Editor: Linde Time: 20 10-4-26 Reading: 48 times.
What's the difference between joint-stock enterprises and cooperative enterprises?
The differences between joint-stock cooperative enterprises are as follows:
(1) The subject, purpose and business scope of cooperation are different.
Joint-stock system is the combination of the strong and capital cooperation, and cooperative system is the combination of the weak and workers cooperation. The former aims at increasing capital, while the latter aims at serving itself. So the business scope is different. The business scope of the joint-stock system is a project that can bring returns to the rentier class, and the business scope of the cooperative system is the economic and social needs of its members, such as consumer cooperatives, housing cooperatives, medical cooperatives, cultural activity cooperatives, consulting cooperatives, insurance cooperatives and other very extensive fields. The economic and social needs of vulnerable groups can be solved through cooperatives.
Different governance structures
The shareholding system is a separation of powers, that is, the ownership of the legal person is in the hands of the board of directors, the interests of shareholders are reflected by the shareholders' meeting, and the management right is operated by the manager team. "Separation of the three powers" is conducive to the exclusiveness and complete management right of enterprise assets, to the specialization of management, to the establishment of effective interest mechanism and restraint mechanism, and to the capital proliferation of investors. Cooperative system is a combination of two rights, and its members are both owners and operators. When the scale of cooperatives expands, it is necessary to divide and rule. At this time, even if the owner does not operate, that is, the ownership and management rights are separated, the owner can firmly control the operator through the internal control mechanism, so that it can never deviate from the purpose of serving the members.
(C) different property rights structure
The diversification of property rights of joint-stock enterprises has realized the commercialization, securitization and marketization of property rights, broken the frozen state of capital and created a mechanism for raising capital and optimizing and restructuring for the development of large enterprises. The property right structure of the cooperative system is relatively simple, and the share capital cannot be circulated, so it can only be withdrawn. Members can quit the cooperative when they think that they don't need the service of the cooperative, or the cooperative can't meet their own needs, which embodies the purpose of self-service of the cooperative.
Share-holding system is the concrete realization form of ownership in modern market economy. It can't be said that it is public or private in general. The key depends on who holds the control. Cooperatives are mixed ownership, and the capital of cooperatives includes both individual shares of members and public accumulation in the form of provident fund, which is an inseparable collective property of cooperatives. Although in this sense, the ownership relationship of the joint-stock system is clearer. However, although some of the collective assets of cooperatives are owned by members, no one can infringe on the collective assets of cooperatives in a market economy country with a sound legal system. The existence of collective assets, strengthening the strength of cooperatives and strengthening service functions are beneficial to every member of cooperatives. Cooperatives also have a considerable supervision mechanism to supervise the integrity of collective assets.
(d) The nature of the share capital is different.
Although both are in the form of shares, the share capital of the joint-stock system is capital, and the share capital of the cooperative system is the "admission ticket". The share capital of joint-stock system can condense a large amount of capital and develop huge projects that can not be developed by a single capital. The share difference between shareholders is very large. Therefore, the responsibilities, powers and interests of shareholders to the enterprise are very different. The share capital of the cooperative system is homogeneous and limited, and the members of the cooperative do not have different positions because of the different share capital, which is determined by the nature of the cooperative.
(5) Different distribution relations
The distribution relationship embodies the original intention of enterprise sponsors and the purpose of enterprise management. Therefore, the joint-stock system benefits from the same share and pays dividends by share. The cooperative system focuses on labor dividends, supplemented by stock dividends, that is, profits are mainly returned according to the transaction amount of members and cooperatives. The dividend basis of the two systems is different, which reflects the strength of capital in the joint-stock system and the status of labor in the cooperative system.
(6) Different management methods
Joint-stock enterprises have one share and one vote, and cooperatives have one person and one vote. Both are equal, but the basis of equality is different. The former emphasizes the power of capital, while the latter emphasizes the power of workers. Under the market economy, capital investment is the first driving force of economic activities, and it is legal, reasonable and reasonable for large investors to demand corresponding decision-making power in order to obtain large returns. One share, one vote is an effective mechanism to protect the interests of investors. Generally speaking, most people who hold "big stocks" are capable people. They not only have a greater sense of responsibility, but also have a more far-reaching strategy, giving them greater power, which is also a powerful guarantee for economic activities to achieve the expected goals. The success of the joint-stock system in the world is an affirmation of the one-share one-vote system. One person, one vote in cooperative system is beyond reproach. Because the sole purpose of a cooperative is to serve its members, each member has the right to participate in the decision-making on major issues of the cooperative, which is the characteristic requirement of the cooperative.
(7) Different social and economic status.
Generally speaking, the shareholding system refers to the modern company system. Joint stock limited company and limited liability company are the main organizational forms of modern company system and the mainstream organizational forms of market economy. Cooperative system is an important organizational form of market economy, but it belongs to non-mainstream organizational form. Because of this, the joint-stock cooperative system is well known to the world, but in some countries and regions, the understanding of the cooperative system is still insufficient. Therefore, the International Cooperative Alliance calls for the promotion of cooperatives to celebrities and young people.
(8) Different application fields
Due to different subjects, different purposes and different status, the application fields of the two enterprise systems are also different. Although there are no strict restrictions in the field of operation, in the field of production, the joint-stock system widely exists in enterprises with intensive technology, high organic composition and large scale, while the cooperative system is more common in the labor-intensive tertiary industry, agriculture and handicrafts. Because the development trend of socialized large-scale production needs an organizational form that can undertake large-scale projects such as canal development, railway construction, high technology, financial industry, etc., the huge function of joint-stock system to mobilize and condense social wealth has formed the micro-foundation for the competence of large enterprises and multinational companies.
The role of cooperative system in agriculture is irreplaceable by any other enterprise system. Because of the extensive agricultural layout, seasonality in time, flexibility in planting, dependence on natural conditions and long reproduction cycle, family management was chosen. At the same time, poor information, high transportation cost, low elasticity of supply, uneconomical scale of household operation, low degree of organization and poor service function make it difficult for agriculture to overcome natural and market risks. On the one hand, cooperatives adapt to the choice of family management by agriculture, on the other hand, they overcome the limitations of family management, realize the docking of scattered small production and large market by thousands of households, and realize the socialization of agricultural production organization and the democratization and scientific management.
From the perspective of handicraft production, such as tanning, brewing, maintenance, furniture manufacturing and other industries, they all have strong manual skills and strict requirements for the selection of raw materials. It is impossible to be completely replaced by socialized large-scale production mode, and even it is necessary to maintain a small production scale to ensure the integrity of technology and the quality and characteristics of products. The organizational form of cooperatives can meet the needs of handicraft producers in raw material procurement and product sales.
(9) Different organizational systems
The joint-stock system consists of shareholders' meeting, board of directors and manager, while the cooperative system consists of board of directors, board of supervisors and member congress, which embodies the difference between the two enterprises. Cooperatives are organizations that combine geography and consanguinity, which are conducive to serving themselves, but the grass-roots functions are very limited. Therefore, the voluntary cooperation of cooperatives from bottom to top is a common form of cooperation in the world. The shareholding system is multidimensional, which can be a parallel combination or a vertical combination.
(10) different degrees of openness
The shareholding system can be freely subscribed and voluntarily transferred, that is, the equity can be transferred by voting with the "foot". Cooperative system is voluntary participation and free withdrawal. On the one hand, it reflects the autonomy and selectivity of cooperative members, on the other hand, it is not conducive to the stability and expansion of cooperative capital scale, because cooperatives are not the only source of profits for members, but an incomplete alliance between independent economic entities.
(1 1) Different social functions
The shareholding system is polarized, and the cooperative system helps the weak and alleviates the contradiction of polarization. The joint-stock system has a complete economic function, and cooperatives are both economic organizations and social groups, with both economic and social functions. Joint-stock enterprises are development-profit-return, and the result of operation is that shareholders get rich or go bankrupt, which is seriously polarized. On the one hand, cooperative system, as an economic organization, pursues the maximization of interests externally, and is the same as prosperity, mutual assistance and cooperation and poverty alleviation internally. American scholar Edwin? North believes that cooperative system is a means to suppress the dark side of capital, which inhibits capitalism from overemphasizing competition and chasing profits, and is conducive to achieving social justice and fair distribution. Therefore, the more cooperatives develop, the less polarization there will be. In this sense, the cooperative system is more effective than any social charity relief and financial transfer payment, and it has great development potential and urgency in China. On the other hand, the social group function of cooperatives opens up a channel for the disadvantaged groups to express their voices to the government and society, and has the functions of social management, ideological culture and scientific education for members. This makes cooperatives a unique economic organization. Therefore, cooperatives have the function of stabilizing social order and avoiding social contradictions, and all governments support cooperatives.
(12) Different cultural meanings
Joint-stock system is the combination of the strong, and the strong determine the business objectives and formulate the enterprise spirit and culture according to the market conditions. Cooperative system is the combination of the weak. The economic status of the weak determines their culture, skills, morality and self-reliance spirit, which need to be constantly cultivated and improved. Therefore, as early as 19 15, George? Keane said: "The purpose of cooperation is to improve the moral standards of individuals. Cooperatives are the greatest moral movement in history. They promote self-esteem and mutual respect, develop independence, make people learn to depend on each other, and firmly believe that the highest form of happiness is to sacrifice personal interests for the benefit of all. "
1995 The cooperative values defined by the Centennial Congress of the International Cooperative Alliance once again reaffirmed the cultural significance of cooperatives, that is, "self-help, democracy, equality, fairness and unity, and cooperative members believe in the moral values of honesty, openness, social responsibility and caring for others." Cooperative leaders are not only entrepreneurs, but also social activists, and should also be moral models. Therefore, people also call the cause of cooperation "the cause of devotees".
There is no difference between joint-stock system and cooperative system, and each has its own economic and demographic basis for its emergence and development. The purpose of comparison is to understand the essential difference between the two and make a choice according to the specific situation of the enterprise. It should be emphasized that the implementation of standardized joint-stock system and cooperative system still needs many external conditions, such as legal environment, government functions, and people's moral level. Some restructuring failures stem from external conditions. Therefore, improving external conditions is also a key factor for the success of enterprise restructuring.