● Regional and regional differences
Detailed explanation of test sites
The meaning of area L refers to a certain spatial unit on the earth's surface, which is divided by people on the basis of geographical differences according to certain indexing methods. The boundaries between these spatial units are clear and transitional.
The regional difference is 1, and the regional difference is obvious, so the regional comparison method is used to study; The region has integrity, which is studied by comprehensive analysis;
2. Regional comparison method: (see table below)
Regional comparison method
The content of big things and small things
Physical geographical feature location 1, latitude location; 2. Land and sea location; 3. Adjacent relationship
Climate 1, temperature characteristics; 2. Precipitation characteristics; 3. Overview of climate types; 4. Special climatic phenomena.
Terrain 1, terrain unit; 2. Topographic features; 3. Main terrain types; 4. Special topography and landscape.
Hydrology 1, hydrological characteristics of major rivers; 2. Hydrological characteristics of major lakes; 3. Hydrological characteristics of other wetlands.
Vegetative animals 1, zonal vegetation; 2. Typical animals; 3. Special species.
Soil 1, zonal soil; 2. Special non-zonal soil;
Natural resources 1, land resources, water resources, climate resources, biological resources and mineral resources;
2. Resource advantages and problems;
Humanistic and geographical characteristics: population, national customs, population size and density; 2. Population distribution; 3. Nationality.
Language and culture 1, language type; 2. Religious belief; 3. Folk culture; 4. Modern representative cultural activities.
Production activities 1, agriculture (crops, planting system, agricultural types, position in the world agricultural regional division of labor, agricultural regions, agricultural location conditions);
2. Industry (composition characteristics of industrial departments, industrial location conditions, industrial zones and their important industrial cities)
Other geographical things with obvious regional characteristics.
Regional differences in China
East monsoon region northwest arid and semi-arid region Qinghai-Tibet alpine region
Topography is mostly below 1000m above sea level, and plains, hills, basins and mountains are alternately distributed on the second and third steps, with an altitude of about 2000m, mainly plateaus and basins, which are located on the second steps in China. Above 4000 meters above sea level, mainly plateaus and basins, located on the first step of our country.
Climate monsoon climate is remarkable, and wind direction, precipitation and temperature change obviously with seasons. During the same period of rain and heat, it is warm and humid, living inland, with temperate continental climate, less precipitation and large temperature difference between day and year. The air is thin, the solar radiation is strong, the temperature is low and the wind is strong, and the climate in the valley area changes obviously vertically.
There are many hydrological rivers and lakes, most of which flow into the Pacific Ocean from west to east, and rainwater supplied by river water and groundwater is the main source. Most of them are inland rivers, lakes are mainly salty water, and melting water from mountains and snow is the main form of water supply. There are both inflow and outflow areas, with many mountains and lakes. Alpine glaciers have become the source of many rivers.
Vegetation and soil are mainly forests and forest grasslands, with a large number of crops and artificial forests. Forests, grasslands, deserts and Gobi appear in turn from east to west. The soil layer is thin and the organic matter content is low. Alpine meadows, shrubs and valley forests are widely distributed in alpine deserts with good water conditions. The frozen soil is very wide.
The dominant factor of regional differentiation is the temperature changing with latitude position, which is the dominant factor of natural regional change in this area. The dry and wet conditions change with the distance from the ocean, which is the dominant factor in the change of natural areas in this area. The vertical zonality changing with altitude is the dominant factor that determines the change of natural regions in this area.
● The influence of industrial transfer and cross-regional resource allocation on regional geographical environment.
★ Basic knowledge and principles
First, cross-regional resource allocation:
1. background: the regional distribution of natural resources is uneven, and there are obvious resource-rich areas and resource-poor areas. On the other hand, the level of regional economic development is also unbalanced, and the demand for natural resources in various regions often does not match the natural resources in the region. Therefore, in order to adapt to the balance between regional development and natural resources supply, it is necessary to allocate resources across regions.
Conclusion: The uneven regional distribution of resources and the contradiction between supply and demand are the fundamental reasons for the cross-regional allocation of resources.
2. Scheme: mainly related problems in engineering construction, such as the comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various engineering schemes, the related contents of regional geographical investigation, the location factors affecting engineering construction, etc. This part of the content is generally not the focus of curriculum standards.
3. Impact: This part is the core issue of curriculum standards, focusing on cultivating students' ability to explore and evaluate geographical issues in reality. Generally speaking, the cross-regional allocation of resources is conducive to the rational allocation of resources and an important way to narrow the economic development gap between regions and realize the sustainable development of social economy. Specifically, it is necessary to combine different resource types and regional characteristics to analyze the positive and negative impacts on resource exporting and resource importing places from social, economic and environmental aspects.
Cross-regional allocation of resources should not only pay attention to the impact on the geographical environment of the export and import places of resources, but also pay attention to the impact on the relevant areas involved in resource allocation (areas along the project construction). For example, the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project passes through Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces and regions along the route, which can also play a positive role in stimulating economic growth along the route, improving atmospheric environmental quality, increasing employment opportunities and solving rural domestic energy problems. For another example, transporting coal from north to south will increase the pressure of transportation (especially railway transportation) and cause environmental pollution during transportation.
Induction: a general method to solve the problem of cross-regional resource allocation;
Combined with the distribution maps of various energy sources and resources in the world and China, students are required to pay attention to the distribution, traffic routes, geographical things and geographical characteristics of various energy sources and resources along the line, with emphasis on the characteristics and distribution of such resources; Output, input, natural and human geographical features along the route; Route direction and main factors affecting route selection; The supply demand of this resource along the line; Social, economic and ecological benefits after deployment.
Second, industrial transfer.
1. Concept: Industrial transfer refers to the phenomenon that some enterprises in developed regions adapt to the changes of regional comparative advantages and transfer the production of some industries to developing regions through cross-regional direct investment, thus showing the spatial distribution of industries from developed regions to developing regions.
Industrial transfer generally includes foreign direct investment, establishing marketing network, building factories and setting up R&D institutions, among which setting up R&D institutions is an advanced form of industrial transfer. The establishment of R&D institutions by multinational corporations abroad is beneficial to the integration of production and development and shortens the production cycle of new products.
2. Factors affecting industrial transfer: labor, internal transaction costs, market factors, changes in the international economic situation, adjustment of national policies, environmental factors, resource issues, etc.
Related cases:
(1) After World War II, labor-intensive industries in developed countries moved to developing countries. The main reason for importing products from developing countries is that developing countries have a large number of cheap labor.
(2) Since the Third Industrial Revolution, the industries in the northeast of the United States have moved to the west and south, mainly because of the environmental and resource problems in the northeast. The transfer of this industry is conducive to the improvement of the northeast environment, but if we do not pay attention to the development of other industries, it may also cause employment problems and economic recession.
(3) In recent years, a large number of electromechanical and IT enterprises in Taiwan Province Province have moved to the mainland, and the main factor is to find new markets.
(4) In recent years, some labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong Province have shifted to mountainous areas and two wings. The main factor is to realize the balanced development of industrial layout in the region and the coordinated development of the region (of course, there are also comparative location advantages of mountainous areas and two wings).
3. Three international industrial transfers and their impact on China.
First, in the 1950s, the United States transferred traditional industries such as steel and textiles to Japan and West Germany, focusing on developing emerging technology-intensive industries such as semiconductors, communications and computers.
Second, in the 1960s and 1980s, Japan, West Germany and other countries transferred labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries with low added value to newly industrialized countries and regions (such as the "Four Little Dragons" in Asia), focusing on developing technology-intensive industries with high added value, such as integrated circuits, precision machinery, fine chemicals, household appliances and automobiles.
Thirdly, since the 1990s, developed countries such as Europe, America and Japan and newly industrialized countries or regions such as the "Four Little Dragons" in Asia have shifted their industries that do not have competitive advantages to developing countries such as China, focusing on developing their own industries with competitive advantages.
In 1980s, China seized the historical opportunity that international labor-intensive industries, represented by textile products, moved to developing countries, and completed the rational adjustment of light and heavy industrial structure.
In 1990s, China undertook a large number of international manufacturing transfer, and entered a stage of rapid development to undertake international industrial transfer. Mechanical and electrical products became the leading export products of China.
Since the new century, China has actively undertaken the IT-led international industrial transfer, making China one of the first choices for foreign direct investment, and also promoting the rapid development of high-tech industries in China and becoming a global IT manufacturing base. At the same time, the export proportion of high-tech products has risen rapidly, which is higher than the international average.
4. At present, China has three characteristics in undertaking international industrial transfer:
First, more and more industries undertake international industrial transfer. Manufacturing industry is still the main industry for China to undertake international industrial transfer. In manufacturing industry, high energy consumption industry has become an important aspect for China to undertake international industrial transfer. In recent years, some developed countries have restricted energy-intensive projects in terms of energy consumption, environmental protection and taxation to alleviate their environmental pressure. In addition, after the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, these countries have increasingly transferred such industries to developing countries to accomplish the task of reducing greenhouse gases. High-tech industry has become an important industry for China to undertake international industrial transfer, and service industry is the new focus for China to undertake international industrial transfer.
Second, more and more regions undertake international industrial transfer. Because of its unique geographical advantages, the eastern region has always occupied a dominant position in undertaking international industrial transfer. However, the advantages of low cost of resources, environment and factors in the western region are attracting more and more domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in the western region. Foreign investors in the eastern region reinvest in the western region, which has also become the main way for the western region to undertake international industrial transfer.
Third, there are more and more ways to undertake international industrial transfer. Such as formulating preferential policies to attract foreign investment, setting up various forms of development parks, attracting investment from industrial chains, introducing and digesting technology, and developing international economic cooperation.
Multinational companies are the main body of international industrial transfer, but the role of small and medium-sized enterprises is becoming more and more obvious.
5. Domestic industrial transfer
On the one hand, the location advantage of the eastern coastal areas has declined. On the other hand, with the implementation of the western development and the promotion of the rise of central China, the transfer of some industries from the eastern coastal areas to the central and western regions has become the general trend of China's economic development. The central and western regions have a vast territory and obvious advantages in resources and location. If the central and western regions strive to improve the system and mechanism, optimize the investment environment, and promote the region to become a competitive manufacturing and high-tech industrial base, an energy and important raw material base, and a labor resource development and export base, then the central and western regions will become the best industrial transfer sites.
6. Industrial transfer and upgrading in the Pearl River Delta region
Since the reform and opening up, there have been two large-scale industrial transfers in the Pearl River Delta region. The first time began in the early days of reform and opening up, a large number of traditional manufacturing industries (clothing, textiles, electronic components, etc. ) was transferred to the Pearl River Delta region. On the one hand, this industrial transfer accelerates the process of urbanization and industrialization in the Pearl River Delta region, on the other hand, it also intensifies the environmental pollution in the Pearl River Delta region. The second industrial transfer began in the 1990s, when a large number of labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries moved to underdeveloped areas in Guangdong and even the Pan-Pearl River Delta region, and the Pearl River Delta region further optimized its industrial structure by vigorously introducing high-tech industries such as computers, information technology and bioengineering.
After more than 20 years of rapid development, the Pearl River Delta has made great achievements in undertaking international industrial transfer and has become an important engine of national economic development. At present, the Pearl River Delta also faces many difficulties in the process of undertaking international industrial transfer, which are manifested in the weakening of policy support, the increasing pressure in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, the defects of the Pearl River Delta economy itself (limited geographical space and increasingly serious resource constraints) and the lack of sustainable development stamina. Therefore, the Pearl River Delta region must adjust and optimize the structure of undertaking international industries, comprehensively improve the overall quality of industries, focus on optimizing and upgrading the secondary industry, and vigorously develop high-tech industries. Broaden the space for undertaking international industrial transfer, and carry out industrial transfer to the east and west wings and mountainous areas step by step.
In March this year, the Guangdong Provincial Government issued "Opinions on Promoting Industrial Transfer in Guangdong Province and the Pearl River Delta Mountainous Area, East and West Wings (Trial)", and industrial transfer quickly became a hot spot of widespread concern for governments at all levels and local enterprises. The Opinions mainly put forward measures to support the construction of industrial transfer parks: First, give land use policy support. The second is to provide financial support for the external infrastructure construction of the park. The third is to ensure the power supply in the park. The fourth is to strengthen employment training for enterprises in the park. Poverty alleviation through education or entrusted training, training, etc. Relevant technical schools and vocational and technical colleges in the province and the Pearl River Delta region will train professionals who are in short supply for the mountainous areas and the east and west wings. Fifth, increase policy support for industrial transfer.
7. Impact of industrial transfer on geographical environment
(1) Promote the adjustment of regional industrial structure: For the transfer place, it is conducive to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; for the undertaking place, it can speed up the adjustment of national or regional economic structure and shorten the time of industrial upgrading, thus accelerating the process of industrialization.
(2) Promoting regional industrial division of labor and cooperation: Industrial transfer can enable each region to develop corresponding industries according to its own advantages, thus promoting industrial division of labor and cooperation and promoting regional economic integration.
(3) Changing the regional geographical environment: on the one hand, industrial transfer has changed the regional geographical pattern, and the undertaking place of industrial transfer often changes from rural areas to highly industrialized areas; On the other hand, industrial transfer is often accompanied by the transfer and diffusion of environmental pollution.
(4) changing the spatial distribution of labor employment: industrial transfer places tend to reduce employment opportunities and increase the number of unemployed people; For industrial enterprises, it can increase employment opportunities and ease employment pressure.
● Geographical conditions of basin development, basic contents of development and construction, and countermeasures for comprehensive management.
1. Geographical conditions of river basin development: evaluate its "advantages" and "existing problems" from economic, ecological and social benefits.
◆ Natural aspects: topography, climate, hydrology, vegetation, minerals, etc.
Humanities: population, settlement, transportation, culture, agriculture, industry, etc.
For example, the characteristics of the middle and upper reaches of the river-narrow valley, large slope, many rapids and rich hydraulic resources.
Characteristics of the downstream river channel-wide valley and convenient navigation.
2. The basic content of river basin development and construction: determine the direction of river basin development according to "resource advantages"
◆ Resource development:
Development of hydraulic resources-power generation, aquaculture, tourism, shipping, flood control, etc. Is conducive to the development of energy-intensive industries.
Water resources development-tourism, irrigation, aquaculture, shipping, etc.
Biological resources development-tourism, education, etc.
Development of land resources-develop agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery according to local conditions.
Mineral resources development-establish mineral development bases and establish corresponding industrial departments (using cheap electricity).
Tourism resources development-do a good job in tourism planning, develop transportation and develop tourism.
◆ Ecological (restoration) construction:
Exploitation of mineral resources: ① Exploitation of mineral resources leads to vegetation destruction, and waste rocks and waste residue occupy a large amount of land;
(2) unreasonable exploitation causes geological disasters such as land subsidence, landslide, collapse and debris flow;
(3) The toxic elements in the waste residue and waste water formed by the development of mineral resources pollute the environment.
3. Comprehensive control measures: according to the "existing problems", determine the control measures of the basin.
◆ Measures to control soil erosion: ① biological measures such as adjusting agricultural structure, planting trees and returning farmland to forests and grasslands; (2) engineering measures such as slope protection and dam siltation; ③ Small watershed management.
◆ Measures to control river pollution: ① Close small industries with heavy pollution; (2) Treatment of industrial, agricultural and domestic sewage; (3) Reduce water consumption and increase flow in dry season; (4) Adjust the production process and properly discharge pollutants in flood season.
◆ Measures to control the destruction of biological resources: ① establishing nature reserves, ② appropriately moving out the residents in the reserves; ③ Adjusting agricultural structure and controlling human activities (such as traffic construction); ④ Publicity and education.
● Regional economic development-agriculture
1, analysis of regional agricultural production conditions:
Understand the local natural conditions and socio-economic conditions according to the knowledge or graphic data. According to the degree of correlation with regional agricultural development, the agricultural location conditions are evaluated from natural conditions such as light and heat, precipitation, water source, topography and soil, population density, market demand for agricultural products, transportation, national policies, capital investment, agricultural science and technology, etc.
2. Analysis of regional agricultural layout characteristics:
Regional agricultural layout reflects the adaptation and transformation of human agricultural production activities to natural conditions, and adaptation is the main factor. Agricultural production must adapt to natural conditions in order to produce better economic and ecological benefits. Otherwise, it will fall into a vicious circle of declining economic benefits and deteriorating ecological environment.
Different natural factors have different effects on agricultural layout, and the main controlling factors are topography and climate.
Terrain: From a macro perspective (regional map)-mountainous areas are suitable for developing forestry or animal husbandry, plains are suitable for developing planting, and wetlands (lakes, reservoir areas, etc.). ) Suitable for developing aquaculture. From the microscopic point of view (small area, usually contour map)-mountainous areas with large slopes are suitable for building soil and water conservation forests and economic forests (such as tea trees and fruit trees). ) or flat areas can develop horizontal terraces, mountain basin and valley areas can develop planting, and wetlands can develop aquaculture.
Climate: heat-different heat has its typical crop varieties. Moisture-different dry and wet conditions determine different land use types: humid area-paddy field, semi-humid area-dry land, semi-arid and arid area-grassland.
3. Problems in regional agricultural production:
Overall understanding:
Regional agricultural development usually takes China as an example and can be moved to other parts of developing countries. Generally speaking, there are two changes in agricultural development in China, namely, from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, and from the simple pursuit of economic benefits to the sustainable development of economy, society and ecology. Therefore, we must first make clear the difference between traditional agriculture and modern agriculture. For the agricultural development in backward areas, the characteristics of traditional agriculture are the problems it faces, and the characteristics of modern agriculture are roughly its development direction:
Industrial structure, agricultural input, agricultural technology management mode, commodity rate of agricultural products, measures to increase farmers' income, agricultural ecology
Traditional Agriculture Most of China's agriculture is traditional mixed agriculture, which is dominated by planting, with a single structure and lack of characteristics; For the purpose of self-sufficiency, the products are diverse and lack advantages. Low.
Labor-intensive manual labor (intensive cultivation), extensive low-expansion production scale (reclamation, expansion of livestock carrying capacity, etc.). ), the extensive expansion of reproduction, the tension between man and land, and the deterioration of ecological environment (soil erosion, desertification, floods and droughts)
Modern agriculture chooses one or more agricultural and livestock products with regional advantages and concentrates on production. Outstanding features and obvious advantages. Tall man.
Capital-technology-intensive biotechnology has a high degree of mechanization, high density and high yield per unit area (improved varieties, etc.). ), and intensive reproduction consumes a lot of energy (heavy agricultural pollution)
Problem summary:
The evaluation of the present situation of regional agricultural development usually starts from the aspects listed in the above table, and combines with the regional reality to select the projects that best meet the local conditions for analysis or discussion. The agricultural development in ecologically deteriorated areas should also be combined with the idea of sustainable development and analyzed and expounded around the relevant theories of circular economy and ecological agriculture.