(A) the basic situation of the three mining companies
(1) Angang Mining Company is the main iron ore production base of Angang. It is a large-scale state-owned mining enterprise integrating mining, mineral processing, sintering, machinery manufacturing, electric power repair, construction and installation, and belongs to a wholly-owned subsidiary of Angang Group. By the end of 2005, there were 4 large-scale iron mines, 4 large-scale concentrator, sinter production line 1, activated carbon production line 1, 4 auxiliary mines, and related auxiliary industries such as mine research, design, mining machinery, transportation equipment repair, electric power and mine construction, among which 8 factories and mines were the main production enterprises (Table 4-/kloc
Table 4- 1 Production Scale of Angang Mining Company
(2) Tiefa Coal Company was established in 1999 10, and implemented debt-to-equity swap in August 2002. It is a diversified large-scale coal enterprise group focusing on coal production and integrating coalbed methane development and utilization, construction and installation, machinery manufacturing and processing, building materials and electricity.
Tiefa Mining Bureau, the predecessor of Coal Industry Group, was established in 1958. The mining area consists of Tiefa, Kangping and Kangbei coalfields, including 8 pairs of production mines, with an approved production capacity of 22.65 million tons and an actual production capacity of over 2 1 10,000 tons. By the end of 2005, the total assets of the group company were 9.35 billion yuan, and the asset-liability ratio was 46.37%. The total number of registered employees is 44,000, and the number of collective employees is 1.8 million (Table 4-2).
Table 4-2 Production Scale of Tiefa Coal Industry Company
(3) Hongtoushan Copper Mine is a large-scale nonferrous metal mining enterprise integrating mining, dressing and smelting in Northeast China. Design capacity: mining 550,000 tons/year, mineral processing 1.300 tons/year and smelting 6300 tons/year; Actual production capacity: mining 650,000 tons/year, daily processing capacity of mineral processing10.8 million tons, smelting10.2 million tons/year. At present, the annual output of mineral products is 8,000 tons of copper concentrate, 9,000 tons of zinc concentrate, 200,000 tons of sulfur concentrate, 200,000 tons of crude copper12,000 tons (200 kilograms of gold and 0/3 tons of silver/kloc-0) and 50,000 tons of sulfuric acid. The total industrial output value in 2005 was 538 million yuan (Table 4-3).
Table 4-3 Product Output of Hongtoushan Copper Mine
The common characteristics of the above three mining companies are as follows: ① All of them are state-owned enterprises, among which Angang Mining Company and Hongtoushan Copper Mine are funded by state-owned enterprise legal persons, and Tiefa Mining Company is funded by Liaoning SASAC and Cinda Asset Management Company. (2) Both are mining enterprises with a long history, which were established in the early days of the founding of New China and the late 1950s. In the early days, the state provided mineral resources free of charge. (3) Implement financial management at the headquarters level to form a powerful investment center and profit center. The financial reimbursement system is implemented for mines, wellhead and pithead, which constitutes the manufacturing cost center. However, there are also differences, mainly in primary mineral products, and the length of the industrial chain is different: ① the coal enterprise chain is the shortest, and it is sold directly when it leaves the pit; (2) Iron ore forms internal commodities through three processes, namely mining, mineral processing and sintering; ③ The industrial chain of copper mine extends to smelting, that is, mining, mineral processing and smelting to form commodities.
(b) The absolute dependence of mining companies on mineral resources and the resulting initiative
Compared with other industries, the biggest feature of mining industry is the fixed-point and regular demand for mineral resources by grass-roots mines, one-time supply and long-term use. This feature determines that once a mine is established on the basis of a specific mining area, once the production capacity is formed, it will depend on it for life. If it is connected in different places, it is equivalent to building a new mine. This makes mining enterprises have a great power to exploit mineral resources nearby. It can be said that solving the problem of connecting resources on the spot is an extension of enterprise life and the best economic and social benefits. In this regard, the three companies we investigated have outstanding performances and their own characteristics, which are worth learning from:
(1) Angang Mining Company mainly relies on the breakthrough of mineral processing technology, and makes full use of the "red ore" (hematite) which was originally difficult to use. Red ore accounts for 2/3 of the company's 2.8 billion tons of iron ore reserves. Therefore, this breakthrough is equivalent to twice the original available reserves (magnetite). This patent not only has the international leading level, but also provides a barrier for the protection of mineral resources. Because this kind of ore can only be used by Angang, as long as Angang does not buy it from outside, the local area will not be mined indiscriminately.
(2) Hongtoushan Copper Mine made a major breakthrough mainly through on-site prospecting. At the beginning of mine construction, the copper reserves handed over by the state were only 9.85 million tons (metal quantity); In 2005, they have accumulated proven geological reserves of 29.56 million tons. This new geological reserve of 1.97 1.000 tons was solved by themselves, and the mine that should have been closed was reborn. Today, the company still has more than 9 million tons of geological reserves, still looking for it. The main directions are deep prospecting and peripheral prospecting.
(3) Tiefa Coal Company, on the one hand, mainly looks for minerals in the periphery, and on the other hand, in outland (Inner Mongolia), adopts a two-pronged approach to increase resources. Its deployment is as follows: ① It is inferred that there may be coal in the south of Wobao minefield in the Great Wall, with a buried depth of 1 1,000 ~1500m and an area of 24 square kilometers. It is predicted that the thickness of coal seam is 5 ~ 7m, and the coal reserve is1.800 million tons, so it is ready to start construction. ② The coal-bearing area of Changtu coalfield is 3,750 square kilometers, the area that has reached the census level is 50 square kilometers, and the D-level reserves are 230 million tons. The company has applied to be included in the overall planning scope of Tiefa Coal Industry Group, and applied for the support and approval of the land and resources department. ③ The coal-bearing area in the eastern survey area of Tiefa coalfield is 347 square kilometers, and the C-class reserves are 42.682 million tons. This area has also been included in the overall planning scope of Tiefa Coal Industry Group.
The above examples show that mining enterprises regard solving their own sustainable resources as a major event, which has formed a strong reaction (the positive role is to consume mineral resources) and achieved unexpected results. It is understood that this powerful driving force mainly comes from the need for enterprises to safeguard their own interests, which are closely related to the interests of all employees, families and even local residents. This is a powerful incentive mechanism. This dynamic role of mining enterprises in mineral resources makes us deeply feel that the increase of mineral resources in China depends not only on independent geological prospecting units, but also on existing mining enterprises. The main role of enterprises in mineral exploration cannot be shaken.
(c) The mining industry is facing unprecedented opportunities.
Enterprises aim at maintaining and increasing the value of capital and pursue profit maximization. At present, mining enterprises are facing the strongest period in their history. The profits of these three mining companies began to rebound in 2000, and extraordinary growth began in 2003, reaching the best level in history (Table 4-4 ~ Table 4-6).
Table 4-4 Profit of Angang Mining Company
Table 4-5 Profit of Tiefa Coal Industry Company
Table 4-6 Profit of Hongtoushan Copper Mine
Except Tiefa Coal Company, the after-tax profits of the above three companies are all around 20%, which is relatively stable. Due to poor natural endowment and long-term losses, Tiefa Coal Company not only turned losses into profits, but also made high profits and considerable income growth. It is understood that these profits mainly come from the rising prices of mineral products. Among them, Angang's iron concentrate rose from 262 yuan per ton in early 2003 to 560 yuan in 2005, with an increase rate of11%; Sinter rose from 343 yuan per ton in 2003 to 650 yuan in 2005, with an increase of 88%. The average price of coal mines was 0/38/ton in 2003 and 248/ ton in 2005, up by 80%. The average price of copper ore rose from 15000/ ton to 60000/ ton now, with an increase of 300%. The price increase of mineral products is mainly caused by the increase in demand, which provides a broad space for profit increase; The increase in profits has greatly enhanced the strength of enterprises and benefited many parties. It is manifested in the following three aspects:
First of all, the investment of enterprises has been increased. From 2003 to 2005, Tiefa Coal Company's total investment in production was 286.5438+0,000 yuan, 36.5438+0.6 million yuan and 397 million yuan (990 million yuan in total), and its total investment in safety was 65.25 million yuan, 86.5438+0.96 million yuan and 238.36 million yuan (3.36 million yuan in total) Since 2003, Angang Mining Company has successively invested 30 million yuan to carry out supplementary exploration of Dagushan Iron Mine, Dong 'anshan Iron Mine and Qian Qian Mountain Iron Mine and the exploration of Lazishan Iron Mine. Part of the work has not been completely completed, and it is estimated that the resource reserves will increase by more than 200 million tons. In 2004, Angang Mining Company acquired five mining rights of Xi 'anshan Iron Mine as reserve mines. In 2005, it signed an agreement with Liaoning Metallurgical Geological Exploration Bureau to transfer the exploration right of Heishilazi iron mine, which is intended to be used as a continuous resource for reserve mines. Hongtoushan Copper Mine has successively invested 8010.9 million yuan and10.87 million yuan for technical transformation, and it is estimated that the recoverable mineral reserves are10.5 million tons, with a benefit of10.8 million yuan.
Secondly, it will benefit the employees of the enterprise. From 2003 to 2005, the average annual income of employees in Angang Mining Company increased from 13000 yuan to 18000 yuan; The average annual income of employees in Tiefa Coal Industry has increased from 15969 yuan to 25054 yuan, which is the fastest growth period since the mine was established.
Third, national interests. The taxes paid by the three mining companies were 667.36 million yuan in 2003,129.35 million yuan in 2004 and1309130,000 yuan in 2005, which increased by 96% in three years. In addition, the compensation fee for mineral resources has also increased year by year.
In addition to the above benefits, it is more fundamental and long-term for leaders and employees of mining companies to raise their awareness of cherishing mineral resources.
(d) Mining companies' awareness of cherishing resources has been translated into action.
It is understood that the motivation for mining companies to cherish mineral resources comes from their own economic interests, especially the medium and long-term economic interests; It comes from the improvement of the living standards of the broad masses of employees and the expectation of sustained and stable employment. These forces have formed an effective mechanism and produced good results. Iron ore mining in Angang Mining Company is mainly open-pit mining, with a recovery rate of over 95% and almost no loss. Most of the reserves mined by Tiefa Coal Company belong to thin coal seams, but the mining loss rate is still not high, which is 39% in 2003, 28% in 2004 and 29% in 2005. The mining dilution rate of Hongtoushan Copper Mine in 1980s and 1990s was 20%~26%, the loss rate was 12%~ 14%, and the copper grade of the ore was 1.2%~ 1.3%. In the first half of 2006, the grade of copper supply reached 1.56%, and the recovery rate reached 97%, creating the best level in history.
Their main practices are:
(1) To strengthen the management in the mining process, the main measure is to strengthen the implementation of the management system of ore loss. At present, Hongtoushan is divided into three parts in the calculation of lost ore quantity: mining loss, non-mining loss and write-off ore quantity. Among them, the unexploited loss is divided into normal loss (design loss) and abnormal loss (loss caused by safety and other reasons). These losses are implemented by implementing indicators and responsibilities respectively. At the same time, the management of residual ore recovery has been strengthened and good results have been achieved.
(2) Strengthen mineral processing management. By optimizing flotation and gravity separation, the zinc flotation process was improved, and the zinc recovery rate was increased by 15%. Polyurethane screen is used to ensure the accuracy, and grinding is used instead of grinding, which improves the grinding efficiency; Through the transformation of dehydration process, the metal flow is reduced; Replacing the folding belt filter with ceramic filter reduces the loss of concentrate; Through the transformation of the ditch and its facilities, the ditch ore can be recovered to the maximum extent.
(3) Strengthen the management of smelting process. Include strictly controlling cop loss in blast furnace slag and reducing copper content in blast furnace slag; Develop and use "electrostatic precipitator" to make rational use of resources; Bundle copper concentrate with plastic bags and woven bags to reduce the loss of copper concentrate.
(4) Make full use of tailings to recover mineral resources. Hongtoushan Copper Mine has three tailings ponds with 3.7 million tons of tailings. When the enterprise found that the sulfur content in tailings reached 3%~7%, two sulfur separation plants were set up in 1993 and 1996, respectively, which realized the re-separation of sulfur before tailings entered underground, with a maximum recovery of 30,000 tons of sulfur and an annual output value of more than 4 million yuan. As early as 1997, the enterprise put in some work, carried out systematic sampling, found out the contents of various precious metals and rare metals, and compiled maps and reports, which laid the foundation for tailings utilization.
The above examples of cherishing and rationally utilizing mineral resources show that the role of enterprises is the most important. Some people say that the maximization of corporate profits constitutes an obstacle to the rational use of minerals, but this is not entirely the case. The three mining enterprises surveyed are all independent enterprises, all aiming at profit, but they are not eager for quick success, abandoning poverty by exploiting the rich and abandoning small by exploiting the big. On the contrary, Hongtoushan copper mine still mines more narrow-vein ore with higher cost during the period of high ore price, and leaves rich ore and thick-vein ore for mining when the ore price is low. The production capacity of Tiefa Coal Industry Company has reached 23 million tons/year, but they have always controlled the mining capacity at about 2 1 10,000 tons, and did not suddenly increase the output because of the high price. The reason why they do this is to combine the current interests and long-term interests of enterprises. The long-term interests of enterprises are completely consistent with the requirements of the state for mineral resources management.
(5) Problems to be considered
(1) The compensation fee for mineral resources is too small. The total output value of Angang Mining Company in 2005 was 5.5 billion yuan, the profit was 780 million yuan, and the resource compensation fee paid was only about 65.438+million yuan. Theoretically speaking, the compensation fee for mineral resources represents the rights and interests of the country as the owner of resources, but this right is not in place, and the contradiction is increasingly prominent in the case of sharp price increase of mineral products. In this regard, we have neither timely remedy nor necessary understanding, which is really a management mistake.
(2) The theoretical basis for the government to collect the price of mining rights is vague. According to China's current laws, the price of mining rights includes two sources: one is formed by state investment; Second, form a dominant differential income. But now that local governments have expanded their scope, the mining rights formed by enterprises' own capital should also be "paid" by the government. For example, in Hongtoushan Copper Mine, the original resources provided by the state free of charge-9.84 million tons of copper reserves have long been used up, and the existing 9.58 million tons of copper reserves are entirely formed by enterprises' own investment, and the input cost has entered the cost of mineral products. Now that it is "paid", it is really "no way to get it". Because although Hongtoushan Copper Mine is owned by the state, once the state-owned capital enters the enterprise, it becomes the property of the legal person, and the investor cannot take it back at will. This problem is actually closely related to the last one, that is, the resource compensation fee is not in place, and the mining right price is used to remedy it. However, if this remedy continues, it will have serious consequences, that is, weakening ownership and causing legal confusion.
(3) Angang Mining Company occupies too much iron ore reserves, which may form a monopoly. According to the arrangement of the Liaoning Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government, the Liaoning Provincial Department of Land and Resources has given special support to the iron ore reserves required by Angang. There are already 2,846.9 million tons of reserves, which were obtained free of charge in the past; Through the paid acquisition of 47016.8 million tons of reserves, the sum of the two is 7563.7 million tons, and only 538.28 million tons of reserves have been extracted at present. The remaining reserves, according to the current annual production scale, are enough to mine 10 years, which obviously means that the amount of resources is too large, and it is likely to form regional monopoly in the future, which is not conducive to the reform trend of market economy.
(4) In which link the rights and interests of state ownership of mineral resources are realized, further research is needed. According to international practice and the provisions of China's mineral resources law, it is reasonable to realize the ownership rights and interests of mineral resources in the sales of mineral products: first, only in this link can the quantity and quality of state-owned mineral resources be confirmed; Second, only in this link, enterprises can easily undertake, and do not need to invest a lot of money in advance. However, at present, the rights and interests of resource owners collected by local governments in the name of mining rights price must be paid in one lump sum, which leads to unbearable financial expenses (bank interest) of enterprises. According to Angang Mining Company, the Hujiamiaozi iron mine they bought from the government will cost 300 million yuan in six years and have a service life of 30 years. This is equivalent to paying the price for the mineral reserves in 30 years. This payment method, if calculated at the annual interest rate of 6%, will make their annual financial expenses exceed100000 yuan.
(5) Whether the utilization rate of mineral resources is high or low should be analyzed in detail. For a long time, the utilization of mineral resources has left people with the impression that the loss and waste of mineral resources in China are serious. But as far as the three major mining companies are concerned, the utilization degree of their stock resources is far higher than the state regulations. For example, Angang Mining Company mined all hematite with iron content of 20%, whereas in the past, hematite was mined off the balance sheet. Another example is that Hongtoushan Copper Mine absorbs the lost slag with woven bags and cleans the ore powder in the tunnel with brooms, all of which are conscious actions. Therefore, we should re-understand the present situation of mineral resources utilization.
(6) Understanding and suggestions
(1) Have a comprehensive understanding of the role of mineral resources and mining. It has at least four effects on local economic and social development: ① increasing wealth and interests. Because the net value of mineral resources is the net surplus after deducting various inputs and average profits from the sales income of mineral products, whoever develops it will definitely increase wealth in the local area. ② Economic growth effect. The total industrial output value formed by mineral development can directly improve the development speed of local GDP. These three mining companies created an output value of 654.38+0.6 billion yuan in 2005, an increase of 20% over 2004. ③ Fiscal revenue effect. In 2005, the tax revenue provided by these three mining companies was 654.38+57 million yuan. (4) Providing employment effect. In 2005, these three mining companies had 68,000 employees. We should understand the concern of governments at all levels for mineral resources from these angles and guide them to strengthen the long-term development of mining industry.
(2) according to the characteristics of differential income, strengthen the management and service of mining industry. Mining is an industry with mineral resources as raw materials, and the endowment of mineral resources has always been unbalanced. Coupled with regional differences, there are both horizontal differences (between different regions) and vertical differences (different development stages of mining areas). In this survey, we are deeply touched by these differences. Therefore, in the management of mineral resources, the mining policy cannot be determined by "one place, one policy". We should encourage the development of inferior resources and adjust the development of superior resources according to this differential income, so as to achieve the purpose of comprehensive and rational utilization of domestic resources.
(3) Mineral exploration should return to mining. The dependence of mineral development on mineral resources is different from that of general industries on raw materials. Mainly used for many years at a time, once connected in different places, most of the original settings will be the same as waste. This dependence has inspired mining enterprises to pay extraordinary attention to the inheritance of mineral resources, just like a person's concern for his own life. We deeply felt this when investigating these three companies, and then realized that if all the commercial mineral exploration was returned to the mining industry, wouldn't it be better for the government to do only the necessary macro-control? We should give full play to the role of the market.
(4) Mineral resources management should be extended to mining management. Judging from these three mining companies, mining, as an industry mainly producing mineral products, has different chain lengths. The longest chain is copper mine, which has been smelting; The shortest is the coal mine, and the pit is the commodity. Mining management is to be responsible for the whole process of mining production, because every process of mining production has the problem of rational utilization and protection of resources. However, we emphasize that the management of mining industry does not require the government to specifically manage every process of mining production, but to apply the power of management to the main body of management, namely mining enterprises, so that they can actively build a mechanism for saving and rationally utilizing mineral resources and cultivate a corporate culture that cherishes mineral resources. Give full play to the dynamic role of mineral resources users in the rational utilization of mineral resources, and formulate corresponding incentive and restraint policies on this basis, instead of the government directly managing itself, the more it manages, the more detailed it is.
(5) Correctly evaluate the role of geological work. Geological work plays a vital role in the discovery and exploration of mineral resources. In a certain period of time, it can advance or postpone the discovery of mineral resources and increase or decrease the reserves of mineral resources, but it cannot create mineral resources. The practice of mineral resources in Liaoning Province has proved that although there are nearly 20,000 professional geological teams looking for minerals, in the past 30 years, there has been basically no major breakthrough in the exploration of bulk minerals such as non-ferrous metal mines and coal mines, so that seven of the original eight non-ferrous mines have been closed, leaving only Hongtoushan, whose resources are all found by the mines themselves. This fact shows that geological work must respect geological laws and economic laws. The geological law is that minerals can only be found in the place where they are generated; The economic law is that prospecting is cost-constrained, which exceeds the prospecting cost that mining enterprises can bear, and it is not feasible under the market economy system. When we strengthen geological work, we must respect these two laws, and we cannot think that increasing investment in geological work can solve the problem of mineral resources.