One, six basic concepts
Occupation refers to a group of similar positions in different industries and organizations. Whether it is a craft or a profession, a profession is independent of individuals and exists in a certain industry or institution.
Occupation refers to the purposeful and continuous life pattern created by individuals through engaging in labor. This is the definition put forward by the American Professional Development Association.
Work is an activity that creates value for yourself and others, including paid activities and free and voluntary activities. Labor is not employment, but a way to define occupation in operation.
Position refers to a group of tasks in an organization, which is a work unit composed of repeated or continuous tasks.
A task is a unit of work behavior with a starting point and an ending point.
A job is a paid position held by people with similar characteristics. Work is done by people, with emphasis on tasks, results and organization.
Second, five career theories.
1. Trait factor theory: also known as job matching theory. Parsons put forward the theory that everyone has his own unique personality model, and each personality model has its own suitable occupation type. The so-called "trait" refers to the individual's personality characteristics, including ability tendency, interest, values, personality and so on, which can be evaluated by psychological measurement tools. The so-called "factor" refers to the necessary conditions or qualifications for success in the work, which can be understood through the analysis of the work. When choosing a job, people should adopt the three-step method of knowing themselves, knowing their occupation and matching people with posts, which contains the triple meanings of "knowing themselves, knowing themselves and making decisions", and its theory becomes the cornerstone of career guidance theory in the future.
2. Occupation type theory: Holland is a professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in the United States and a famous career guidance expert in the United States. He developed a theory called Typology, a theory about personality types and matching environment types. He believes that people's personality types and hobbies are closely related to their careers, and hobbies are a great driving force for people's activities. Any occupation with professional interest can improve people's enthusiasm and make people actively and happily engage in this occupation. There is a high correlation between professional interest and personality. According to this theory, people's personality and professional environment can be divided into six types: realistic, research, artistic, social, enterprise and conventional. In career guidance, people can find the "summary code" that can best express themselves by filling in the career self-exploration scale (SDS), so as to determine career advice.
3. Career development theory: Donald Schuber began to put forward new ideas about career development in the early 1950s, and put forward the rainbow theory of life/career. He thinks that nine life roles are a good way for us to understand the concept of life. Everyone plays one or more roles at different times in his life. In addition, for everyone, the intensity of each life role changes with time. The combination and intensity of various life roles constitute the foundation of everyone's career. This enlightens us that career planning is not only about choosing a university major, a career or a workplace, but also involves a thorough analysis of yourself and your role in life.
4. Social learning theory: As for occupation, most psychologists think that occupation choice should be based on personal characteristics, "occupation depends on people", while sociologists think that occupation choice depends more on environmental conditions and "occupation depends on people". Both views are reasonable, so kroeber "interpreted" his career from the social learning theory. Social learning theory was put forward by American psychologist albert bandura in 197 1, which emphasized the influence of individual's unique learning experience on his personality and behavior. Kroebers applies his ideas to career development and planning to understand the influence of social, genetic and personal factors on personal career decisions. Ge Yihao believes that there are four factors that will affect our career decisions, namely heredity and special abilities, environmental conditions and special events, learning experience and work-oriented skills.
5. Cognitive information processing theory: 199 1 year, Gary Peterson, James sampson and Robert Rearden co-authored the book "Career Development and Service: A Cognitive Approach", which expounded a new thinking method about career development, called cognitive information processing method (CIP). This theory regards the process of career development and consultation as the process of learning information processing ability, and forms an information processing pyramid according to the characteristics of information processing. The field of the tower bottom is the field of knowledge, including self-knowledge and professional knowledge. The intermediate field is the decision-making field, which includes five stages: communication (C), analysis (A), synthesis (S), evaluation (V) and implementation (E). The top domain is the executive domain, also known as metacognition. This theory provides an operable framework and process for career planning and career counseling. According to the information processing model, in career management, we need to identify negative thinking, conduct positive self-dialogue, and improve the level of self-control and regulation. So as to improve our metacognition. CASVE loop provides a general method that can be used to solve problems in career. When we can successfully, quickly and effectively use this strategy to deal with professional problems, our professional situation will be greatly improved. Self-knowledge and professional knowledge form the basis of career planning. Without comprehensive and accurate knowledge, individuals cannot make career decisions quickly.
Career planning needs to be improved.