Sitong Tan
Tan Sitong (1March 86510-1September 28, 898), male, from Zhuangfei, Fu Sheng, Han nationality, Liuyang, Changsha, Hunan, was a famous reformer. No.41,an alley in the northern half of Beijing, was his former residence when he was an official in North Korea. It was also here that he was arrested by the Qing government. 1898 participated in the reform movement of 1898. After the failure of the political reform, he died heroically in the execution ground of Caishikou outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing on September 28th, 1998. Yang Shenxiu, Liu Guangdi, Yang Rui and Kang were also killed. Six people are also known as the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898".
Later generations compiled his works into The Complete Works of Tan Sitong. It is said that while waiting for punishment, he wrote a poem "Looking at the door and thinking about James Zhang, telling Chen Shu to be ashamed of Dugan. I laughed at myself and went to save my courage. " According to the research of historian Huang Zhangjian, the last two sentences should be "throw a European knife into the sky and laugh, leaving it to future generations to blame." "I come from …" was changed by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
His father, Tan Jixun, used to be a doctor in the Qing government, a Taoist priest in Gansu and a governor in Hubei. Born in poverty, Xu's biological mother urged Tan Sitong to study hard. 10 years old, heir and Liuyang famous scholar Ouyang Zhonggu as the teacher. Under the influence of Ouyang Zhonggu, he became interested in Wang Fuzhi's thoughts and was enlightened by patriotism. He reads widely and is good at teaching the world and helping the people. His articles are very talented. He was so disgusted with the traditional stereotyped writing of China people that he wrote the words "How outrageous" in his textbook. He worshipped those rebellious heroes who helped the weak, and made friends with Wang Wu, a "chivalrous man" in Beijing at that time, and they became lifelong friends. From 65438 to 0877, in Liuyang, he studied under Tu Qixian, systematically studied China classics, and began to get in touch with natural sciences such as arithmetic and gezhi. Then I went to Lanzhou and studied at my father's Taoist temple. 1884, he left home and traveled to Zhili (now Hebei), Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shandong, Shanxi and other provinces to observe the local conditions and make friends with celebrities. Influenced by the working people's anti-feudal struggle spirit, he broadened his horizons and filled his thoughts with struggle. From 65438 to 0888, under the guidance of the famous scholar Liu, he began to seriously study the works of Wang Fuzhi and others, absorbed the essence of democracy and materialism, and extensively collected and read books introducing western science, history, geography and politics at that time to enrich himself. 1894, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out. Due to the corruption, incompetence and compromise of the Qing government, China was defeated and signed the treaty of shimonoseki, which humiliated the country. 1On May 2, 895, Kang Youwei and more than 1000 juren who took the exam in Beijing wrote to the Qing government, demanding to reject peace, move the capital and reform the country. The deep national tragedy worried Tan Sitong. He was indignant at the imperialist aggression, resolutely opposed the signing of a peace treaty, and was extremely indignant at the compromise of the Qing government "having to endure the lives of 400 trillion people." Under the influence of the trend of thought of political reform, he began to "examine the changes in the world for decades in detail and explore the reasons" and painstakingly studied the fundamental plan of saving the nation from extinction. He thinks that "the trend of globalization, the drowning of ethos, can not be saved because of the old literature", and the decadent feudal autocracy must be reformed in order to save the nation. 1897 In the summer and autumn, he wrote an important book, Benevolence, which was the first philosophical work of the Reformists. He believes that the material "ether" is the basis of the existence of all things in the world, and everything in the world is constantly moving and changing, and the root of the change lies in the "likes and dislikes" and "similarities and differences" of things. He defined the spiritual expression of "ether" as "benevolence", the content of "benevolence" is "communication", "communication image is equality" and "benevolence-communication-equality" is the development law of all things and an irresistible law. In this book, he angrily criticized the "tragic disaster and vicious poison" caused by the destruction and suppression of human nature by feudal monarchy and the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanent Principles. It is pointed out that feudal principles and etiquette are completely tools used by those single thieves to rule, especially the relationship between monarch and minister, which is "whether there is any barrier in darkness or not" Therefore, for those despots who are confused and violent, not only can they not be loyal, but they may also be "slaughtered." At the beginning of 1898, he accepted the invitation of Chen Baozhen, the governor of Hunan who was inclined to reform, and returned to Hunan to help organize the New Deal. First of all, he strengthened the power of the Uighur new school in the current affairs school. Liang Qichao, as an independent teacher, arranged for Tang to teach Chinese, and assisted the general teacher to vigorously promote the theory of reform and reform in teaching. "What he said was the theory of civil rights at that time, and he said more about the facts of the Qing Dynasty, but he failed." Confucius' theories of reform, equality and civil rights. Is gaining momentum and expanding day by day. He also distributed books with nationalist consciousness, such as Ming Yi Waiting for Interview and Ten Days in Yangzhou, to instill revolutionary consciousness in him, so that the current affairs school really became an institution for training reformers. In March of A.D. 1898, he co-founded the reform group Nanshe with Tang and others. With the aim of uniting the reform forces of the southern provinces, the South Institute emphasizes patriotism and the law of saving the country, and "stresses the general trend of the world and the principles of political science". In order to strengthen the propaganda of the theory of political reform, he also founded "Box" as the organ newspaper of Southern College, with him as the chief editor. Because of his efforts in Hunan's New Deal, he is known as a "New Deal genius". Shortly after Guangxu's "imperial edict", someone recommended Tan Sitong to Guangxu, and Guangxu agreed to summon him. On August 2 1 day, he arrived in Beijing. On September 5th, Guangxu conferred four titles on him, including Xu Lin, Liu Guangdi and Yang Rui, and took part in the New Deal. The next day, Guangxu summoned him again and said that he was willing to reform, but the queen mother and conservative ministers stopped him and said, "You can play whatever you want, and I will obey." Which means I'm wrong. If you blame me to my face, I will correct it quickly. "Tan Sitong was very moved by Guangxu's reform determination and trust in the reformists, and felt that the opportunity to realize his ambition was already in hand. When he took part in politics, the struggle between reformists and die-hards was already tense. Cixi and others have long plotted to launch a mutiny when they went to Tianjin for military parade at the end of Guangxu 10, deposing Guangxu and putting out the New Deal in one fell swoop. On September 18, Tan Sitong visited Yuan Shikai at night and invited Yuan Lingbing to enter Beijing to get rid of the die-hards. Yuan Shikai hypocritically said that he would go back to Tianjin to get rid of Rong Lu before he led the troops into Beijing. Yuan Shikai rushed back to Tientsin on the evening of 20th and informed Rong Lu that Rong Lu had tipped off the Western Pacific. On 2 1 day, the Western Empress Dowager staged a coup. Cixi issued a series of decrees to arrest reformists. He didn't panic after hearing the news of the coup. Regardless of his own safety, he planned many activities to rescue Guangxu. But caught off guard, the plan fell through. In this case, he was determined to devote himself to the cause of political reform and make a final resistance to the feudal diehard forces with his own sacrifice. Tan Sitong handed over his letters and manuscripts to Liang Qichao, asking him to take refuge in Japan, and generously said, "Without travelers, there would be no future, without the dead, there would be no call for future generations. "The Japanese embassy sent someone to contact him and provide him with' protection'. He resolutely refused, and said to the visitors: "Political reforms in all countries are produced from bloodshed. Today, China has never heard of bloodshed caused by political reform, and this country is not prosperous. If so, please start from the beginning. "On 24th, Tan Sitong was arrested in Liuyang Hall. In prison, he calmly wrote a poem like this: "Watch the door, stop thinking about James Zhang and wait for Dugan. I laughed from the horizontal knife, and I went to stay in two Kunlun mountains. "On September 28th, he and five other people died heroically in the vegetable market outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing. There were tens of thousands of spectators on the execution ground when they were killed. He looked the same, and when he died, he said loudly, "If you want to kill a thief, you can't go back to heaven. You can die a fair death. Come on! "This fully shows the heroism of a patriot who died for his country. 1899, his body was transported back to his original place and buried at the foot of the Rocky Mountain outside Liuyang City, Hunan Province. The couplet on the Hua Biao in front of the tomb reads: Never grind, a piece of stone stands in the sky; A beautiful mountain, the mountains go to waves. His works were compiled into The Complete Works of Tan Sitong.
Tan Sitong (1865- 1898) was born again, with the name of strong flying and the name of all Chinese beings. Liuyang, Hunan. When I was young, I read widely and devoted myself to the discussion of natural science. I despise the imperial examination and like the study of modern literature and classical literature. Later, he was the assistant of Liu Jintang, the governor of Xinjiang. He traveled to Zhili, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces to observe the local situation and make celebrities. The city wall is still there, and the people are returning to Africa. 1895 China and Japan were extremely dissatisfied with the signing of the treaty of shimonoseki, that is, they tried to advocate new learning, called for reform, organized a mathematical society in their hometown, and called comrades to talk about research. At the same time, it is the first time to offer new courses such as history, anecdotes and geography in Nantai Academy. /kloc-0 entered Beijing in February, 896, and made friends with Liang Qichao and Weng Tonghe. At the behest of his father, he became the alternate magistrate of Jiangsu and worked in Nanjing. He has traveled to Tianjin, Hunan, Hubei and other places. At the end of the same year, I returned to Nanjing to study behind closed doors and became the second volume of Benevolence. I think the world is made up of material elements, and its ontology is benevolence. The existence and development of the world are all due to the function of benevolence, so I call its philosophy "benevolence". "Benevolence" is the source of everything, and "communication is the first meaning". And "ether" is a bridge connecting the whole world. Because "ether" is immortal, it affirms that nature and human society are not static, but constantly moving, changing and developing, criticizes the stubborn thought of "the sky remains unchanged and the Tao remains unchanged" and demonstrates its political ideal of transforming the social system from change. He also believed that the feudal Zoroastrianism was the spiritual pillar to maintain absolutism, and called on people to break the feudal network of monarchy, ethics, fate, folk customs, destiny and Buddhism. Since Qin and Han dynasties, the attack on feudal autocracy has been particularly fierce. It is believed that autocratic monarchy is the source of all evil, and it is proposed that "bad people must be punished". While criticizing the autocratic system, it also puts forward political, economic and political reforms to develop capitalism. 1897, assisted Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen and others to establish a current affairs school and organize new policies such as inland river shipping, mining and railway construction. 1898 founded Southern College, hosted Hunan Daily, actively promoted political reform, and became a radical of the reform movement. In April of the same year, recommended by Xu Zhijing, a bachelor of imperial academy, he was recruited into Beijing. Together with Si Pinqing, he was awarded the title of Zhang Jing, a military aircraft, and participated in the New Deal with Xu Lin, Yang Rui and others. When one side of the palace plotted a coup, Emperor Guangxu wrote a secret letter to Kang Youwei, trying to rescue him, that is, "drawing his sword to save himself". On the night of September 8, I visited Yuan Shikai in Huokeji and asked Yuan to send troops to rescue him. Yuan pretended to agree. On September 20th, Yuan returned to Tianjin to inform Rong Lu. A coup took place on September 2 1 day. He was arrested on September 25th, and killed on September 28th with Xu Lin and other five people. At the age of 33. The desperate words of execution are "deliberately killing thieves, unable to return to heaven, dying a fair death, quick and quick!" His life story was compiled into The Complete Works of Tan Sitong.