Rice seedling throwing is to replace the traditional manual transplanting by using bowl floppy disk and dry land diskless seedling raising. Transplanting is changed to throwing seedlings, which reduces the labor intensity of planting seedlings, improves the efficiency of planting seedlings, saves seeds and rice fields, saves costs and increases high yield and income. In some main rice producing areas, this technology can effectively solve the yield limiting factors such as late sowing and late seedling raising, shortened growth period and tight planting season. It has the advantages of high and stable yield and labor saving.
Rice seedlings are raised in pots instead of the traditional hand-inserted seedbed, which reduces the labor intensity of transplanting and saves rice fields and seeds. After transplanting, the seedlings turn green quickly, germinate early, and the yield increase effect is obvious, especially in areas with low temperature during transplanting, such as Northeast China. Rice seedling raising in dry bowl and sparse planting and swing planting technology is a high-yield cultivation technology, which has the characteristics of large nutrient area of seedling roots, no scattered nutrient blocks during transplanting, no damage to roots during seedling division, straight seedlings after planting, reasonable population distribution, quick turning green, early tillering, full use of low tillers, more effective tillers, increased number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight, improved seed setting rate, drought resistance and yield increase.
(1) Rice live broadcast. The technical points are as follows: ① Selection of varieties and direct seeding methods. According to the growing season, select lodging-resistant rice varieties with suitable growth period. According to the season, planting system and other factors, choose dry direct seeding or wet direct seeding. At present, in China, live broadcast is mainly by hand, and there are also some mechanical live broadcasts. 2 sow. Before sowing, apply base fertilizer until the soil is broken and smooth. Soak seeds to absorb enough water to accelerate germination and sowing. The seed coating agent can be used for seed dressing and sowing, preventing and controlling the harm of underground pests and improving the emergence rate. Sowing amount: 3 ~ 4kg of conventional early rice varieties, 2 ~ 3kg of hybrid early rice, 3 ~ 4kg of single-season conventional japonica rice and 0/.0 ~1.5kg of single-season hybrid indica rice. ③ Weed control. Weed fields can be weeded three times. After leveling the paddy field, irrigate 3cm water layer, and then spray butachlor 100 ~ 150g per mu. After pesticide application, keep moisture for 5 ~ 7 days, and then drain and sow. Second, choose the right herbicide to kill weeds after sowing. Thirdly, after the seedlings appear, use dimehypo, herbicide Dan and butachlor to remove weeds. Weeds are not serious in the field, and the first two times are selected for weeding. (4) Close planting. When the seedlings are in the 3-4 leaf stage, they should be planted thinly and replanted in the dense planting area to achieve uniformity, neatness and strong seedlings. ⑤ Water management. When accelerating germination and direct seeding, keep the border moist, and keep shallow water after 3-4 leaf stage to promote tillering. The water management of direct seeding rice after tillering stage is similar to that of transplanted rice. When the number of tillers reaches the expected target panicle number, dry the field in time to control ineffective tillers. ⑥ Fertilizer management. Apply sufficient base fertilizer, generally about 0/000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, 25-30 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 0/0 kg of urea/kloc, 25-30 kg of calcium superphosphate and 6-7 kg of potassium chloride. Tillering fertilizer is generally applied twice. For the first time, the irrigation was coordinated at the 3 ~ 4 leaf stage, and 4 ~ 5 kg urea was applied per mu, and 5 ~ 7 kg urea was applied per mu 7 ~ 10 days after application. The application period and dosage of spike fertilizer are determined according to the seedling situation. Generally, top dressing is about 5 kg per mu. ⑦ Chemical control measures. First, before sowing, use 2000 mg/kg (30 ml water 15 kg) of general rice Tongtianbao to soak seeds and accelerate germination; 2. Spraying universal rice ton Tianbao on the leaves at jointing stage, and spraying 30ml rice ton Tianbao per mu15kg of water; 3. During the filling stage (full heading stage), the leaves were sprayed with universal rice Tongtianbao, 30 ml of rice Tongtianbao, and 15 kg of water, 1 mu of land.
Note: The key to the success of live broadcast lies in the reasonable number of basic seedlings. If the number of seedlings is uneven, it is necessary to move closer and thinner. Open drainage ditch, row seedlings together, control seedlings and prevent lodging. In principle, direct seeding is not suitable for continuous cropping of late rice in the south.
Suitable areas: continuous cropping of early rice and some single-cropping rice areas in South China.
(2) throwing seedlings. The technical points are as follows:
① Choose the right variety. Choose rice varieties with strong disease resistance and lodging resistance and medium and large panicle type.
(2) Cultivate healthy seedlings of appropriate age. Techniques such as rice seedling tray and dry seedling without tray suitable for throwing seedlings have been developed.
A, rice seedling tray seedling technology. The seedbed can be muddy field or dry land. The flat land with fertile soil is selected as the seedbed, and special fertilizers such as strong seedling nutrients are used to make nutritious soil. According to season, variety type, seedling age and planting density, seedling throwing trays with different holes are selected. For hybrid rice, the seedling tray with larger aperture (fewer holes per tray) should be selected. Generally, according to the standard of 1: (35-40), 55-60 plastic floppy disks (434 holes) should be used per mu of land. According to the safe full heading date of local rice, the suitable sowing date was determined. The amount of seeds used in the conventional japonica rice field is about 3 kg, the hybrid medium indica rice 1 ~ 2 kg, the hybrid rice 2 ~ 3 grains/hole and the conventional rice 2 ~ 4 grains/hole. After soaking the seeds to accelerate germination, soak the seeds with universal rice Tongtianbao (2000 mg/kg, 30 ml water 15 kg) for 8 hours, take them out before pulling out, drain the water, sow, and cover the nutrient soil after sowing. Before sowing seedlings in dry land, water should be poured into the soil at the bottom of seedbed and tray. Continuous cropping early rice and some single cropping rice seedlings need to be covered with plastic film for heat preservation. Uncover the film, fertilize and water in time. Generally, the seedling age is 20 ~ 30 days, and it is applied when the leaves are 4 ~ 5 years old.
Second, rice seedless seedling raising technology. A. choose the right model. There are two main types of dry-breeding nannies, one is seedling throwing type and the other is transplanting type. Seedling throwing technology should choose seedling throwing type. B. determine the dose. Dry nurse 350 grams of coated rice seeds 1 ~ 1.2 kg ... C. General Tongtianbao soaking seeds. Soak the seeds with 2000mg/kg rice ton Tianbao (30ml water15kg). Before sowing, the rice seeds were soaked in 2000mg/kg rice ton Tianbao aqueous solution (30ml water 15kg) for 8 hours, and then soaked at low temperature for12 hours, and then the rice seeds were taken out and drained. D. apply bactericide. Pour the coating agent (bactericide) into a round-bottomed container such as a washbasin, then slowly add the soaked rice seeds into the washbasin for roll coating, and stir while adding the seeds until the coating agent is completely wrapped on the seeds. E. water the soles of your feet. The bottom water of seedbed should be fully drained to make the water content of 0 ~ 10 cm soil layer of seedbed saturated. F. evenly sow. Seeding by throwing seedlings without tray must be even, so that the size of mud balls carried by seedlings is relatively consistent, and the seedling rate by throwing seedlings can be improved. G, covering fine soil after sowing. After sowing, the seedbed should be covered with fine soil, then watered with a watering can, and then sprayed with special herbicides for dry seedling raising fields. H, film covering, heat preservation and moisture retention. In order to ensure that the seedlings are neat, uniform and strong, the film should be covered after sowing, and the film should be gradually uncovered after the seedlings are neat, and the water should be replenished at one time. One, the afternoon before pulling out seedlings, we should pour enough water into the seedlings without disc throwing and soak the soil once to ensure that the roots of seedlings carry cement-absorbing balls when pulling out seedlings. J other management is based on conventional management of dry seedling raising. Note: If it is too late to soak seeds in tons of fields before sowing, they can be sprayed on two leaves at the heart stage of 1, and the concentration is 30 ml of water 15 kg, which is the number of seedlings used for spraying 1 mu.
③ Seedling throwing density. Ensure reasonable basic seedlings and improve the quality of throwing and planting. Honda's intensive cultivation requires that the height difference of the field surface should not exceed 3 cm, and seedlings should be thrown at the right time according to the weather and seedlings, and the directional point throwing should be advocated to throw enough basic seedlings to improve the uniformity. In southern rice areas, about 30,000 holes are planted per mu for early rice and late rice, and 6,543.8+0.6 million ~ 6,543.8+0.8 million holes and 40,000 ~ 50,000 basic seedlings are planted per mu for hybrid medium rice. Conventional japonica rice throws1.8,000 ~ 20,000 holes and 60,000 ~ 80,000 basic seedlings per mu. The yield per mu1.8,000 ~ 20,000 holes in the northern rice area, with 50,000 ~ 60,000 basic seedlings. Leave a working ditch with a width of 30 cm in the field every 3 ~ 5 meters. After throwing, keep the shallow water layer and promote the tillering of living trees.
④ Fertilizer and water management. According to the characteristics of short seedling stage, early living trees, quick leaf emergence and early tillering after rice seedling throwing, the balanced fertilization technology of moving first and then applying nitrogen was adopted, and the ratio of basal tiller fertilizer to panicle fertilizer was generally 6 ∶ 4 ~ 5 ∶ 5. Field water management adopts the methods of wetting living trees, shallow water tillering, early sun tillering control and intermittent irrigation from booting stage to heading stage.
⑤ Prevention and control of diseases, weeds and pests. According to the occurrence law of rice diseases and insect pests, comprehensive control is carried out to effectively control the harm of diseases and insect pests.
⑥ Chemical control measures. First, before sowing, soak the seeds with 2000 mg/kg universal rice Tongtianbao (30 ml water 15 kg) to accelerate germination; Second, spraying universal rice Tongtianbao on the leaves at jointing stage, and spraying 30ml of rice Tongtianbao on 1 5kg water and1mu land; 3. During the filling stage (full heading stage), the leaves were sprayed with universal rice Tongtianbao, 30 ml of rice Tongtianbao, and 15 kg of water, 1 mu of land.
Matters needing attention: Choose suitable seedling age to throw seedlings, and improve the uniformity of throwing seedlings.
Applicable areas: mainly used in different seasons in southern rice areas and areas where machine transplanting has not been popularized.
(3) Rice transplanting. The technical points are as follows:
(1) pot seedling tray preparation and sowing. A. variety selection. Select high-quality, high-yield, disease-resistant, tillering ability of the ear-biased heavy varieties. Seedbed preparation. Greenhouse should be used to raise seedlings in northeast China. Prepare the seedbed before sowing 1 week, so that the soil of the seedbed is fine and flat, and there are no stubble and sundries on the bed surface. The effective width of seedbed is consistent with the combined width of seedling tray. For greenhouse dry land seedling raising, a small ridge (flat ridge) 5 cm high can be built around the seedbed. C. selection of pot seedling tray and preparation of nutrient soil. Generally, 352-hole pot seedling tray (seedling throwing tray) is selected in Northeast China, with 36 ~ 43 trays per mu of paddy field (determined by emergence rate and transplanting density), and each tray uses about 2 kg of nutrient soil. Nutritious soil, fertile dry land soil and decomposed pig manure are mixed and piled up according to the ratio of 7: 3, sieved before sowing, and properly mixed with seedling strengthening agent before use. Seed treatment. Sun-dry the seeds for 3 days before sowing, select them with 9% ~ 10% salt water or yellow mud water, take out the chaff, and soak them in Spock for disinfection after cleaning (water temperature 15 ~ 16℃, soaking for 5 ~ 7 days); Accelerate germination after seed soaking, and sow when the bud grows to1~ 2 mm e. Before sowing, the bed soil should be watered through the bottom, and the bottom of the pot hole should be in close contact with the bed surface, without leaving gaps. Before sowing, put the nutrient soil into 2/3 of the hole of the pot seedling tray, scrape off the excess nutrient soil, and lightly water it with a fine-eye watering can. After the nutrient soil has settled, it can be spread out. Sow with a seeder or by hand, with 2 ~ 4 seeds per hole. Then, cover the soil by 0.5 cm, and finally seal the grass and cover it with plastic film.
(2) Seedling management, cultivating strong seedlings. One is to prevent greenhouse temperature from being too high to cultivate weak seedlings, the other is to prevent low temperature and water shortage from cultivating young and old seedlings, and the third is to prevent seedlings from dying due to drastic temperature changes. A. seedling age. The seedling age is generally 35 ~ 40 days, and 4.5 leaves are produced, with an average of 1 tiller. B. temperature control. The suitable temperature for different growth stages of seedlings is different. The temperature from sowing to emergence is low, and the greenhouse is mainly sealed and insulated. When the phenomenon of "top cover" appears during seedling emergence, the pressed soil should be broken, lightly poured and covered in time. After all the seedlings are together, put down the plastic film. The seedling stage 1 leaf center stage 1 temperature is controlled at about 25℃, and the plant height is 4.5 ~ 5.5 cm. The core temperature of 1 was controlled at 20 ~ 25℃, and the plant height was 7.5 ~ 8.5 cm. 1 the temperature of three leaves in the heart stage was controlled at 20℃, and the seedling height was 12.5 ~ 13.5 cm. C. water management. Water management needs water shortage and replenishment, especially after 2.5 leaves. Because of the poor drought resistance of potted seedlings, attention should be paid to watering. When dew at seedling tip decreases in the morning or leaves roll at noon, water them in time in the morning and evening to prevent seedlings from dying due to high temperature. Water should be sprayed back and forth slowly, so as not to overflow. At seedling stage 1 leaves 1 start ventilation exercise at heart stage to promote downward control. Generally, ventilation is started at 9: 00 ~ 10: 00 on sunny days, and the film is closed for heat preservation at 14: 00 ~ 15: 00. Ventilation time and ventilation volume should be determined according to temperature. When the temperature is low, the ventilation time and ventilation volume should be reduced. Pay attention to the downwind side of the vent first, open the vent slowly, and gradually increase the ventilation volume at a time. When the temperature is high in the late stage of seedling raising, it should be ventilated from both sides at the same time, and the greenhouse film can be ventilated day and night 3 ~ 5 days before transplanting. Disease prevention and control. In order to prevent the temperature from changing rapidly, bacterial wilt and damping-off should be the main preventive measures. At the seedling stage of 1.5 ~ 2.5, spraying transplanting spirit, fattening spirit or Kangkujing to prevent bacterial wilt and damping-off disease or combining with watering, spraying acidified water with pH of 1 ~ 3 times to prevent damping-off disease, and then washing with clear water. Fertilizer management. After the third leaf stage of seedlings, if the leaves are generally green and yellow, ammonium sulfate can be used to spray water on the leaves, and water should be poured after spraying fertilizer to prevent the seedlings from being burned.
③ Soil preparation and base fertilizer application. Apply farmyard manure 1500 kg per mu before turning the land (applied every other year). Generally, the fertilizer is 6.7 ~ 10 kg of diammonium phosphate, 6.7 ~ 10 kg of potassium sulfate and 6.7 ~ 20 kg of urea/kloc-0 per mu. Before harrowing, apply 3.35 ~ 5 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.7 ~ 2.5 kg of 65438+ diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer. Urea 1 1 ~ 13kg, diammonium phosphate 3.25 ~ 4.9kg as tiller fertilizer, urea 5.7 ~ 7kg, diammonium phosphate 1.75 ~ 2.6kg as ear fertilizer, and the rest 3.35 ~ 5kg as ear fertilizer. Advocate autumn ploughing and spring ploughing, use dry harrow or rotary tillage, and then irrigate for water harrow. Potted floppy disks are cultivated with soil, and the soil preparation requires that the field be flat and rotten, with a height of no more than inches (3.3 cm) and no dew. Adjust the seedling density according to the characteristics of regions and varieties.
④ Appropriate sparse planting: row spacing is 30 cm, plant spacing is 15 ~ 22 cm, per mu10,000 ~15,000 holes, each hole 15 ~ 22 holes. The first and second accumulated temperature zones in Heilongjiang can be planted thinly, about 0/5 holes per square meter, and the density of the third accumulated temperature zone can be increased appropriately, with 0/8 ~ 22 holes per square meter. The seedlings should be placed at the same depth, with a pot for each hole, with a depth of 1 ~ 2 cm, to ensure that the rows are straight, the holes are flat and the roots are not nested.
⑤ Honda management: The control technology of fertilizer, water, diseases, insects and weeds in Honda after rice planting is basically the same as the high-yield cultivation management of hand transplanting and machine transplanting. High-yield cultivation and management techniques consistent with hand transplanting and machine transplanting can be adopted.
⑥ Chemical control measures: First, before sowing, soak the seeds with 2000mg/kg universal rice Tongtianbao (30ml water 15kg) to accelerate germination; 2. Spraying universal rice ton Tianbao on the leaves at jointing stage, and spraying 30ml rice ton Tianbao per mu15kg of water; 3. At the filling stage (full heading stage), spraying universal rice tons of Tianbao on the leaves, and spraying 30 ml of rice tons of Tianbao with 15 kg of water per mu.
Note: control the sowing amount of 2 ~ 4 seeds per hole. Cultivate dry and robust seedlings and plant them in a reasonable way. Suitable areas: Rice seedling placement is suitable for application in northeast rice area, north rice area and south single cropping rice area.