1, science.
Scientificity is one of the important characteristics that distinguish scientific papers from other genres, and it is the life of scientific papers. It requires scientific topics, correct research methods, conclusive arguments, reasonable and logical arguments, and concise and accurate words.
2. Creativity.
The topic selection and main viewpoints of small papers should have their own new discoveries and unique opinions, which have certain practical significance to people's production and life. The same small paper has not participated in scientific seminars at all levels, nor has it been published in newspapers at all levels.
3. practicality.
The title of the paper must be discovered by the author himself in scientific exploration activities; The arguments supporting the main points must be obtained by the author through observation, investigation, experiment and other research methods, and have practical basis; The paper must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation or adult substitution.
Second, the types of scientific papers
Scientific observation paper
Scientific observation essay refers to teenagers' careful observation of something or a natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive study of the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and descriptions.
It should be noted that the research objects in scientific observation papers are objective natural things or phenomena, and the observed objects, processes, conditions and phenomena generated by them cannot be attached with any artificial conditions or personal prejudice. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author.
(2) Small scientific experimental papers
Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called experimental reports, are articles that teenagers create specific conditions for the research objects, analyze the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments, and draw comprehensive conclusions. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena.
(3) A short paper on scientific investigation
If you want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area closely related to people's lives, the air pollution source in a certain place, and find out the evolution process of a strange mountain, the animal and plant resources and distribution in a certain range, you have to make a field trip. A small paper written through investigation, interview and field investigation is called a scientific investigation small paper. Sometimes it is also called scientific investigation report, scientific investigation report.
(D) scientific explanation essay
Scientific interpretation prose refers to a kind of prose in which the author uses accurate and reliable information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning.
I want to remind you in particular, to write a short scientific explanation paper, and never ask a question and look up the information in a hurry, and then write it down without analysis. Such an article without new ideas and new insights can only be regarded as a general popular science article, not as a scientific essay, and it can't cultivate your ability to study problems.
Third, the choice and analysis of small papers.
material
1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes.
Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials.
2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation.
3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information.
4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out.
(2) Analysis
After obtaining the materials, it is necessary to conduct analysis and research, select materials that can be used as arguments, select the essence according to the arguments, discard the false and retain the true, sort out and analyze according to the scientific attitude, and get your own arguments and opinions.
First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely.
Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it.
Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw conclusions first and then find materials suitable for proving the argument.
Five, the writing of scientific papers
After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts.
The title is the eye of the article. A good title is precise, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression and play the role of making the finishing point.
There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?
Text: that is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper.
It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.
Conclusion: At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem. The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and receives good results.
After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the paragraphs are naturally connected and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision. Finally, take part in small composition competitions at all levels.
Model essay on scientific papers
Can fish talk?
Do you believe that fish can talk? This is an intriguing thing. I wonder if fish can talk.
My family bought two small goldfish, one is all black, and the black one is called Lele, because it is very happy. A red and white name is Xinxin, because it knows how to appreciate. Isn't it fun? They live in a fish tank, which is "unusual". There are mountains, flowers, trees, shells and colored stones. Isn't it beautiful? Let's take a look together!
At about five o'clock in the morning on September 23rd, I was about to breast-feed. I saw such a phenomenon. I spilled fish food into the fish tank, but Lele ate a little and stopped eating.
At 5 pm on September 23rd, I saw the shell in the fish tank turned upside down. Xiao Xin saw it, as if she thought-this little shell was going to die. She swam quickly and reached it with her head. After three or four minutes, I can't reach it. She swam to Lele, swept Lele with her tail, and then touched her head. Lele and Xinxin are together.
Through two observations, I know that human beings have their own expressions and communication languages, and animals also have their own kingdom expressions and communication. This also tells us that if you don't unite, then you will have nothing, and the friendship between friends is really great. At the same time, you should observe more and find more, but you can't hurt small animals just because you are doing experiments on them, because animals are friends of human beings.
I wonder if I can help you! ~
Respondents: Mei Yu Ga-Magic Apprentice Level 1 2- 1 18: 10.
How to write a scientific paper
1. What is a scientific paper?
In fact, a scientific paper is a written summary of the achievements made by students through scientific observation, experiment or investigation in extracurricular scientific activities. Its manifestations are various: it can be a conclusion drawn after careful observation and in-depth thinking about something; It can be the conclusion of analysis after hands-on experiment; It can also be a summary after a local investigation; You can also draw conclusions through logical reasoning. ...
Second, the quality standards of scientific papers
1, science.
Scientificity is one of the important characteristics that distinguish scientific papers from other genres, and it is the life of scientific papers. It requires scientific topics, correct research methods, conclusive arguments, reasonable and logical arguments, and concise and accurate words.
2. Creativity.
The topic selection and main viewpoints of small papers should have their own new discoveries and unique opinions, which have certain practical significance to people's production and life. The same small paper has not participated in scientific seminars at all levels, nor has it been published in newspapers at all levels.
3. practicality.
The title of the paper must be discovered by the author himself in scientific exploration activities; The arguments supporting the main points must be obtained by the author through observation, investigation, experiment and other research methods, and have practical basis; The paper must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation or adult substitution.
Third, the types of scientific papers.
Scientific observation paper
Scientific observation essay refers to teenagers' careful observation of something or a natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive study of the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and descriptions.
It should be noted that the research objects in scientific observation papers are objective natural things or phenomena, and the observed objects, processes, conditions and phenomena generated by them cannot be attached with any artificial conditions or personal prejudice. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author.
(2) Small scientific experimental papers
Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called experimental reports, are articles that teenagers create specific conditions for the research objects, analyze the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments, and draw comprehensive conclusions. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena.
(3) A short paper on scientific investigation
If you want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area closely related to people's lives, the air pollution source in a certain place, and find out the evolution process of a strange mountain, the animal and plant resources and distribution in a certain range, you have to make a field trip. A small paper written through investigation, interview and field investigation is called a scientific investigation small paper. Sometimes it is also called scientific investigation report, scientific investigation report.
(D) scientific explanation essay
Scientific interpretation prose refers to a kind of prose in which the author uses accurate and reliable information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning.
I want to remind you in particular, to write a short scientific explanation paper, and never ask a question and look up the information in a hurry, and then write it down without analysis. Such an article without new ideas and new insights can only be regarded as a general popular science article, not as a scientific essay, and it can't cultivate your ability to study problems.
Fourthly, the selection and analysis of small papers.
material
1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes.
Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials.
2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation.
3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information.
4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out.
(2) Analysis
After obtaining the materials, we should analyze and study them, choose the materials that can be used as arguments, select the essence according to the arguments, discard the false and retain the true, sort out and analyze them according to the scientific attitude, and get our own arguments and opinions.
First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely.
Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it.
Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw conclusions first and then find materials suitable for proving the argument.
Five, the writing of scientific papers
After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts.
The title is the eye of the article. A good title is precise, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression and play the role of making the finishing point.
There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem?
Text: that is, analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper.
It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization.
Conclusion: At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem. The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and receives good results.
After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the paragraphs are naturally connected and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision. Finally, take part in small composition competitions at all levels.
First, choose a good topic.
When writing a scientific essay, we should first consider what to write, that is, the topic. Topic selection is the key to writing a good paper. We should pay attention to the following principles: the value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic. It should be enlightening, instructive and referential to other students. The principle of feasibility refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions and surrounding environment, and should not be greedy for the big and seek the deep, but should do what he can; The principle of novelty means that topics should be unsolved or completely solved that others have not studied or studied, and attention should be paid to "literary innovation"
Second, formulate the topic.
The title of the article is as good as the eyes, and a good title can make people see at a glance and never forget. It is just like advertising words to promote products, which plays a key role in attracting readers. The title of a good scientific paper should emphasize three words: accuracy, brevity and novelty. Accuracy means to reveal the topic accurately with concise words. For example, a scientific paper written by a classmate is entitled "Decontamination Principle and Optimum Washing Concentration of Soap". When you look at the topic, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small means that the angle of the topic is small. If the angle is small, it will have a good directivity, the idea of the article will be clear, and it will be easy to write centrally and concisely. The topic is too wide, often because we have little energy, narrow scope and poor professional knowledge. For example, a scientific and technological composition written by a middle school student is entitled "Development of Electrostatic Precipitator Blackboard Eraser", which is small and specific and students can elaborate deeply. Innovation means trying to reveal fresh ideas in the title. Only when the topic is fresh can you read on. No original insights, no new discoveries, no matter how well expressed and how powerful the argument is, it is a waste of wax for the blind to light a lamp.
Third, write the opening remarks.
The beginning of the article is in a special position of setting the tone, which has always been valued by writers. The ancients said, "If you can't get up, you will float in chaos." Although the opening part is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, which prompts the author's thinking and intercepts a lot of materials, so we must have a general grasp of the whole article before writing.
There are many beginnings of scientific papers, and there is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow. It is necessary to carefully understand all kinds of starting skills and use them flexibly according to writing practice.
1, example guide method
Write a small scientific and technological paper with an introduction at the beginning, which explains the reality of the research problem and stimulates the reader's desire to follow the post. For example, in the article "An Easy-to-Solve Mechanical Problem" written by a classmate, the author put forward a mechanical problem that students are familiar with and easy to make mistakes at the beginning, and stated the wrong solution process to readers, which aroused readers' strong interest and made them eager to read the whole article to understand the mistakes of this problem.
2. Revealing the background method
Put the research problem in the current social and economic development environment and background, so that readers can understand the significance and even direction of their research at a higher level. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in Township Industries" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a lot of material wealth and brought about a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed areas, township enterprises have become an important pillar of rural economy and an important part of national economy. However, with the rapid development of township enterprises, the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of township industries have become increasingly prominent.
The problems studied are closely related to the development trend of the proposition from the beginning, as well as the environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by township industries today, which makes people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution.
3. Point out the hazard methods.
Many small papers that argue and correct mistakes often point out some disadvantages, which makes people suddenly panic and realize the urgency of solving problems.
4. Briefly describe the argumentation method.
In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader, giving people a sense of wholeness, which is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading on is an attempt.
5, the method of setting the problem
The main purpose of setting questions is to leave suspense for readers, so that they can't wait to pay attention to the problem under discussion driven by curiosity.
These are five ways to write a good scientific paper at the beginning. It is worth noting that there are countless methods at the beginning, and all kinds of methods are often organically combined and infiltrated.
Fourth, point out the main points
There are many and miscellaneous empirical materials, so how to unify them in the central argument in an orderly way? In the main part of the article, it is usually convenient to use the method of discussing one by one. The advantage of this writing method is that it is organized, clear in level and gives people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every viewpoint must be the crystallization of careful consideration, with strong generality, objectivity and innovation.
Fifth, make good use of materials.
Scientific papers are not simple written materials at hand, but have profound reasoning and regular guidance. Views and materials complement each other, and the value of the paper is reflected in the value of the topic and also through the demonstration of materials. The organic combination of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper.