For example, Cantonese is our common language and Mandarin is our official language.
India is Hindi and English, etc.
Like me, I've been learning Mandarin since the first grade, and I've been exposed to a lot, okay?
Question 2: What was the official language in ancient times? Yayan Han nationality was originally named Huaxia nationality. The name Huaxia has a profound meaning. Simply put, China is the beauty of clothes; Summer is the peak of etiquette. The elegant word is Xia Yan.
The ancients of our country attached great importance to the unity of dialects in various places, so "Ya Yan" appeared. "CiHai? The article Yayan says: "Yayan, which is called" * * * homonym "in ancient times, is symmetrical with" dialect ". Kong said in Wen: "Speak plainly and talk right." . "Yayan" is the earliest ancient lingua franca in China, which is equivalent to Mandarin now.
According to historical records, the earliest "elegant speech" in China was based on the local language of the Zhou Dynasty, and the language around Fenghao, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty (now northwest of Xi 'an) was the national elegant speech at that time. Confucius gave lectures in Shandong, and his 3,000 disciples came from all directions. Confucius lectures with elegant words. The Analects of Confucius? "Seven Books" says: "As Confucius said, poetry, books and rituals are all elegant."
Erya is the earliest book to explain the meaning of words in China, and it is also a dictionary in ancient China. Erya is also one of the Confucian classics, which is included in the Thirteen Classics. Among them, "er" means almost right; "Ya" means "Ya Yan", which is the official standard language of a certain era. "Erya" is to make the language close to the official language. Erya is a work for later generations to study ancient words.
Its author has always had different views. Some think it was made by Confucius' disciples, others think it was made by the Duke of Zhou, and it was obtained by later generations. Most of the descendants think that it was done by people in the Qin and Han Dynasties. After being passed down from generation to generation, each has its own income, which was processed in the Western Han Dynasty.
In ancient times, the piano sound of Kansai was called Yayan and was used as a national language. In addition to the inevitable need of the dynasty to unify the whole country, its intonation also has the meaning of elegance, elegance, elegance and elegance. Beautiful and beautiful, it should become a national voice, and everyone should learn it. Teaching piano to be elegant is an arty fashion. The Book of Songs says, "Without Feng Shang Wang, it is indecent, and elegant people follow Zhou." , "The Analects of Confucius parallel branch? Shi Yayan said, "A master should recite poems, read books and salute correctly." To this end, the dynasty regularly convened the extension personnel of various vassal countries to teach the model of language and pronunciation, and unified the standards of commonly used words and pronunciation in order to "achieve their aspirations and understand their desires." "
The history of Yayan in the Central Plains has reached 1500 years. After the Zhou Dynasty, with the migration of the capital, the basic dialect of Yayan was revised, and the orthodox Han Dynasty spared no effort to popularize Yayan. Elegant speech reached its peak in the Tang and Song Dynasties, reaching a word, and a large number of works of Tang poetry and Song poetry emerged, and neighboring countries rushed to learn elegant speech from the Central Plains. Sui dynasty
Qieyun is a rhyme book written by Lu Fayan in Sui Dynasty. Qieyun is the inheritance and summary of previous rhymes, the basis of the evolution of traditional rhymes in later generations, and an epoch-making work in the history of rhymes. The original work has not been handed down. What we can see now is only the original book (biography) fragments and some updated versions of the Tang Dynasty manuscript "Qieyun" unearthed in Dunhuang (see the Sound of Qieyun).
the Tang Dynasty
Tang Yun This is a supplementary edition of Qieyun. Sun Yixun lived for about 20 years during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (732). Because it was named "Tang Yun", it was dedicated to the imperial court, and it was a private work, but it had the nature of an official book, and it was more famous than Wang Ren D's "Filling a vacancy by mistake" published earlier.
Song dynasty
Guang Yun, Ji Yun, Lue, etc.
The full name "Rebuilding Guang Yun in the Great Song Dynasty" is a rhyme book revised by Chen Pengnian and others according to the previous rhyme book in the first year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008). It is the first official rhyme book in ancient China. Guang Yun inherits the phonological features of Qieyun and Tangyun, and is a comprehensive rhyming book since the Han and Wei Dynasties, which occupies an important position in the study of ancient sounds.
"Guang Yun ***5 volumes, with a total of 206 rhymes, of which 57 rhymes are flat and even (28 rhymes on the top and 29 rhymes on the bottom), 55 rhymes on the top, 60 rhymes on the bottom and 34 rhymes on the top. Every rhyme in every tone has a certain collocation relationship with the corresponding rhyme in other tones. Entering rhyme only matches Yang rhyme with nasal rhyme, not Yin rhyme. In this way, in principle, every rhyme has a four-tone collocation. Each vowel has three tones to match. The sound system is relatively clear.
The number of rhymes in Jiyun is the same as that in Guang Yun. It's just rhyme words, and the order of some rhymes is slightly different from that of the following rhyme notes. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xu et al. had requested to combine the narrow rhyme and the adjacent rhyme in Qieyun into one. In the early years of Song Jing V, Jia Changchao also called for "three narrow rhymes, which should be used by scholars" ...
Question 3: What is the official language of China? The national languages are the same, that is, the official language is the language used for internal communication, and it is one of the main signs to identify an independent nation.
It's hard to say when the Chinese homophonic sounds came into being, but they existed in Xia, Shang, Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period at the latest. At that time, the national * * * was called "Yayan", which was mainly popular in the Yellow River basin. The language of The Book of Songs is elegance, and there are also some examples in Zuo Zhuan and Mencius to explain dialects with elegance.
The national homophony in Han Dynasty is called "lingua franca", also known as "lingua franca", "lingua franca" or "generic name". Dialect, edited by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty, is the first dialect book in China. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people paid great attention to "pronunciation" when writing poems and articles, so many rhyming books appeared. The appearance of rhyme books and the prevalence of "pronunciation" have objectively played a role in promoting national languages. The national homophony in Yuan Dynasty was called "the universal language in the world", and Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" recorded the national homophony at that time.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China people were called "Mandarin" in the same language. "Mandarin" was first used in officialdom, and later became popular among the people. During the Republic of China, people in China used the same language as "national language". After the founding of New China, the people of China were called "Putonghua" of the same language.
National homophones are formed on the basis of a certain dialect, while Chinese national homophones are formed on the basis of northern dialects.
Question 4: What was the official language of ancient China? The ancient standard Chinese was 19 1 1 years ago.
Ancient written Chinese is called classical Chinese. It can be inferred that the languages of Xia, Shang and Zhou are similar. For example, Shangshu? Is there a "mourning day" in Tang Shi? Here, you're dead! Xia Yan in Mencius and Xia Zhen in Yizhoushu have similar rhyming systems. The language of ancient China people was Xiayan.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the standard Chinese was called elegance. The Analects of Confucius said: "Zi Yan is elegant, and poetry, calligraphy and etiquette are elegant." Confucius traveled around the world, and it was this language that was used to preach and teach, not the dialect of his hometown. Erya is the oldest dictionary in China, which explains elegant words to approach correct pronunciation. "Elegant, in line with the specifications." "Elegant language refers to the standard language prevailing in ancient times." Elegant words come from Xia Yan. There are "elegance" and "elegance" in Confucius' poetics as "big summer" and "little summer"; There is "elegance" in Mozi as "great summer".
According to the Han Dynasty, the standard Chinese at that time was called "Tong Yan", which was recorded in the book "Xuan Shi Jie Other Dialects". It is recorded in Lun Heng that the first step in primary school is reading, and the standard pronunciation is taught, not the local dialect.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the orthodox court of the Han nationality and the Han nationality who moved south brought the elegant language of Luoyang in the Central Plains, also known as "Yin Shi", and the language of local residents in Jinling was called "Wu Yin", also known as "Yin Shu" [2]. Since then, Yayan and Wuyin of the Central Plains have merged in Jinling. Finishing the Jade Articles of Jinling Yayin written by Gu, a scholar in the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, is a combination of Yayin in Luoyang of the Central Plains and Wu dialect in Nanjing [3].
Qieyun in Sui Dynasty is the earliest rhyme book that can be tested today, which represents the standard pronunciation from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, but it is not the capital Chang 'an pronunciation, but the pronunciation and phonology scheme from Charlotte and Jinling. Supplemented by Tang Yun, Guang Yun, Ji Yun, etc., has always been officially recognized as orthodoxy.
Tang Yun praised Andrew in the Tang Dynasty. For example, Li Fu once said that "China is in tune, not as good as the East Capital", and Luoyang "lives in heaven and earth, which is very positive".
Guang Yun in Song Dynasty is a rhyming book revised by Chen Pengnian and others on the basis of early rhyming books such as Qieyun and Tangyun. Pronunciation is not the Kaifeng sound of the capital. Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple says that "the Central Plains is only in Luoyang Heaven and Earth". Voice is the most positive. "
Central Plains Rhyme, edited by Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty, said: "If you want to correct the language, you must live in the voice of the Central Plains." "Is it the voice of the Central Plains from the treatment of gentry, the translation of Mandarin and the teaching of Chinese studies to the management of the people by the court?" . The Central Plains Rhyme collected more Yuan dialects, which played a good guiding role in northern music creation at that time and later.
In the early Ming Dynasty, 65,438+065,438+0 people, such as Yue and Song Lian, compiled the rhyme of Hongwu, "One is based on the elegance of the Central Plains".
Beijing Mandarin is a northern dialect represented by Beijing dialect since the Qing Dynasty. The Qing dynasty * * * stipulated that "juren, trainee, tribute supervisor and boy student, who are not familiar with Mandarin, shall not be sent for trial".
Modern standard Chinese before 1949
Modern standard Chinese written language refers to the typical modern vernacular.
1909 (Xuantongyuan year), the Qing Dynasty * * * established the "Mandarin Editorial Committee" and officially named the Mandarin used at that time as Mandarin. This is the first time that China Standard Language has been officially named.
19 10, the initiator of naming Mandarin as "Mandarin", and a member of the Senior Advisory Committee. Jiang Qian once again put forward the viewpoint of "putting Putonghua and consonants together to achieve a unified effect" in "Notes on Putonghua Education for Several Years". 19 1 1 year, the Ministry of Education held the "Central Education Conference" and adopted the Measures for the Unification of Putonghua. Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the movement of making Mandarin has mainly determined the formulation of standard pronunciation and national phonetic symbol (the first type). In the formulation of standard pronunciation, it is based on the northern mandarin (Beijing accent).
After the founding of the Republic of China, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China held a unified pronunciation conference in Beijing in February 19 13, and approved the national pronunciation of more than 6,500 Chinese characters "focusing on Beijing pronunciation and giving consideration to the north and south" by means of one province and one vote, and decided to integrate local dialects to produce a standard national pronunciation, that is, the old national pronunciation. Its characteristics are as follows: the initials and finals are about 95% the same as Beijing pronunciation; Keep your tone. The meeting also adopted pinyin letters.
19 16 In Beijing, people in the education field organized the Putonghua Research Association.
1965438+On April 2, 20091day, the Ministry of Education of Beiyang * * * set up a preparatory meeting to unify Putonghua, and edited and published the National Phonetic Dictionary on September 19 19.
1920, the Ministry of Education officially ordered that from that year on, the "Chinese" in public primary schools should be changed to "Chinese", and vernacular Chinese, "Chinese pronunciation" and "phonetic alphabet" should be taught.
Due to the contradiction between the phonetic standard of Guoyin Dictionary and that of Beijing, the dispute between Beijing and China broke out in 1920. Director of English Department of Nanjing Normal University >>
Question 5: What are the eight official languages of the United Nations? A language that can be used in all United Nations meetings, official documents and related records and affairs is called the working language of the United Nations. The United Nations has six working languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian, * * and Spanish.
Question 6: What is the official language of Australia? English ...........
Question 7: What are the five official languages of the United Nations? The United Nations has six common languages instead of five, and Chinese has been added.
The six official working languages of the United Nations are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, of which English is the most important because of its universality. Legislation is often made in French, because French is the most accurate and there is no difference!
Question 8: When did Putonghua become the official language 1955 10 During the "National Conference on Character Reform" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in 10, the official name of Chinese homophones was officially defined as "Putonghua" and was also defined as "a dialect based on Beijing dialect". 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition defines the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The word "Putonghua" has been widely used and has a clear connotation.
"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" means recognizing and spelling Roman letters based on the phonetic system of Beijing dialect and Beijing dialect. However, we don't copy all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Mandarin is not equal to Beijing dialect, not to mention the earliest Beijing dialect.
As far as vocabulary standards are concerned, Putonghua is "based on the northern dialect", that is, it is based on the common sayings in the vast northern dialect area, and at the same time it should absorb the required vocabulary from other dialects.
The grammatical standard of Putonghua is "taking typical modern vernacular works as grammatical norms", which includes four meanings: "model" means excluding atypical modern vernacular works as grammatical norms; "Vernacular" means excluding classical Chinese; "Modern vernacular Chinese" is a modern vernacular Chinese work since the May 4th Movement, excluding the early vernacular Chinese before the May 4th Movement. "Work" refers to the written form of Putonghua, which is based on spoken language, but it is not equal to ordinary spoken language, but a processed and refined language. The grammar of Putonghua is based on the modern vernacular masterpieces of Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Bing Xin and Ye Shengtao, and it must also be a "general use case" in these modern vernacular works.