The construction site of foreign aid projects is overseas, and the owners, contractors, design units and supervision units are all domestic enterprises. The implementation of the project is closely related to the politics, economy, diplomacy and society of the recipient country. In today's market economy, foreign aid projects have also introduced the project bidding system. At the same time, because foreign aid projects belong to government investment, there are certain policies. Foreign aid projects not only reflect the market but also have a certain political color, which makes the construction supervision of foreign aid projects different from domestic projects and international projects. On the basis of briefly introducing the present situation of foreign aid project construction supervision, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the current foreign aid project construction supervision, and advances some corresponding countermeasures.
First, the current situation of foreign aid project construction supervision
1988 in order to meet the needs of the reform of the foreign aid system, the construction supervision system is implemented for foreign aid projects, and the project quality, progress and investment are fully controlled in the whole process of project implementation by contracting enterprises. Practice has proved that the supervision system has improved the quality management level of foreign aid projects and achieved good results. At present, the government has issued some documents to strengthen the supervision and management of foreign aid projects. For example, 19971February 15 promulgated the "measures for the implementation of foreign aid project construction supervision". The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation [1999] 188 has made specific provisions on the qualifications, responsibilities, authority, rewards and punishments of foreign aid project supervision. These documents have played a good management role in the implementation process, but some problems have also been exposed in practice.
Second, the problems existing in the construction supervision of foreign aid projects
1. The overseas accommodation and transportation expenses of the supervisors are included in the contract price of the construction package, so it is difficult to guarantee the independence and impartiality of the supervisors. This paper is transferred from the current foreign aid management system of project managers' alliance. The total contract price of the construction contractor includes the accommodation and transportation expenses of the supervisors, who live abroad with the project team. Although the supervisor's accommodation and other expenses are paid separately by the owner, they have been included in the total construction contract price. After the construction unit gets the money, it will invisibly think that the supervision fee is "a piece of cake" in their bowl. Moreover, supervisors live with the project team, which not only facilitates the management and close relationship between supervisors and construction units, but also sets obstacles for supervisors to enforce the law fairly.
2. The supervision cost is low, and it is difficult to ensure the high quality of foreign aid project construction supervision.
According to the document [2000] 169, there are two ways to charge for the construction supervision of foreign aid projects in foreign trade and economic development. One is the personnel fee collection method, which is suitable for the situation that the investment is less than 50 million yuan, the number of construction supervision engineers stationed at the site is less than 3 or the investment is more than 50 million yuan, and the number of construction supervision engineers stationed at the site is less than 3; The second is the rate charging method, which is applicable to the situation that the investment is less than 50 million yuan, the number of construction supervision engineers stationed at the site is less than 3 or the investment is more than 50 million yuan, and the number of construction supervision engineers stationed at the site is not less than 3. At the same time, it is stipulated that the projects charged by personnel fees are not affected by any other factors except temporary increase of personnel and the actual working period abroad exceeding the planned construction period for more than two months. The project supervision fee charged by the rate method shall be used by the construction supervision unit at one time, and shall be responsible for its own profits and losses, and shall not be affected by other factors such as additional personnel and the actual construction period exceeding the planned construction period.
According to the provisions of this document, the economic income of a project supervision unit can be calculated. For the project with a total project price of 100000 yuan, the construction period is10 month, and two senior engineers are dispatched, and the supervision cost is about 200000 yuan. In addition to paying the necessary expenses of the supervision engineer, such as foreign salary of 600 dollars/month, subsidies for hard areas, international travel expenses, personal insurance premiums and domestic travel expenses, the supervision unit can only get a technical service subsidy of 5,000 yuan/person/month. In addition, the dispatched personnel also need to participate in the basic three insurances in China, about 1 1,000 yuan/person-month, and the domestic supervision company also needs to be equipped with necessary logistics service personnel, which means that if the project goes smoothly, the domestic supervision company can get the highest profit of 80,000 yuan. If the project is delayed for less than two months due to various factors, the supervision unit can't make up the money, and the supervision unit still needs to pay the foreign salary of the supervision engineer and the subsidy of 800 US dollars/person-month, leaving only a profit of 60,000 yuan. From the above calculation, it can be seen that the supervision unit has almost no profit except for personnel expenses, and most foreign aid projects are in foreign countries with difficult conditions. At the same time, foreign aid projects are very important in national diplomacy, and the dispatched supervision engineers require higher qualifications, which makes it difficult for supervision units to hire high-level supervision engineers and select truly competent personnel to carry out the glorious mission of foreign aid projects.
3. Supervisors have no testing tools, so they can't control the testing cost and ensure the completion of the project quality control task.
At present, the construction supervision of many foreign aid projects is not equipped with any testing tools, and when testing is needed in the project, the construction unit has to pay the fees. In addition, most foreign aid projects are in backward countries, so quality inspection itself is more difficult, and there are often cases of non-inspection, which seriously affects the quality control of projects.
4. The information of the supervisor is invalid, which affects the efficiency of supervision.
The limited supervisors of foreign aid projects are thousands of miles away, so it can be said that real all-round supervisors are rare. When supervisors encounter problems abroad, they must ask for instructions from relevant domestic units before making a decision, and information exchange has become an important issue. At present, some supervisors don't have basic communication tools such as international telephone, laptop and Internet, not to mention the construction project supervision information system to collect, process, store, transmit, analyze and apply supervision information.
5. Supervision responsibility is not insured, and the behavior of supervisors can not be effectively restricted.
At present, the supervision units engaged in foreign aid projects have not implemented supervision liability insurance. The supervisor is alone overseas and manages the project quality, progress and investment on behalf of the project owner. Once the supervision unit has a problem, it can only be "punished". Facts have proved that many supervisors can't play their due role in the project, but help contractors cheat and muddle through.
6. The role of supervision is limited, which affects the actual effect of project management.
At present, the construction supervision engineer of foreign aid projects only plays the role of "quality inspector", which has little effect on controlling the progress and cost of the project. The reason is that the supervision company does not understand the decision-making and design of the project. If the supervision unit intervened earlier, the problems in the construction stage of the project may be greatly reduced.
Three. Countermeasures and suggestions
1. Drawing lessons from the practice of international project contracting, the owner directly pays the overseas accommodation, transportation and other expenses of the supervisors.
The accommodation and transportation expenses of supervisors abroad will be deducted from the total contract price of the construction contractor and paid directly to the supervision unit. At the same time, supervisors are required not to occupy any vehicles, communication tools and living facilities of the construction unit in the process of project construction, so as to clear the way for the supervision engineer to enforce the law impartially and independently.
2. Considering the characteristics of foreign aid projects, appropriately increase the supervision fees of foreign aid projects.
The design fee for foreign aid projects is increased by 15%-20% on the basis of domestic fees, and the supervision fee for the same engineering consulting category is also increased by this ratio (15%-20%). For projects with more foreigners, the management fee of the supervision unit should be appropriately increased.
3. Increase the total cost of testing and give the supervision unit more financial power.
In order to ensure the quality of the project, the engineering construction supervision unit should be equipped with necessary testing equipment and tools, and can not rely solely on the engineer's eyesight and experience for testing. If the supervision engineer thinks it is necessary, with the consent of the owner, the supervision engineer should be allowed to equip some testing tools or reimburse the actual testing expenses.
4. Improve the level of software and hardware, and make great efforts to solve the information management problems of supervision units.
Equip supervisors with basic communication tools such as international telephone, notebook computer and Internet, vigorously promote the construction of engineering supervision information system, and collect and process supervision information in time. If the supervision engineer can strengthen this work, the project management will reach a new height.
5. Actively promote supervision liability insurance and strengthen supervision responsibility consciousness.
In the process of project implementation, supervision units and supervision engineers are faced with many risks such as quality defects and time delay. In addition to punishing contractors, owners generally have to investigate the responsibilities of supervisors, ranging from rectification within a time limit to fines. The supervision engineer's dereliction of duty leads to major quality accidents, and may even have his qualification certificate revoked. According to international practice, supervision companies should require owners to take out professional liability insurance on their behalf, which can not only effectively protect the interests of owners and supervision companies, but also meet the needs of supervision companies to undertake international contracted projects and integrate with international management.
6. The supervision work extends to both ends, and the supervision company should actively transform into a project management company.
Foreign aid projects are government projects. With the transformation of government functions, we should vigorously promote the whole process and all-round project management of foreign aid projects and encourage qualified supervision enterprises to transform into project management companies. Advocate project supervision to intervene in the decision-making stage, implement the whole project supervision, and strive to improve the project management level.
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