Singer Mao Amin once sang in Missing: Friend, where are you from? Like a butterfly flying into my window.
Where did psychology come from and how did it come into being? Our new friend also wants her to fly into our window like a butterfly.
Next, let's learn about this new friend in psychology and his related stories.
According to the official textbook, Feng Te established the world's first psychology laboratory in Leipzig University in February 1879. Feng Te's Gunfire marks the birth of scientific psychology.
There were no signs before? Yes! Feng Te's Principles of Physiological Psychology published in 1874 is regarded as an independent declaration in the field of psychology.
What was it before independence? She is an ancestor and a philosophy. We just need to understand this briefly.
Thus, it can be said that it is the king of psychological help, which is very powerful. Then let's walk into this "king" world together.
The "Wang" of the psychological gang was like a "beggar gang" when he was a child, and there was no sign of success at all. He seems to have no motivation and lacks that talent, let alone become an outstanding giant in science and higher education. In fact, he is a bit silly, much like a child who urgently needs to be saved.
Feng Te 1832 was born in a scholarly family in southwest Germany. His father is a priest in the village. At school, Feng Te had a serious daydreaming problem, and he was reprimanded by his father. Feng Te had few companions in his childhood. The only one who has a good relationship with him is an older child who has some mental development problems. It can be said that his good friend is also a mentally retarded child.
Is there a story about him? Yes!
When Feng Te was in the first grade, one day, his father came to see him at school and found him absent-minded. In a rage, I slapped him in front of my classmates. Feng Te will never forget it, but it hasn't changed him anything.
/kloc-at the age of 0/3, he is still a visionary who has not made progress. His teacher often incited him in public, and another teacher laughed at him in front of other students-the teacher's punishment didn't work, and his grades were still poor.
This is Feng Te's childhood, which can be said to be a tragic childhood.
What about middle school? Under the arrangement of parents, Feng Te entered high school. She is shy, timid, unaccustomed to the environment, does not get along well with friends, and her grades are particularly poor. Sometimes skipping classes is sent back to school by parents. The teacher was disappointed in him because of his poor grades.
When he graduated, he didn't know what he wanted to do, but because his father had died and his mother had only a small pension, he had to prepare to find a job to maintain a decent life. He chose medicine and applied to the University of Tubingen. He played behind his mother's back for a year and learned nothing.
But when he came home at the end of the year and realized that there was almost no money for him to finish three years of college, he changed dramatically. In the autumn of this year, he went to the University of Heidelberg to study medicine, devoted himself to his studies with great enthusiasm, completed his studies in three years, and got the first place in the national medical examination of 1855. It has also been seen that family changes will greatly change a person's thinking and behavior. Of course, this change is positive for some people and indeed fatal for some people. It can be said that this is the biggest change in his life on the road of learning. It also laid a solid foundation for his later life.
After graduating from master's degree, Feng Te became interested in physiology. He was invited to study physiology at the University of Berlin with Mill, who is known as the "father of experimental physiology". After that, he obtained a doctor's degree in medicine and worked as a lecturer in physiology at the University of Heidelberg.
The next year, there was another good opportunity. At that time, the famous Helmholtz came to the school and established the Institute of Physiology. Feng Te applied to be his assistant and got the job smoothly. His work for Helmholtz further concentrated his interest in physiological psychology.
At this time, he was only in his early twenties, and Feng Te had completely turned into a workaholic. In addition to working in the laboratory, he also gave lectures, compiled teaching materials to earn money, conducted his own research on sensory perception theory, and began to draft a large volume of this subject, namely, Essays on Sensory Perception Theory, which was published in 1862. In this book, Feng Te, who is only 30 years old, challenges the respected philosopher and mechanistic physiologist. He said that psychology can only become a science on the basis of experimental results, and consciousness can indeed be explored through experimental means.
1864, Feng Te was promoted to teaching assistant, and then resigned as Helmholtz's assistant to concentrate on his own research. He no longer had the opportunity to enter Helmholtz's laboratory, so he built one at home, collected and made the necessary instruments by himself, and conducted psychological experiments by himself. He continued to teach experimental physiology, but more and more psychological materials appeared in his class. He didn't leave work long enough to chase a girl until he was in his thirties and nearly 40 years old, and finally got engaged to her. However, due to economic reasons, they had to postpone the wedding.
Helmholtz left the University of Heidelberg on 187 1. Feng Te seems to be his most logical successor. However, although the university constantly assigned him a lot of Helmholtz jobs, it only gave him a self-taught teaching position, which was only a quarter of Helmholtz's work. This promotion married him to his girlfriend. However, he worked harder than before and wrote the book Principles of Physiological Psychology for a long time, hoping that this book would make him leave the University of Heidelberg.
Really did it. In the first part-this book appears in the form of two parts, divided into two years: 1873 and 1874-Feng Te said without any hint: "My work dedicated to the public here is to draw a scientific boundary." This book brought him what he wanted, that is, a professorship at the University of Zurich. A year later, he got a better professorship at the University of Leipzig.
Feng Te went to the University of Leipzig in 1875, and this idea occupied Covent's room for storage and demonstration. Four years later, he began to use it as a private research institute. His lectures were very popular, and his personal reputation and the fame of the laboratory attracted many assistants to Leipzig. 1883, the university increased his salary, gave him a formal position in the laboratory, gave him extra vacant rooms, and asked him to expand the laboratory into a suite with seven rooms.
He himself spent less time in the laboratory, but most of his time was spent in lectures, management research institutes and writing, revising his thick psychological works. Later, he wrote many books about logic, ethics and philosophy. Every day is strictly regulated, just like Emanuel Kant. He spent most of the morning writing, then consulted for an hour, visited the laboratory in the afternoon, took a walk, considered the content of the next class, finished the class, and then went to the laboratory. He is quiet at night. Apart from concerts, he avoids public life and almost never travels. But he and his wife often entertain students in advanced classes and invite his assistants to eat at home on most Sundays.
At home, Feng Te is kind and formal, but in college, he is dogmatic and bookish. He acts like a big shot, and he thinks he is such a person. When he lectures-the most popular in the university-he will wait until everyone is seated, all the assistants are here, and everyone is sitting in the front row. Then the door will suddenly open and he will walk in. He is dressed in black and full of academic spirit. He doesn't look around at all. He walked straight down the aisle to the podium, fiddling with the chalk and paper on the podium, and finally facing the anxious audience, holding the podium, Kan Kan talked.
He talks about Kan Kan with great passion and doesn't read his notes at all. Although his articles are always boring and ambiguous, he will make people laugh in a calm academic way when giving lectures. For example, what he said about the mental energy of dogs is this:
I spent a lot of time trying my own poodle to see if it can clearly show whether there is an empirical concept. I taught the dog to close an open door and told him to close the door with his front paws in the usual way when he heard my command to "close the door". At first, it learned this trick on a special door in my study. One day, I hoped it would repeat this action on another door in the study, but it looked at me in surprise and did nothing. I made great efforts to teach him to repeat his tricks in a changed environment. However, it did not hesitate to obey orders, and when it met two such doors, it could close ... (However, although) the association of some special concepts has developed into a real similarity-association, but there is no minimum instruction, which can explain that there is the main feature of concept formation in its consciousness-that is, a special object can alternately represent the category of an overall object. When I ordered it to close a door opened from the outside, it simply did the same thing: open the door, but don't close it. Although I repeated the order impatiently, it could do nothing else. However, it is obvious that it is extremely depressed because it can't complete the task.
This is the most merciful degree of Feng Te. Even Edward Teichena, one of Feng Te's most loyal followers, thinks that he is usually "humorous, indomitable and aggressive". Because he is extremely knowledgeable, he considers himself an authority. William james wryly wrote to a friend:
Because there must be professors in this world, and Feng Te is the most commendable? And people who will never idolize. He is not a genius, he is a? Professor-his duty is to know the existence of everything, and he must be aware of the world? Everything has its own opinions, and it has something to do with itself.
For his graduate students, Feng Te is extremely willing to help and care for them, full of love-but also very bossy. At the beginning of a school year, he often orders the students in the graduate class to gather in the graduate school. They have to stand in line in front of him, and he will read out the list of some research projects that must be watched in that year, arrange the first project for the first student standing at the edge of the queue, give the second project to the second student, and so on. According to Raymond Pancher:
No one dares to object to these assignments. Students are responsible for completing one task after another, which in most cases become their doctoral thesis ... (Feng Te) directs the writing of these reports to be published. Although he sometimes allows students to express their opinions in these reports, he often picks up a blue pen to practice. His last American student reported: "Feng Te showed well-known German characteristics, and he enthusiastically defended the basic principles of his academic views. About one-third of my papers failed to support Feng Te's assimilation view, so they were deleted. "
To be fair, we have to say that Feng Te became soft-hearted and kind in his later years. He likes to entertain young guests and listeners in his study and recall some interesting things about his youth. He taught, wrote and directed psychological research until he retired at the age of 85 in 19 17. Since then, he has been busy writing, and he was still writing until 1920 was 88 years old, that is, eight days before his death.
This is the life of Feng Te, the founder of psychology. From obscurity to success, from obscurity to success, we have seen the successful evolution of a school scum to a top student and then to an academic superman.