Song advocated the responsibility cabinet system, and Mr. Sun thought that the responsibility cabinet system was not suitable for China's cabinet system, but Song insisted that Dr. Sun Yat-sen finally reluctantly agreed and ordered Song to ask the Prime Minister of the Cabinet for instructions. He advocated pushing Song Wei, but Song Jian never accepted it and proposed pushing Huang Xing. Huang Chu refused to accept, Song Nai invited, Tian Tong and Lu once again urged Huang Xing, and Huang finally agreed. However, this proposal must be passed by the provincial representatives in Nanjing, because the provincial representatives have already passed it. The provisional government of the Republic of China is a presidential system, and now it will be changed to the cabinet prime minister system.
19 1 1 year1/on the eighth day of the month, Huang Xing and Song went to Nanjing by bus and stayed in Dingjiayuan. In the evening, they went to the Advisory Bureau to attend provincial congresses to discuss the revision of the organic law of the interim government. However, many provincial representatives disapprove of the cabinet system, so they adopt the presidential system when voting. On day 10, 17 provincial revolutionary representatives held a formal election meeting. The list of provincial representatives attending 17 is as follows:
Tian Feng represents Wu Jinglian, Zhili represents Gu Zhongxiu, Henan represents Xie, Shandong represents Jing Yaoyue, Li Su and Liu Maoshang, Shaanxi represents Zhang Weisen and Ma Buyun, Jiangsu represents Yuan Xiluo and Chen, Anhui represents Xu Guanyao, Wang Zhuhuai and Zhao Bin, and Jiangxi represents Lin Zichao and Zhao Shichao. Guangxi represents Ma and Zhang, Hunan represents Zou and Liao, Hubei represents Ma, Wang, Hu Ying and Juzheng, Sichuan represents Xiao Xiang and Zhou Daiben, and Yunnan represents Lv Zhiyi, Zhang Yipeng and Duan Yuqing. Zhejiang representative Tang is the speaker, Guangdong representative is the deputy speaker, and Jiangsu representative Yuan Xiluo is the secretary.
. First, spokesman Tang declared the meeting open, and reported that the autocratic regime in China for thousands of years had ended, and the * * * and regime had been realized. Everyone applauded warmly. Then the election will be held, with one vote for each province and *** 17 votes. As a result, Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected by 16, and the other vote was Huang Xing. The spokesman then solemnly announced that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as the first interim president of the Republic of China. At the same time, the general assembly approved Tang's recommendation and came to Shanghai to welcome Dr. Sun Yat-sen to Nanjing to take office. At the meeting on 12, Huang Xing temporarily proposed to take the Republic of China as the era and adopt the solar calendar, which was unanimously adopted by the general assembly. After the meeting, Huang Xingnai sent two telegrams, agreeing with Chen's opinion: "Governor Chen: Today, the Senate decided to use the solar calendar, based on the era of the Republic of China. Tomorrow is the first day of the first month of the first year of the Republic of China. Please announce it. " Yu Youren, who agrees with People's Daily, said: "People's Daily is a lesson for Junyou: Today, the Senate decided to take tomorrow as the first month of the Republic of China, and President Sun came to Ning to announce the organization of the interim government."
At the same time, he sent a message: "An interim presidential election will be held in Ning today, with participants from 17 provinces. It is hereby declared that Dr. Sun Yat-sen was elected as interim president. " After being elected as interim president, Dr. Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to Li in Wuchang: "Wuchang is righteous, and according to the words of all countries, it is meticulous to the people's army, especially for the sufferings of the people. Wen has been running in the China Revolution for several years, but this time, there is no strength, and the representatives of all provinces have been promoted to chairman. They are ashamed, but they are unwilling to do so, with the help of the public. Wuhan is a national hub, and it is blamed by the public, and Fu Wei cherishes it. " Li Youfu telegraphed Sun Yat-sen: "I received a telegram from representatives of various provinces, saying: Congratulations on your election as interim president! Mr. Wang knows Gao through the ages, cares about the whole world, pulls back the decadent wind of the last days, restores the prosperity of Tang Yu, and makes the Chinese official sea see again. It is not only the blessing of 40 million compatriots, but also that all countries in the East and West should admire Gao Feng and celebrate the Republic of China together! Special congratulations. Long live the Republic of China! Long live the President of the Republic of China! "
Later, the provincial delegations also jointly sent a telegram to Li: "The provincial representatives will make a resolution on January 2 to elect the temporary vice-chairman, that is, a meeting to elect the temporary vice-chairman will be held at 10 am on the third. I was elected. In addition to informing the whole country, the Commissioner of this association signed on behalf of the provinces, which is a tribute to you! Welcome. " The Nanjing Provisional Government also sent a telegram to Li: "Today, the Senate elected the vice president. After a unanimous vote, I was elected as the vice president. I want to congratulate you on the future of the Republic of China. "
19 1 1 year 1 month 13 became 65438+1month1in the first year of the Republic of China. On this day, Dr. Sun Yat-sen led representatives of Tang, Wang and American consultants to Nanjing by special bus at 5 pm and stayed at Baohua Hotel. It is a famous place to mention this Baohua rice. It was the hotel where the Qing governor entertained foreign guests, and later became the staff headquarters of Xijian Road.
When Dr. Sun Yat-sen arrived in Beijing, someone asked him, "How much money did you bring back to China this time? How many guns? " Mr. Sun smiled and replied, "I came back empty-handed, but I brought back the revolutionary spirit."
On the afternoon of New Year's Day in the first year of the Republic of China 10, Dr. Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president, announcing the establishment of the Republic of China. The interim president swore:
"Overthrow the Manchukuo autocratic government, consolidate the Republic of China, and seek happiness in people's livelihood. In order to be loyal to the country, the general will of this citizen was faithfully obeyed. Serve the public. When the autocratic government collapsed, there was no turmoil in the country. Li Zhuo of the Republic of China went global and was recognized by other countries. Sven should be dismissed as interim president, and I would like to swear to the people. " The interim president proposed a cabinet list, which was modeled after the American government system and divided into nine departments without a prime minister. The President proposes the names of the first and second ministers of various departments, such as:
Minister and Chief of Staff of the War Department: Huang Xing, and the second chief: Jiang Zuobin.
Admiralty Chief: Huang Zhongying, Second Chief: Tang Yuming.
Wu is the minister of justice and Lu Zhiyi is the second minister.
Chief Finance Minister: Chen Jintao, and Second Minister: Hongyou Wang.
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Wang Chonghui, followed by Wei Chenzu.
Minister of Interior: Cheng Dequan, Second Minister: Ju Zheng.
Director of Ministry of Education: Cai Yuanpei, followed by Jing Yaoyue.
Minister of Industry: Zhang Jian, Second Minister: Ma.
Minister of Communications: Tang Shouqian, second minister: Yu Youren.
Secretary-General of the Presidential Palace: Hu
The delegates also slightly revised the list of State Councillors. It turned out that President Sun proposed that Song be the Minister of the Interior and Zhang be the Minister of Education, but it was not passed.
The provisional government of the Republic of China was established and the list was published. Among the ministers, only the ministers of the army, foreign affairs and education are members of the League, and the other ministers are sympathetic revolutionaries among the constitutionalists. But the second director was almost all gay. Although the government was established, Zhang Jian, Minister of Industry, and Tang Shouqian, Minister of Communications, all lived in Shanghai. The Minister of Internal Affairs fell ill in the concession, the Minister of Finance Chen Jintao discussed loans in Shanghai, and Wu, Minister of Justice, could not return to Ning because he was hosting peace talks in Shanghai. Therefore, at this time, there were only three revolutionaries in charge of the Nanjing government, namely, Huang Xing, chief of the War Department, and Wang Chonghui, minister of foreign affairs, and the other five departments were represented by the Second Minister. After the provisional government was approved by the Senate, President Sun held a ministerial appointment ceremony on June+10/October 5, 5438, and the establishment dates of the ministries were different. The special list is as follows:
Name, date and place of establishment of the organization
The war department supervised the training office on 1 9.
1 month 17, Naval Academy, Admiralty
March 1 1 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was originally located in the Presidential Palace.
Erliqian Gulou qianshizi bridge
Ministry of Justice 1 month 12, Jiajiaxiang
Ministry of Finance, 1 month 17, Old San Francisco Department
On January 17th, Jiangnan Affairs Office of the Ministry of Interior
Department of Negotiation, Ministry of Education, January 19th (Foreign Affairs Office, Beiting Lane)
/kloc-October 23rd, Ministry of Industry advised Dojo Department.
Ministry of Communications, January 23rd, Grain Department
1 month 15, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China legislative affairs bureau (now Hou Feifu)
Nanjing Garrison Governor's Office January 14th
The opinions of revolutionary comrades in Wuchang and Shanghai were not very harmonious. The cause of the incident is Huang Xing, who has tried his best to mend this rift. However, there are always cracks in the world, which will only expand and be difficult to close. When Nanjing formed the government, it was Huang Xing's suggestion to elect Li as the vice president, with the aim of reconciling Wuhan. But there are many people with lofty ideals in Wuchang, so it is unfair for Wuchang to let Li be the vice president alone. Among the revolutionary comrades led by Li at that time, the most important one was Sun Wu, who made great contributions to the planning of the uprising. The day before the uprising, Sun Wu tested a bomb and was unfortunately injured by the explosion. After the establishment of Nanjing Provisional Government, Sun Wu arrived in Shanghai from Wuchang. Because he is close to Li, which is very bad for Huang Xing. Because he doesn't agree with Huang, this is naturally unfavorable to the revolutionary comrades in Shanghai. Chen has a bad impression of Sun Wu. When the provisional government was established, Sun Wu wanted to be the second Minister of War, but the Minister of War was Huang Xing. Because Huang doesn't like Sun Wu, he won't be elected as the second minister. So Sun Wu was abandoned, which brought Wuhan closer to Nanjing and Shanghai.
Provisional Senate The Provisional Senate of the Republic of China was formally established at 8: 00 a.m. on 28 October, 654381the first year of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). Thirty-eight members from 17 provinces attended the meeting. President Sun made a speech, followed by Huang Xing, Cai Yuanpei, Ju Zheng and Ma. Finally, Lin Sen was elected as speaker and deputy speaker.
During the period of Nanjing Provisional Government, there was always a considerable distance between Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the Senate composed of representatives from 17 provinces. In ancient China, there was no national flag at all. It was not until the western powers invaded China that the Qing Dynasty formulated the national flag. At that time, it was decided to use the "Yellow Dragon Banner" as the national flag of the Qing Empire. The dragon is an abstract thing. In feudal times, it represented the emperor, and yellow was the representative color of the Qing Dynasty. "I am a country", so it is very reasonable for Huanglong to be the national flag of the Qing Dynasty. But the dragon is symbolic only in China, and has no meaning to western countries. Foreigners don't know what animal it is. In addition, the early Huanglong flag was triangular, which is not found in the history of world flags, and the animals on the triangular flag are animals that no one has ever seen. Foreigners don't know what a dragon is, so they have to call it a "snake with claws"!
During the Wuchang Uprising, the flag used by the revolutionary army was the "Iron Blood Eighteen Stars Flag" representing eighteen provinces. Later, it was changed to a five-color flag representing the five ethnic groups of Han (red), Manchu (yellow), Mongolian (blue), Hui (white) and Tibetan (black). When the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, the Provisional Senate decided to use the five-color flag as the official flag of the Republic of China. President Sun Da insisted on using the flag of the sky as the national flag. In his reconsideration speech in the Senate, he listed the following reasons:
"Your hospital decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag, but the dean thought it could not be promulgated. Under the old system of Qing dynasty, the navy used five colors as the flag of one or two senior officials. It is impolite to replace its official flag with Manchu flag now. The five-color flag is intended for five major ethnic groups, but its distribution is inaccurate. For example, yellow is used instead of Manchu. Moreover, the five ethnic groups are equal, but there are still upper and lower classes. ..... The Sun Flag was used by the Han people and the Party (note: Xingzhonghui, the predecessor of the League) for more than ten years in the Southern Uprising Army, and Chen Haodong died for this flag the next year. ..... Take the image of red plum in a clear day as an example: China is a big country in the Far East, the sunrise is in the east, and the stars are the biggest. In a clear day, it shows the meaning of freedom and equality ... "
The provisional Senate believed that the blue sky and white flag was only formulated by the League, and it could not represent the whole country. The five-color flag has been adopted by Wuchang Revolutionary Army, which is of great historical significance. Therefore, it is still decided to use the five-color flag as the national flag, change the blue sky and white flag to the navy flag, and stipulate that the 18 star-spangled banner used by Wuchang Revolutionary Army in the early days is the military flag.
In the early days of Hui nationality in Zhong Xing, people used red, blue and white flags. Red symbolizes "bleeding for freedom", blue represents "a fair and equal sky" and white represents "bright hearts and love each other". Three meanings are "freedom, equality and fraternity". The tricolor flag was soon replaced by the blue flag.