First, the number of kiln mouths is unprecedented.
Ceramic scholars divide Song porcelain into eight kiln systems, namely Ding kiln system, Yao kiln system, Jun kiln system and China northern magnetic kiln system. Yueyao system, Longquan kiln system, Jingdezhen celadon kiln system (Raozhou kiln system) and Jian Yao system in southern China. In fact, there should also be a "official kiln system", which can be collectively called "Song porcelain nine kiln system". The "cylinder tile kiln system" in Liao country should also be included in the Song porcelain kiln system. Some scholars have listed "Jizhou Kiln System" and so on. Among the nine kiln systems, there are at least 100 kiln mouths.
As we all know, among the nine kiln systems, the "Yue kiln system" ended in the early Southern Song Dynasty, and other kiln systems were still burning in the early Yuan Dynasty, but the quality decreased obviously. In the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, the system of building and fixing kilns withdrew from the historical stage, and other kiln systems basically declined. Only the Jingdezhen kiln system, especially the blue-and-white porcelain that inherited the blue-and-white craft of the Tang and Song Dynasties, is unparalleled in the world. Since then, the era of "a hundred porcelain kilns in the North and South in the Song Dynasty" has become a historical freeze.
In fact, there are still a large number of "kiln mouths" that cannot enter the existing "kiln system", such as Xing kiln, Wu kiln, Ou kiln and Yixing kiln. Moreover, even the "kiln mouth" included in a "kiln system" has its own characteristics and even the complexity of its connotation. For this reason, in recent years, some scholars have put forward different opinions on the theory of "kiln system".
The oval pillow fishing map of the black-flowered boy in the Northern Song Dynasty in the Hebei Provincial Museum.
I think, as far as Yaokou is concerned, "letting a hundred flowers blossom" is the great beauty, and "outshining others" is the expression of cultural weakness. Therefore, as far as the history of China porcelain is concerned, it is not an empty talk that the kiln mouth of the porcelain industry in Song Dynasty is unprecedented.
Second, a large number of famous kilns reached their peak.
In the Song Dynasty, there were not only many kilns, but also many famous kilns, each with its own advantages.
The positioning of famous kilns in the Song Dynasty began with Xuande Puyi in the Ming Dynasty: "Neiku Chai Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln, Ding Kiln Ware, those with elegant styles, write drawings and submit them." This record became the source of "Five Famous Kilns in the Song Dynasty" (Chai Kiln was listed as a famous kiln in the Five Dynasties). It can be seen that the Ming people's evaluation of the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty is based on whether the kilns entered the DPRK or not.
At present, the archaeological community has confirmed the kiln sites such as Ru kiln, Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, Jun kiln and Ding kiln, and scholars in Ming Dynasty considered them to be the "five famous kilns" in Song Dynasty, but the "official kiln" in Northern Song Dynasty has not been discovered, and the identity of "Ge kiln" has not yet been determined.
The recent discovery of Yingouyao site group in Fuping, Shaanxi Province provides important information for the discovery of Dingzhou kiln and firewood kiln. There are 365,438+08 kiln sites in this kiln site group, and the unearthed specimens include celadon, black porcelain, white porcelain and celadon. From the analysis of porcelain composition, kiln workers have mastered the binary and above formula technology of tires and glazes, which is nearly 300 years earlier than the similar technology in Jingdezhen, among which white porcelain and blue and white porcelain technology occupy the highest level.
In fact, Yaozhou Kiln, Yueyao Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Hutian Kiln, Jian Yao Kiln, Jizhou Kiln, Gangwa Kiln in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, Lingwu Kiln in Ningxia, etc., which one can't be among the "famous kilns" in terms of exquisite porcelain unearthed and cultural influence? !
The reason why the "famous kiln" in the Song Dynasty is called "famous kiln" mainly depends on several aspects: first, the evaluation criteria of the Ming Dynasty, that is, whether its utensils can enter the tribute court; The second is whether it has a pioneering position and advanced technology, thus becoming the leader and nominator of "kiln system"; The third is to look at its influence and radiation in production and market. Take the "Nine Kilns System" in the Northern Song Dynasty as an example;
1, official kiln system: Northern Song Dynasty official kiln, Ru (official) kiln, Southern Song Dynasty Xiuneisi official kiln and Jiaotan Xiaguan kiln, Ge kiln, etc.
2. Kiln fixing system: Kiln fixing in Quyang, Hebei; Shaanxi Pingding Kiln; Yuxian kiln, Yangcheng kiln and Jiexiu kiln in Shanxi; Sichuan Pengxian kiln, etc.
3. Jun Kiln System: Jun Kiln in Yuxian County, Henan Province, Donggou Kiln in Linru County, Henan Province, followed by Yijun, Guang Jun and Yaojun Kilns.
4. Yaozhou Kiln System: Yaozhou Kiln in Tongchuan, Shaanxi; Henan Linru Kiln, Yiyang Kiln, Baofeng Kiln, Xin 'an Chengguan Kiln and Neixiang Dayaodian Kiln; Guangzhou Xizhou Kiln; Yongfu kiln in Guangxi, etc.
5. Cizhou Kiln System: Guantai Cizhou Kiln in Cixian County, Hebei Province, and Dangyangyu Kiln in Xiuwu; Henan Hebi kiln, Baofeng Qingliu kiln, Yuxian Bacun kiln, Anyang Tianxi town kiln, Mixian kiln and Dengfeng Quhe kiln; Shanxi Pingding Kiln, Yulin Kiln and Jiexiu Kiln; Jizhou Kiln, Ji 'an, Jiangxi; Shandong Dezhou Kiln; Anhui Baitu Town Kiln, etc.
6. Jingdezhen Kiln System: Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, and Bai Sheyao in Nanfeng; Kejiachong Kiln, Fanchang, Anhui; Jinkou Kiln, Wuchang, Hubei; Jizhou Kiln, Ji 'an, Jiangxi; Guangdong Chaoan Kiln; Fujian Dehua Kiln, Quanzhou Wanyao Township Kiln, Anxi Kiln, Tongan Kiln, Nan 'an Kiln, etc.
7. Longquan kiln system: Longquan kiln in Zhejiang and Longquan kiln in Qingyuan, Suichang, Yunhe and other counties; Yonghe Kiln in Ji 'an, Jiangxi (Jizhou Kiln), Wanyao Township Kiln in Quanzhou, etc.
Five bottles of green glaze carved from Longquan kiln in Wenzhou Museum
8. Kiln site construction department: kiln site construction in Jianyang City, Fujian Province; Jiangxi Jizhou Kiln; Linfen kiln in Shanxi.
9. Yueyao series: mainly distributed in Shanglin Lake, Yuyao. It was used as a "tribute kiln" in the Song Dynasty, but it stopped burning after the early Southern Song Dynasty.
The Palace Museum collects the green glazed melon-ridge pot in Yueyao kiln.
Third, the maturity of the official kiln benefits the north and the south.
Song Dynasty is the mature period of official kiln system in China. The author once wrote that the official kiln system in China can be traced back to the Southern Dynasties at least. However, the "official kiln" or "inner kiln" specially designed for the court was still known in the Song Dynasty.
Just as Gu, a Southern Song Dynasty man, said in "Miscellanies of Negative Metaphysics": "The imperial kiln was built by the capital in the period. When Zhongxing crossed the river, Shao started the back garden and named it Shao Bureau, which cracked down on the old legacy system, built kilns internally, made celadon and named it' inner kiln' ... Don't build new kilns under the altar in the back suburbs. " When Ye Jian, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, talked about "repairing the official kiln of the internal department" in Tan Zhai Bi Heng, he also said that it was "attacking the Beijing legacy system".
What the Song people said above shows that there was indeed an "official kiln" in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it is a pity that no kiln site has been found so far. After Song Gaozong made its capital in Lin 'an, it was ordered to set up Shi Jing Imperial Kiln, which was originally "Imperial Kiln in Inner Division" and later "Imperial Kiln under Suburb Altar". The former is the Tiger Cave Kiln in Fenghuangshan, Hangzhou, which has been excavated since 1998. The latter was discovered in Wugui Mountain in the southern suburbs of Hangzhou as early as the early 20th century, and was excavated in 1950s. It is now protected and displayed by the Imperial Kiln Museum in the Southern Song Dynasty.
With regard to the restoration of the official kiln wares of the Office of the Interior, Cao Zhao said in "On Ge Gu Yao" in the early Ming Dynasty: "The official kiln wares fired by the Office of the Interior in the Song Dynasty have fine soil patterns, alternating green and pink, different shades, crab claw patterns, purple mouth and iron feet, and good colors are similar to those of Ru kiln. There is black mud called' black mud kiln', and the fake ones are all burned by Longquan without particles. "
The ancients clearly said that there were also "Ru kilns" in the Northern Song Dynasty belonging to the "official kilns" series. Hui Zhou, a native of Southern Song Dynasty, said in Qingbo magazine: "Burning is forbidden in Ruyao Palace, and agate is used as glaze. Only the royal family can pick it up and sell it. It is particularly rare recently. "
Green glaze plate of Ru kiln in Song Dynasty collected in Palace Museum
Lu You, a poet in the Song Dynasty, also said in Notes on the Old Learning Temple: "Therefore, when Jingshi decided not to help (kiln), only you (kiln) were used to make the (kiln) have a awn." Ye Jian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, also held the same view in Tan Zhai Bi Heng, and he also described the relationship between Ru kilns and official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty: "The white porcelain in Dingzhou was too strong to be used, so he ordered Ruzhou to make celadon. There are Tang, Deng and Yaozhou in Hebei, and Ruyao is the most famous. Longquan kiln in Jiangnan is quite thick. Between politics and politics, Beijing built its own kiln and named it' official kiln'. " As the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty, the location of Ru kiln has been unknown for a long time. From 65438 to 0986, Mr. Wang got information from comrades in Henan Baofeng Porcelain Factory, and finally found the location of Ru kiln in Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng County, Henan Province. Later, Mr. Zhao Qingyun presided over many archaeological excavations of the kiln site and achieved fruitful results.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, "Bianjing Official Kiln" and "Ru (Official Kiln)" were lost in Tokyo, and their high-tech porcelain workers should go south to Lin 'an to participate in the construction and production of Neisi and Jiaotan Official Kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty. This point has been confirmed by the excavation data of the official kiln site in the Southern Song Dynasty in Laohudong.
Dapinggong Museum in Songguan Kiln
The technology of official kiln in Song Dynasty also influenced the technological innovation of "Geyao" and Longquan kiln. As people said in the early Southern Song Dynasty, "Longquan Kiln in Chuzhou in the south of the Yangtze River was quite thick" in the Northern Song Dynasty, but in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, Longquan Kiln used lime-alkali glaze to produce amazing pink and plum glazes, and black-tire celadon was very similar to the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty in terms of technological characteristics. Ancient ceramics scholars also believe that Longquan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty was really influenced by the thin tire and thick glaze technology of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, and reached the peak of its skills.
Lin 'an Imperial Kiln has a close relationship with Ge Kiln in Southern Song Dynasty. Whether the real "Ge Kiln" is in Hangzhou or Longquan County, it is inseparable from the inheritance relationship with the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, there is a saying in ancient ceramics that "officials and brothers are not divided."
The name of "Ge Kiln" comes from the Yuan Dynasty and was originally called "Ge Dong Kiln". Kong Qi's Zhi, published in the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty, said: "When Yi Wei (1355) was in Hangzhou in winter, the kiln owner in the city was Xiang Ding. Although the quality is good and new, its color is as bright as the old one, and people who know it are hesitant. Wang Deweng, who met Jingxi, also said,' Brother Kiln is definitely an ancient official kiln recently, so we should distinguish it carefully.' In the Ming Dynasty, Cao Zhao's On Gegu also said, "When my brother came out of the kiln, he was blue in color, with different shades, and he also had a purple mouth with iron feet. Those with good color are rare today. Crowds of people were newly burned at the end of Yuan Dynasty, with rough and dry soil veins and bad color. "In the early Ming Dynasty, Xuande Ding said that" Ge Kiln "was found in" Neiku "and was judged as Song porcelain. Gao Lian, a member of Amin Dynasty, also said in "Respecting the Sacred Eight Gui": "The official kiln and the old kiln have the same quality and the same rate."
Song Ge Kiln Bottles Collected in the Palace Museum
As can be seen from the above, at least in the Yuan Dynasty, "Ge Kiln" was listed as the official kiln of the Song Dynasty, and there were two kinds, old and new. Moreover, even the new burners are "absolute ancient official kilns", and "no distinction between officials and brothers" was actually established as early as the Yuan Dynasty.
As for the real Ge Kiln, where is it? Gao Lian, an Amin scholar, said that the Eight Hearts of Honouring the Holy Spirit were at the foot of the Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, while Seven Manuscripts and Zhejiang Tongzhi, which were also written in the Ming Dynasty, said that they were in Longquan. However, based on a comprehensive analysis of the historical data of Geer Cave in Yuan Dynasty and Gao Lian's statement in Ming Dynasty, it is generally believed that Geer Cave originated in Hangzhou. Two kilns, Brother Kiln and Brother Kiln, which began in Longquan a hundred years ago, coexist, and there are many collateral and legendary elements.
Therefore, there are Yuan Dynasty artifacts in the site of Tiger Cave Kiln in Hangzhou. Whether it is related to "Brother Cave Kiln" is worth paying attention to in the future.
Fourth, export ceramics all over the world.
The export of China porcelain began at least in the Southern Dynasties. The Tang Dynasty has become a major export product of China. However, it was not until the Song Dynasty that porcelain completely replaced the position of silk export, thus becoming the most important export product of China. There are four pieces of evidence in this regard:
First of all, many countries in the world have Song Dynasty porcelain. For example, Japan, North Korea and South Korea in East Asia, countries in Southeast Asia, India and Sri Lanka in South Asia, Iran in Central Asia and even the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia, and coastal countries in North Africa and East Africa. The documents of Song Dynasty, such as Ketan, Zhu Fanshi and Manchu Dynasty, also recorded the export of Song porcelain in detail.
Secondly, China's ceramic technology profoundly influenced the production of porcelain industry in many countries in the world during this period. For example, the Korean celadon technology on the Korean peninsula comes from the Ruguan kiln in China; Seto Kiln in Japan was also influenced by China ceramic technology, which led to the birth of Japanese ceramic industry. Egyptian Fatima Dynasty (966- 1 17 1) began to imitate China porcelain; Iranian and Iraqi Islamic ceramics also tend to imitate China ceramics.
Thirdly, the export of porcelain won China a new international name-China in the western world.