1. Pure trade industry
Pure trade is a trade industry directly engaged in commodity purchase and sale activities, which is divided into wholesale trade and retail trade. They directly reflect the social function of trade, are the main body of organizing commodity circulation and the basis of social trade structure.
Wholesale trade specializes in buying goods from production units and supplying them to retail trade or production units. It is at the starting point or intermediate stage of commodities, and is responsible for transferring commodities from the production field to the circulation field, and transporting them from the place of origin to the place of sale. It is the link between urban and rural areas, between regions, between production departments and retail trade.
Retail trade directly provides consumers with commodity services, which is the last link in the process of commodity circulation. Its basic function is to serve consumers and distribute socially produced goods to consumers in the form of transactions. Commodities enter the consumption field through the retail link, ending the whole process of commodity circulation. Retail trade solves the ultimate realization of commodity value and is the basis of social trade.
The proportional relationship between wholesale enterprises and retail enterprises must be coordinated with each other, which is the objective requirement of commodity circulation. The establishment and layout of wholesale and retail institutions shall follow the principles of serving retail, giving priority to benefits, reducing links and giving consideration to urban and rural areas, making overall planning and rational layout, and promoting the circulation of urban and rural commodities.
2. Enterprise distribution industry
The circulation industry in an enterprise refers to the trade in which the competent department of the industry and large enterprise groups specialize in product sales (including export) and independently calculate the circulation effect. Its main features are: ① specialized investment in buying industry products from the industry; (two) to sell its products to the general public to meet the needs of production and life; (3) Independent accounting circulation management effect, to obtain profits. At present, all walks of life and major enterprise groups in China have established industries specializing in distribution activities. The goods they deal in are not only varied, large in quantity and wide in scope, but also have a considerable total sales volume. Therefore, this industry has become an important part of the trade industry and thus an important part of the national economy.
3. Information consulting industry
Information consulting industry is a new industry. So far, no accurate definition has been given, and the statistical department has not put forward clear standards for its statistical scope. Generally speaking, information consultation is a business activity based on the collection, processing, transmission, effective utilization and feedback of various information. Information consulting industry is a knowledge-based industry that uses various information processing technologies to collect, process, sort out, analyze and transmit all kinds of information and provide customers with information products such as solutions, strategies, suggestions, plans or measures to solve problems. Its service field involves almost all aspects of social economy, such as policy research, management scheme formulation, professional engineering services, technology development research and so on. , you can get the required information services through consulting channels. Through information consulting service, we can reduce the cost to the maximum extent, find the most suitable partner, carry out strong advertising, improve the competitiveness of enterprises and reduce risks. Therefore, the information consulting industry is a comprehensive service industry with intensive knowledge, high technology content and remarkable social benefits.
No matter whether it is tangible goods or intangible goods, the intermediary enterprises and self-employed individuals who manage these goods have their own industry characteristics. They have the same characteristic of organizing commodity circulation and purchasing goods by using information as the medium, but there are also some differences between them. For example, in the information industry, they generally only go through two stages: collection and sales. For another example, the business process of advanced service forms generally goes through four stages: learning (intellectual investment is equivalent to purchase)-forming intellectual labor (advanced labor products)-service (labor sale)-reward; Low-level service forms generally go through three stages: natural labor, service and reward.
At present, China's information consulting industry includes employment agencies, labor market, talent exchange center, enterprise management consulting, information exchange center, real estate intermediary enterprises and so on. This industry will develop and improve with the development of market economy.
4. Securities circulation industry
The securities circulation industry refers to the river basin industry and intermediary institutions that specialize in buying and selling all kinds of securities, bonds and stocks, that is, the international ordinary stock exchange in the form of company organization. Corporate stock exchanges generally adopt the form of joint-stock companies. The articles of association clearly stipulate the number and qualifications of securities brokers and securities dealers who participate in the organization of the company as shareholders and the duration of the company. It is stipulated that the board of directors, the board of supervisors and various functional offices shall be elected by the shareholders' meeting and be responsible for various businesses.
Members of a stock exchange in the form of company organization are divided into two categories: brokers and salespeople. Brokers are the backbone of securities trading in the world and the agents of securities investors. Entrusted by clients, they buy and sell securities for clients and collect commissions. A salesman refers to a salesman who knows the stock market and handles securities trading at all trading counters of a stock exchange.
5. Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmacy industry refers to the procurement industry in which medical institutions distribute medical commodities and independently calculate the benefits. In order to meet the needs of treatment and health care, medical departments buy medicines from pharmaceutical manufacturers or wholesale pharmacies and then sell them to patients and health care providers at retail prices to meet the needs of these consumers. Medicine samarium is the basic need for people to treat diseases or health care, and China has a large population, so the demand for medicine is very strong. With the development of national medical and health undertakings, the pharmaceutical industry will have great development and a very promising prospect.
6. Water, electricity and gas circulation industry
Water and electricity circulation industry refers to the independent accounting and sales department of pipeline gas, natural gas, self-heating water, mineral water, hot water, electric power and pipeline liquid fuel industry. Such products are generally commodities formed by developing or utilizing natural resources. The sales department independently invests, buys water, electricity and gas commodities from the water, electricity and gas industry departments at ex-factory prices, and then sells them to urban residents, families and production enterprises at retail prices to meet the living needs of urban residents and the production needs of industrial and mining enterprises. The sales of water, electricity and gas supply have their own characteristics. Once the supply is selected, it is relatively stable. In general, goods are directly transported to users' homes and production enterprises through special pipelines or lines.
Water, electricity and gas products can be used as both means of production and means of livelihood. They are not only the basic needs of human survival, but also the basic conditions of material production. Therefore, the water and electricity circulation industry plays an important role in the trade industry and the whole national economy.
7. Food industry
Catering service industry is a special trade industry specializing in beverage and food processing and cooking, providing customers with local consumption and local services. The development of catering industry is of great significance to meet people's basic living needs, improve people's living standards and promote the development of tourism. Carry out the management policy of "facing the public, operating at different levels, carrying forward traditional characteristics and adapting to diverse needs", and establish a reasonable internal structure of the catering industry with multiple levels, industries and forms to meet different consumption fields, different consumption classes and different consumption needs.
At present, the strategic focus of China's catering industry should be on cities, market towns, traffic arteries and densely populated residential areas, with fast food, family restaurants, all kinds of breakfast shops, flavor snack bars and food stalls as the main body, and a number of medium and high-end hotels should be planned to be developed in big cities, tourist areas and important ports, so as to initially establish a catering pattern with prominent service focus and reasonable division of labor.
8. Logistics industry
The logistics industry specializes in the collection, storage, transportation and distribution of goods to serve the circulation. Some people call the logistics industry "an industrial cluster with logistics activities as the same point". Logistics industry mainly includes four sub-industries: ① Transportation industry, which is the main industry of logistics industry. (2) storage and transportation industry, mainly warehousing, with transportation functions, such as grain storage and transportation, commercial storage and transportation, material storage and transportation, etc. (3) Intermodal transport is a professional term introduced from abroad. According to Chinese scholars, the intermodal transport industry refers to the industry in which shippers and third parties other than the transportation industry engage in consignment and act as freight shippers, also known as the "third-party logistics industry", which is developing rapidly at present. ④ The circulation industry is a service industry integrating the functions of commodity storage, distribution processing, sorting, distribution and delivery.
Logistics is the physical expression of commodity circulation, and the function of logistics industry is to engage in the movement of commodity entities and realize the directional displacement of commodity use value in space. Logistics function is accomplished through a series of commercial activities. In general, the function of trade logistics is realized through several business links, such as commodity transportation, commodity storage, commodity packaging, commodity distribution and processing, commodity loading and unloading, and commodity distribution. With the deepening of the reform of logistics system and the establishment of logistics center and logistics network system, it organizes the logistics facilities scattered in various industries and enterprises to form a joint force, thus greatly promoting the modernization process of commodity circulation.