China's four ancient capitals: Nanjing, Beijing, Xi and Luoyang.
Nanjing 1:
The name of Nanjing began in the early Ming Dynasty, before which there were Jinling, Moling, Jianye, Jianye, Jiankang, Baixia, Shengzhou, Jiangning, Qing Ji and Yingtian. When Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty moved northward, Yingtianfu was renamed Nanjing. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom called it Tianjing, the Qing Dynasty called it Jiangning, and it was renamed Nanjing after the Revolution of 1911.
About 1 100 BC, Nanjing belonged to the fief of Zhang Zhou, an aristocrat of the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wu, Yue and Chu successively occupied Nanjing. In the 25th year of the Zhou Dynasty (495 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built a smelting city in Today's Palace and opened an official handicraft workshop to smelt and cast bronze wares. This place is called Yecheng Mountain or Yeshan Mountain. In the fourth year of Zhou Yuanwang (472 BC), after the destruction of Wu by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, sent ministers to build Yuecheng, also known as Fan Licheng, on the south bank of Qinhuai River outside Zhonghua Gate. This is the earliest ancient city in Nanjing. Based on this calculation, Nanjing has been built for more than 2400 years. The range through the city is very small, with a circumference of 942 meters. However, the geographical position is important, which controls the passage of Qinhuai River into the Yangtze River, and the King of Yue used it as a base for attacking Chu. In the thirty-sixth year of Zhou Xian (333 BC), the State of Chu conquered this land.
King Chu Wei of Xiong Shang built Jinling City in Stone Mountain (now Liang Qing), and Nanjing was called "Jinling". The golden urn, mosquito nose money and copper coins unearthed in Nanjing reflect the development of handicraft industry and commerce in Chu State. In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang, Jinling City was changed to Moling County, which belonged to Yan County. Qin Shihuang's southern tour, passing through Danyang (now Yang Xiaodan Town, Jiangning County), to Qiantang (now Hangzhou) and Huiji (now Shaoxing), took the Chidao to meet Dantu, and traveled to and from Nanjing. The thoroughfare between Nanjing and overseas has been opened since then. In AD 2 1 1, Sun Quan of Wu moved the capital from Wuchang to build the capital here, renamed Jianye, and built a stone city in the former site of Chu Jinling in Shishishan. Building a city by the mountain, because the river is a pool, the situation is dangerous, and it is known as "the stone city is surrounded by tigers".
After the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty, Taikang was rebuilt as Jianye in 282. In the first year of Jianxing (3 13), Jianye was changed to Jiankang to avoid Sima Ye. In the first year of Jianwu (3 17), Si Marui stood on the left side of Jiangzuo and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Take health as capital. Since then, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen have successively established their capitals here, which is called the Southern Dynasties in history.
The layout of Jiankang Capital and Miyagi rebuilt in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is similar to that of Luoyang City in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and the base site is still Yecheng, which has not changed much since the Southern Dynasties. According to Jiankang's records, Miyagi's "Twenty Miles and Nineteen Steps" and "Eight Miles a Week" all used earth walls and bamboo fences at the beginning, and bricks at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Bricks were used in the formal construction of the capital city wall in the second year of Jianyuan in the Southern Qi Dynasty (480). Tian Liang has been in prison for ten years (565,438+065,438+0), and the third Miyagi has been built. Miyagi, like this triple city, is rare in the history of urban development, which should be related to the political turmoil and the panic of the royal family at that time.
During the Southern Dynasties, Jiankang was still a citizen of smelting and casting. At this time, the iron smelting technology was improved and the mixed smelting method of raw and cooked iron was created.
Health culture is flourishing, and there are four museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history in the city to train talents.
During the Southern Dynasties, the health of people obsessed with money developed abnormally.
Jiankang was the center of Buddhism at that time, with many Buddhist temples and monks. The voice of Zhong Qing is endless. In the Tang Dynasty, Du Mu wrote a poem, "Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, with misty rain and many floors."
In 589, after Emperor Wendi destroyed Chen, Yi Jian Kang Zhucheng destroyed the palaces of the Six Dynasties, and Shicheng established Jiangzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Jiangzhou was designated as Shengzhou.
It was called jiangning house in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was suggested for three years (1 129) to rebuild Kangfu, which became the front line of resisting gold. Jinbing burned Jiankang City on 1 130, and most of the buildings in the city were reduced to ashes.
Nanjing prospered again in the Ming Dynasty. 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, renamed Nanjing. This is the first time that Nanjing has become the political center of the country. Nanjing in Ming Dynasty is the largest city in ancient times. Besides, the circumference of Guo Cheng is 60 kilometers, with 18 gates. The circumference of the inner city is 33.7 kilometers, the average height of the city wall is 14 ~ 2 1 m, and the base width is 14 m. Open the 13 door.
Nanjing, as one of the two major capitals in Ming Dynasty, played an important role after Emperor Chengzu moved the capital.
In the early Qing Dynasty, Tianfu was changed to jiangning house, and Jiangning weaving was established.
1853 After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolutionary Army conquered Nanjing, it established its capital here and renamed it Tianjing.
19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen took office here as interim president, changing jiangning house to Nanjing with its capital.
After 1927, Chiang Kai-shek took Nanjing as the seat of the National Government. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Nanjing fell, and the Japanese Nanjing Massacre killed 300,000 civilians. 1April 23, 949, Nanjing was liberated.
2. Beijing
As early as 700,000 years ago, the primitive tribe "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing. Beijing has a history of more than 2000 years, and it was first recorded as "thistle". In BC 1045, Beijing became the capital of thistle, swallow and other vassal States; Since Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, Beijing has been an important town and local center in northern China. Since 938, Beijing has successively become the capital of Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. 1 949 65438+1October1was officially designated as the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).
700,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the cave of Zhoukoudian in the southwest suburb of Beijing, which was one of the cradles of mankind.
The earliest name in Beijing was thistle. In 1 1 century BC, thistle kingdom was a enfeoffment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which ruled northern China. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC), another petrel located in the southwest of the thistle kingdom swallowed thistle and moved its capital to Ji Cheng. From then on, Ji Cheng was the capital of Yan State until 226 BC, when Yan State was destroyed by the powerful Qin State. According to the research of archaeologists, Ji Cheng is in the southwest of Beijing.
In 938, it became the capital of Liao. Liao was founded by the Khitans, a minority nationality who rose in the northeast of China. Because thistle is located in the south of its territory, it was renamed Nanjing and Yanjing. More than a century later, the Jin Dynasty established by another ethnic minority, Nuzhen, destroyed Liao and moved its capital to Yanjing on 1 153, renamed Zhongdu. 12 14 years, due to the attack of the emerging Mongolian army, the rulers were forced to move their capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). The next year, Mongolian fighters occupied the capital. 1267, Mongolian leader Kublai Khan ordered the construction of a new city in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu City. Four years later, the leader ascended the throne in Jiandu, and established the Yuan Dynasty in the history of China. All the new cities were built in 1276, which is what Italian traveler Kyle Poirot said in his travel notes: "The world is unparalleled". From then on, Beijing replaced Chang 'an, Luoyang, Bianliang and other ancient capitals and became the political center of China, which lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 191101October10, the bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in China, and the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate in February of the following year. At this point, the last feudal dynasty in China fell, and Beijing's history as an imperial city ended here.
In the next 30 years, Beijing experienced hardships: First, successive years of warlord wars made the imperial capital decline and run-down; 1937 Japanese invaders invaded, and the ancient city suffered in blood and fire for 8 years; After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang government took over the city. Suffering, humiliation, blood and tears finally made the people fight. 1949 10 10/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and Beijing became the capital of the newly-born Republic of China. The history of this ancient city has turned a new page. The history of a city is the history of a country. As the imperial capital of several generations, Beijing is also the capital of China today and the epitome of China's history and present situation. Beijing is ancient, but it is also an ancient city full of beauty and youth. Beijing is emerging in the world with a majestic, beautiful, fresh and modern attitude.
3. Xi 'an
Xi 'an was called "Gao Feng" in the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Feng Hao" is the collective name of Feng Jing and Hao Jing built in Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang respectively. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang made Guanzhong his capital, named after Chang 'an Township, which means "long-term stability".
After the opening of the Silk Road, Chang 'an became the center of oriental civilization. History says that "there is Rome in the west and Chang 'an in the east". In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi and Emperor Wendi were named "Daxing Gong" by Zhou, so Xindu was named "Daxing City" and Chang 'an was also called "Daxing City" in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the name of Chang 'an was restored. It was renamed "Fengyuan City" in Yuan Dynasty.
In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), the Ming government changed Fengyuan Road to Xi 'an Mansion, meaning "settle the northwest". Xi' an's name comes from this.
Xi, Athens, Rome and Cairo are also called the four ancient capitals in the world. From BC 1 1 century to AD1century, there were 13 dynasties or regimes that established their capitals and regimes in Xi 'an, which lasted for more than 1 100 years.
From about 1 1 century BC to the end of 9th century AD, Ann was the political, economic and cultural center of ancient China for a long time, and was always under the jurisdiction of local administrative organs-Zhou, County, Fu, Lu, Province and Chang 'an and Xianning counties. In most dynasties, Xi 'an was subordinate to Jingzhao Prefecture (county), which was a county-level organizational system. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingzhao was changed to Anxi Road (later changed to Fengyuan Road). In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1369), Fengyuan Road was abandoned and xi Anfu was established, hence the name An. 1928 was first established as a city in Xi, and 1948 was changed from a provincial city to a city under the jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan of the National Government.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Xi 'an was once a city under the jurisdiction of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, a city under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Administrative Region, a municipality directly under the Central Government and a city under separate state planning. Since 1954, Xi 'an has been the capital of Shaanxi Province, and now it is a sub-provincial city, with jurisdiction over nine districts and four counties. 198 1 year, UNESCO recognized Xi as a world famous historical city.
4. Luoyang
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, when Zhou Chengwang was the Duke of Zhou, he was in charge of Luoyi, which was the seat of Chengzhou City, the eastern capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and directly under the Emperor of Zhou. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi was the capital, and the rest were generally the same as those in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, Luoyi was renamed Luoyang. Sanchuan County, located in Qin, governs Luoyang, Sanmenxia City (except Lingbao), Luoyang City (except western Luanchuan), gongyi city City, Xingyang City, Zhengzhou City, Zhongmu County and Yuanyang County.
During the Western Han Dynasty, the eastern part of this area was Henan County with Luoyang as the center, and the western part belonged to hongnong county. From this period, "Henan" officially became a geographical term in administrative divisions until the Qing Dynasty. In the history of more than 2000 years, "Henan County", "Henan Yin" or "Henan House" has always referred to this area with Luoyang as the center. At this time, Henan county governs yanshi city, Jin Meng, gongyi city, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, zhongmou county, Xinzheng, xinmi city, Yuanyang, Ruyang, Yichuan and Ruzhou. Sanmenxia City, Yiyang County, Xin 'an County, Luoning County, Songxian County and Luanchuan County, all of which belong to Hongnong County in the west, are now in parts of Nanyang City and Shaanxi Province. The organizational system of Heluo area in the Eastern Han Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Western Han Dynasty, except that Henan County was changed to Henan Yin, and the jurisdiction remained unchanged.
During the Three Kingdoms period, it belonged to Cao Wei. Luoyang's administrative system, renamed Luoyang, basically followed the Eastern Han Dynasty. Henan Yin has expanded, including yanshi city, Mengjin, gongyi city, Xingyang, Zhengzhou, zhongmou county, Xinzheng, xinmi city, Yuanyang, Ruyang, Yichuan, Ruzhou, Dengfeng, Yuzhou and Songxian. Compared with the Han Dynasty, there are more Dengfeng, Yuzhou and Songxian counties. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the old system of the Han Dynasty was still followed. The difference is that Henan Yin changed back to Henan County, and Xingyang County is located in the east, including Xingyang City, Zhengzhou City, zhongmou county, xinzheng city, xinmi city and Yuanyang County. At the same time, Henan Yin expanded westward, including Xin 'an County and eastern yiyang county. At this time, Henan county includes Yanshi, Jin Meng, Gongyi, Dengfeng, Ruzhou, Yichuan, Ruyang, Yuzhou, Songxian and Xin 'an.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was great chaos in the world, and there were no administrative divisions. The only thing that is certain is that Heluo area is still Henan county with Luoyang as the center. Other nearby counties remain basically unchanged. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, it moved its capital to Luoyang and changed Henan County to Henan Yin. Mianchi county is in another place, and other counties have not changed. But many new counties have been established. The Sui Dynasty unified the world and changed Henan Yin to Henan County, with Luoyang as the center. Jurisdiction over Yanshi, Jin Meng, Gongyi, Dengfeng, Yichuan, Songxian, Yiyang, Xin 'an, Mianchi, Shaanxi and other places. Ruzhou and Ruyang belong to Xiangcheng county, and the county administration moved from Xiangcheng to Ruzhou. The division of the Tang Dynasty changed greatly. Henan County was changed to Duji Road, Henan Province, with Luoyang as the center. Compared with Henan County in Sui Dynasty, its jurisdiction extended to Yuzhou City, xinmi city, Luoning County, Jiyuan City, wen county and mengzhou city.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the world was in chaos, plus Shaanxi and Mengzhou (probably established in the middle and late Tang Dynasty), the jurisdiction of Henan Province is likely to return to the scope of Henan County in the Sui Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Henan government took Xijing Luoyang as the center, and governed Gongyi, Dengfeng, Mianchi, Yanshi, Jin Meng, Yichuan, Xin 'an, Yiyang, Luoning and today's Songxian. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the jurisdiction of Henan Province of the State of Jin was reduced, covering Gongyi, Dengfeng, Mianchi, Yanshi, Jin Meng, Xin 'an, Yiyang and today's Yichuan Xiao. However, the Henan government with Luoyang as the center existed until the end of the Qing Dynasty, only as a province in northern Henan or a sub-administrative region of Henan. At this time, Henan Fu Road expanded westward, including Lingbao, Shanxian and Luoning. Other directions remain the same. In the Ming Dynasty, Henan Province was further expanded, and most of Lushi, Luanchuan, Songxian and Yichuan were added. Shaanxi Province was separated from Henan Province in the Qing Dynasty, including parts of Shanxian, Lingbao, Lushi and Luanchuan today.
19 12 years, the Republic of China was founded, Henan Province was abolished and Heluo Road was established. Daoyin Gong is located in Luoyang, which governs Luoyang, Yanshi and other counties 19. 1923, Henan Governor's Office moved to Luoyang, and Luoyang became the capital of Henan. 1932 when the Japanese attacked Shanghai, the Kuomintang government decided to make Luoyang the capital and once moved to Los Angeles for office. 1in the autumn of 939, the Henan provincial government moved the capital to Luoyang again, and Luoyang became the capital of Henan for the second time. 1948, Luoyang was liberated and Luoyang county was established as a city. Luoyang Municipal People's Democratic Government was established. 1949 65438+In February, Luoyang Municipal People's Democratic Government was renamed Luoyang Municipal People's Government. From 65438 to 0954, Luoyang was upgraded to a municipality directly under the Central Government of Henan Province. 1955, Luoyang county was abandoned, part of it was merged into Luoyang city, and the rest was included in Yanshi, Jin Meng and other counties. /kloc-in 0/956, the old city, xigong district and suburb of Luoyang were built, and the Chanhe district was built the following year. 1982, with the approval of the State Council, Geely District was newly established. 1983 Xin' an, Jin Meng and Yanshi were placed under Luoyang city, and Dengfeng city under the jurisdiction of Luoyang was placed under the jurisdiction of Zhengzhou city. 1986, Luoyang was abandoned, and Luoning, Yiyang, Songxian, Luanchuan, Ruyang and Yichuan were changed to Luoyang. 1993, Yanshi county was changed to yanshi city. In June 2000, with the approval of the State Council, the suburb of Luoyang was renamed as Luolong District. Among the counties near Luoyang, Yanshi, Jin Meng, Gongyi and Dengfeng have the closest historical relationship with Luoyang. Among them, Yanshi and Jin Meng have remained unchanged for three thousand years since the Zhou Dynasty. Followed by Gongyi, from the Zhou Dynasty to New China, there are also more than 3,000 years. Dengfeng again, from the Three Kingdoms period to New China, 1700 years. Other counties (cities) such as Xin 'an, Yiyang, Yichuan, Mianchi and Ruzhou are in harmony with Luoyang, while Luanchuan, Lushi, Shanxian and Yuzhou are subordinate to Luoyang for a short time. In addition, since the establishment of Xingyang County in the Western Jin Dynasty, most parts of Zhengzhou have parted ways with Luoyang today.