invitation to spoil his mother" came from Huang taiji's mouth, and the contradiction between them deepened. In December of the sixth year of Tiancong, Mang Gourtay died of sudden illness due to qi stagnation at the age of 46. In November, 1999, Tiancong seized the title of Mungtai for the crime of conspiring to usurp the throne. In addition to living outdoors, he attached the positive blue flag Manchuria to the imperial flag, divided it into two flags, and reset the flag to the minister. In the first month of the first year of Chongde, the tombs of Manggutai and Dege were destroyed by the Qing Ministry of Industry, and the already cold bones were abandoned, and all the gold and silver utensils used for sacrifice were taken out (after Huang Taiji ordered to be reburied in situ). Seventy-eight years later, in the fifty-second year of Kangxi, Michelle Ye ordered the descendants of Mang Gourtay to restore their ancestral homes and return to their ancestral homes.