Answering Sima's Suggestions is an excerpt from Mr. Linchuan's Collected Works by Wang Anshi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the article, the author refuted the five charges of "invading officials, causing troubles, levying profits, refusing to remonstrate, and complaining and slandering" put forward by Sima Guang one by one, and criticized the ruthlessness of the literati class, showing the determination to persist in political reform. Sharp words and tit-for-tat are one of the famous refutations in ancient times.
Answer to Sima's suggestion
Some revelations: I was taught yesterday. I thought I had traveled with you for a long time, but the content of each discussion was different and my skills were different. Although I want to be strong, I will never be seen, so I will report it a little and will not defend myself one by one. Rethinking Meng Jun did see something thick, so it is not appropriate to repeat it rashly. Therefore, there is a way today, and Ji Jun is really tolerant.
What is important to cover Confucianism, especially in the name; Justified, the world is cold. Today, when I met my teacher, I thought that I invaded the official, caused trouble, and took advantage of it without remonstrating, so that the world complained and slandered. One is to say: on the orders of the master, discuss and revise the statutes in the imperial court so as to give them a division and not invade the officials; Take the former king's administration, promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, and not make a living; Managing money for the world is not for profit; To ward off evil spirits, it is difficult to refuse people, not to refuse advice. As for the number of grievances, we knew it before.
People have been used to it for a long time, and most of the literati are good at not caring about state affairs and flattering others with the same customs. In fact, I want to change this. If someone doesn't measure the number of enemies and wants to help them fight, what are the people doing instead of being aggressive? Pan Geng's move, people who complain bitterly, is not a special court official. Pan Geng didn't change his degree for the complainer, but he didn't see it before moving, so he can regret it. If it is really my fault that I have been in office for a long time and failed to help the people of Jersey, then someone will know the crime. For example, if you don't do anything today, just keep the same as before, that's not something you dare to know.
Meet for no reason, don't just yearn for it!
translate
Dear Wang Anshi, please enlighten me: Thank you for your advice yesterday. Personally, I think we have maintained good contact with Shi Jun for a long time, but when discussing political affairs, we often have differences. This is because our political opinions and methods are mostly different. Although I want to say a few words (to you), (but) after all, I must (yes) not be considered by (you), so (I) simply wrote back to you and stopped defending myself one by one. Think twice about your kindness to me. You shouldn't be careless in your correspondence, so now tell me the reasons in detail. I hope you can forgive me.
A problem debated by learned scholars, with special emphasis on name and substance (consistency). If the relationship between name and reality is clarified, then the principle of the world will be clear. What you want to teach me now is that I (implementing the new law) encroached on the authority of officials, created troubles, competed for people's wealth and interests, and refused to accept different opinions, thus causing resentment and slander all over the world. However, I think that accepting the emperor's orders, negotiating laws and regulations, modifying (deciding) in the court, and handing them over to officials with special responsibilities (to implement) cannot be regarded as usurping official power; Carrying out the policy of an ancient wise monarch, using it to set up a cause beneficial to the world and eliminate (various) ills, (this) can not be regarded as trouble; Rectifying finance to govern the world (this) cannot be regarded as (competing with the people for profit); Attacking incorrect remarks and refuting eloquent bad guys is not refusing to accept (others') suggestions. As for so much resentment and slander, that's what I expected.
This is not the day people are used to muddling along and muddling along. Most scholar-officials regard fawning on others regardless of state affairs as a good thing, so the emperor wants to change this (bad) atmosphere, so I don't want to estimate the number of opponents, and I want to help the emperor resist this force with my own strength. Then why don't those people make a fuss (for me)? Pan Geng moved the capital, even the common people complained, (and) it was not only the scholar-officials of the imperial court (against); Pan Geng won't change his plan because someone hates him; (This is him) considering that (moving the capital) is reasonable, and then acting resolutely; I don't think there is anything to regret. If you really blame me because (I) has been in office for a long time and failed to help the emperor do great things and benefit these people, then I admit that I am guilty; If we should do nothing and stick to the rules now, I dare not learn.
I really admire the fact that I didn't have a chance to meet you.
Content appreciation
The argument of the full text is aimed at Sima Guang's accusation that the new law "invades officials, causes troubles, levies profits, refuses to remonstrate and complains", and points out that the dispute between Confucianism lies in name and reality. Justified, the world is cold. This shows that the reform is correct. Sima Guang's attacks are untrue and absurd. This paper refutes Sima Guang's fallacies one by one, reveals its conservative and decadent nature, and shows the author's determination to persist in reform and not be moved by gossip.
The first paragraph mainly expounds the reason and purpose of writing this letter. Because there are differences between them, I am writing to express my position and attitude. Wang Anshi wrote three meanings in the first sentence of the first paragraph: the first layer of "being taught yesterday" is a courtesy; On the second floor, it is mentioned that "we have traveled together for a long time" and Sima Guang are very affectionate and make Sima Guang very comfortable. The third layer quickly turned to "every disagreement in the process of deliberation has led to many different skills", which has a lightning speed and directly pointed out the reasons why the two did not get along politically. These three meanings are concentrated in one sentence, which embodies a high degree of generalization and highlights the focus of differences. Don't hurt your feelings, be honest. The second sentence has two meanings. The first layer is: Sima Guang's opinion is very firm and will not change easily, so if he tries to be strong, he will certainly not be observed; For a letter of more than 3,000 words, I only give a simple answer without distinguishing one by one. The second layer is: after careful consideration, Sima Guang attaches great importance to himself, and the letter should not be rash. It should be explained in detail, and I hope Sima Guang can forgive him. This shows the author's attitude and method and shows calmness.
The second paragraph is the key part of the full-text rebuttal. The author refutes the conservative fallacy from the standpoint of "justified, the world is justified", which shows that he insists on political reform. Before refuting, put forward one of the most important principles-the question of name and reality. The name is very formal, and the words are clear and clear, and the movements are in place. But from different standpoints, there will be different or even completely opposite views on whether the same thing (that is, "truth") is reasonable (that is, whether the name is "positive"). In his letter, Sima Guang accused Wang Anshi of "invading officials and creating troubles, taking profits and refusing to remonstrate, so that the world complained and slandered". If these accusations are well-founded, it is likely that the other party will fall into passive parry because of some superficial phenomena or specific facts, and the more he defends, the more he seems to be indefensible; We must stand on a high ground and profoundly reveal the essence of the matter, so as to fundamentally refute the other party's accusations and vindicate the reform. First refute the "invasion of officials." The author does not care whether the implementation of the new law encroaches on some powers of relevant government agencies, but focuses on the big picture, pointing out that the decision to carry out reform is "the order of the people" and is out of the will of the emperor; The formulation of the new law is "discussing the written law and amending it to the court", which is the conclusion drawn by the court after careful discussion; Then "give it to the company" and deliver it to the specific competent department for execution. This kind of "acceptance", "discussion" and "granting" puts the whole process of the new law from decision-making, formulation to implementation on a completely just, reasonable and legal basis, and the theory of "invading officials" is self-defeating. The second refutation of "making trouble" is based on "the rule of the former king" and its fundamental purpose is "promoting the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages". Such a "thing" is not a "nuisance" because it is superior to Wang Zhidao and inferior to Chinese people. Refuting "collecting money" again. It is enough to use the phrase "managing money for the world". Because the question is not whether to levy profits, but for whom. If the fundamental starting point is correct, then the accusation of "collecting profits" will be untenable. Then refute "refusal to remonstrate". Only by refusing correct criticism and whitewashing peace can we refuse to give advice. Therefore, "exorcising evil spirits is hard for people to forgive" has nothing to do with refusing to remonstrate. Finally, when it comes to "complaining and condemning a lot", I don't refute it from the front, but only use the sentence "I knew it long ago" to express my contempt and lead to the following discussion.
This paragraph is an excuse and a "defense" from the perspective of answering the other party's accusations; However, because the author grasps the essence of the problem and focuses on the overall situation, this excuse is not simply parrying and defending, but defending and attacking. For example, while refuting the crimes listed by Sima Guang, he indirectly accused the other party of violating the will of the "master" and the administration of the "former king" and failing to promote the benefits and eliminate the disadvantages for the world. In particular, the phrase "it is difficult to ward off evil spirits" puts the other party in an awkward position as a spokesman for evil beliefs. Of course, the exposure and attack on Sima Guang is mainly in the following paragraph.
In the third paragraph, the author further clarified his position and attitude, and followed the fearless statement with many complaints at the end of the last paragraph. The author makes a sharp analysis of the origin of "complaining". First of all, it's not a day since people got used to sneaking around. Most court officials have adopted a good way to deal with the world without worrying about state affairs, agreeing with popular customs and pleasing everyone. In Wang Anshi's poems, "wandering dog" is synonymous with conservatism; And "vulgarity" and "mass" are powerful social and political forces influenced by conservative thoughts. Their mental outlook and ideological essence are revealed here, which provides a reasonable basis for the emperor's "wanting to change this" and his "helping to resist it". Therefore, continuing to talk about "what is the public but not aggressive" can only show that the opposition of conservative forces is inevitable, but it does not mean that they are completely rational and powerful. Next, the author cites a historical example, Pan Geng moved the capital, which shows that many opponents do not mean that the measures are wrong. As long as you "judge before you move" and make sure that you are right, there is no need to retreat and regret. Pan Geng's move, even if it was against the people, failed to make him change his plan, so the current political reform was only opposed by the conservative forces in the imperial court, and there was no retreat. This is a historical example of reform to illustrate the rationality and justice of the current reform, indicating that he will not change his firm attitude of determination because of many complaints. It can be said that Wang Anshi's code of conduct is a summary of the resolute spirit of all reformers in history.
As soon as I write here, it seems that the words have been finished. However, the author, playing hard to get, made way first, saying that if the other party blamed himself for being in office for a long time and failed to help the emperor do great things and benefit the people, he would be guilty. Although this is not the original intention of this article, it is from the heart. Then he reversed the past and made a positive statement: "If today, when everything is idle, and you just keep the same as before, it is not something you dare to know." The euphemistic tone contains a sharp edge, which breaks the ideological essence of conservatives represented by Sima Guang and directly hits the other side, leaving it exposed and speechless.
This short message is excellent in writing, economical and persuasive in writing, euphemistic and solemn in tone, and neither hurts personal friendship nor compromises opposing opinions. The author's rhetoric and logical reasoning are carried out step by step from near to far, from far to near, and layer by layer by using the methods of refutation, guidance, comparison, proof, inspiration and analogy according to specific people and specific occasions. It is a typical work that criticizes political papers.
About the author:
Wang Anshi (102 1-65438+ Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Liyang Village, Shangchi, dongxiang county, Fuzhou) was an outstanding politician, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much and has a strong memory. He received a good education from an early age. In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Yang Town ranked fourth in the Jinshi list, and successively served as a judge in Huainan, a magistrate in Yinxian County, a judge, a magistrate in Changzhou, a criminal prison in Jiangdong, Tiaodian and other local officials. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. After nine years in Xining, he lived in seclusion in Zhongshan, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and died.
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Responding to Sima's teaching plan
Teaching objectives:
1, knowledge and ability objectives:
Can understand the meaning of sentences and accumulate the meaning and usage of some commonly used classical Chinese words.
2, emotion and value goals:
Be able to grasp the main points of the article and explore the information contained in the article.
3, process and method objectives:
Experience the author's determination to persist in reform and not be moved by rumors and popular views.
Teaching emphases and difficulties:
1. Appreciate the concise and powerful words used in answering Sima's suggestion.
2. In this paper, the author answered four questions in the implementation of the reform.
Class schedule: one class.
Teaching process:
first kind
First, introduce the new course:
Looking back at history, some reformers who tried to enrich Qiang Bing were often blocked by traditional forces, and Wang Anshi was no exception. Wang Anshi as a reformer and Sima Guang as a conservative are two tit-for-tat forces. They all tried to convince each other of their political views. In this book, in response to Sima Shi's words, Wang Anshi insisted on his political views firmly and clearly, and refuted the views in Sima Guang's letter one by one.
Second, the topic explanation:
"Book" is archaic, which means letter. The ancients wrote letters with many topics, indicating who to write to. Most of the letter titles are "Bao … Shu", "Yu … Shu", "Shang … Shu" and "Answer … Shu", such as Bao Ren (Sima Qian), Zhu Shu (Wu Jun), Shang Shu Mi Han Taiwei Shu (Su Zhe) and Su Zhe. The title "Answering Sima's Suggestions" means: a letter to Sima's suggestions. In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1069), Wang Anshi, as a political governor (equivalent to prime minister), began to implement the new law. In the second year, Sima Guang, then a bachelor of Hanlin and a doctor of right advice, wrote a long letter of more than 3,600 words to Wang Anshi, listing the disadvantages of the new law and demanding that Wang Anshi abandon the new law and restore the old system. This article is Wang Anshi's reply.
Third, reading experience.
(1) teacher simulation text.
When reading aloud, the speech speed is a little slow, so we should pay attention to the pause inside the sentence, so that students can more easily correct the improper pause in preview.
(2) Identify the next sound.
Blame (bàng) the people (nán) the pan gēng (gê ng) the society (wê).
(3) Two students at the same table or at the front and back tables form a study group, listening to each other, reading and reading the full text.
(Requirements: Can read carefully, loudly, accurately and clearly; Can point out the mistakes and shortcomings in each other's reading. )
(4) Read by roll call, with comments from teachers and students.
(You can start with whether the voice is loud, the pronunciation is accurate, the pause is reasonable, and the intonation is appropriate. )
(5) Memorize words
A: The author used it instead of his own name in the draft letter.
Kaiming: Thank you for your guidance.
Steal: modest words, in private, represent "I"
Fuck: Take it.
Art: the way of governing the country, political views.
Force an explanation Noisy, noisy, noisy, there are many words here.
Report: reply.
Reflection: rethinking.
Meet: treat.
Repeatedly: write back.
Reckless: Hasty and rude.
Forgive me: forgive me.
Name and reality: name and reality.
Master: Emperor.
Invasion of officials: adding new officials and infringing on the powers of the original officials.
Cause trouble: cause trouble to disturb the people.
Levy profits: search for money and compete with the people for profits.
Refuse to give advice: not accepting other people's opinions.
Promotion: execution.
Exclude or refute.
Everyone: traitor, traitor. Refers to a person who flatters and does not follow the right path.
Get used to it: get used to it.
T-shirt: Think about it.
Aggressiveness: the sound of waves. This refers to the voice against the new law.
Petty resentment: mutual resentment. More refers to people's resentment against the world. Xu, mutual way.
Fett: Not just.
Pat just ...
Degree (dù): planning, advocating. Degree (duó): Consider.
Ointment: for welfare.
Do nothing: do nothing.
Dare to know: Dare to learn.
Know, learn and accept.
By: chance, opportunity.
No: invincible.
Just: sincere feelings.
Yearning: Admiration to the extreme.
(6) Read aloud in groups, grasp the context and experience the context.
The full text is divided into three parts:
The first part: This paragraph mainly expounds the reason and purpose of writing this letter. Because there are differences between them, I am writing to express my position and attitude.
The second part: the key part of the full-text rebuttal. Based on the argument of "justified, the world is justified", the author refutes the fallacies of conservatives respectively and shows that he insists on political reform.
The third part: further clarify my position and attitude, and hope that I will stop doing these things from now on and stick to the previous practices. This is what I dare to learn.
The fourth part: the conclusion of the letter and contract.
Fourth, reading aftertaste
Verb (abbreviation for verb) assigns homework.
1. Read the text and consolidate the accumulation of classical Chinese vocabulary in class.
2. Translate paragraph 1-2 in block letters or in print.