-Syndicate is a transliteration of French Syndicate, which means "trade union". ?
Syndication is a basic form of capitalist monopoly organization, which refers to a monopoly organization established by a few large enterprises in the same production department through signing agreements with them to sell products and buy raw materials in order to obtain high profits. Although the enterprises participating in the syndicate remain independent in production and law, they have lost their independence in business.
Their business of selling products and buying raw materials is handled by the syndicate headquarters, and then distributed among the participants according to the share stipulated in the agreement. Through this concentration and monopoly in the circulation field, syndicates can sell goods at high prices and buy raw materials at low prices. Due to the unified management of the syndicate, the members of the syndicate are actually no longer in direct contact with the market. Under normal circumstances, it is difficult for them to quit the syndicate, because once they quit, they will break away from the existing commodity and raw material market system and have to reorganize their own sales network and procurement channels, which is very difficult.
Therefore, the organizational form of the syndicate is generally stable. Syndication appeared around the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, and it was the most popular in Germany and Russia. Syndicates appeared in Russia as early as 1886. This is a syndicate of nail and wire factories. In the first 10 year of the early 20th century, syndicates monopolized most of the production in Russian steel, coal mines, mining and machinery sectors. In addition to syndicates, the organizational forms of monopoly organizations include trusts, cartels and Konzern.
-trust, transliteration of English trust.
It is made up of many closely related enterprises that produce similar goods or products. The purpose is to monopolize the sales market, compete for the origin of raw materials and the scope of investment, and strengthen the competitive power in order to obtain high monopoly profits. Participating enterprises have lost their independence in production, commerce and law. The board of directors of the trust manages all production, sales and financial activities in a unified way, and the leadership is in the hands of the largest capitalist. The original business owner became a shareholder and received dividends according to his shares. Participating capitalists compete fiercely for profit distribution and leadership.
1879 first appeared in the United States, such as Mobil Oil Trust and Whisky Trust. Trust itself is an independent enterprise organization, and the participants are completely independent in law and business, while the board of directors of the trust controls the production, sales and financial activities of all its enterprises. The original business owner becomes a shareholder of the trust and shares the profits according to the number of shares. On the one hand, the trust of capitalism can guarantee investors' rich profits, improve investors' interest, stimulate investment, promote enterprise expansion and benefit economic development; On the other hand, it will reduce competition, hinder the technological progress of enterprises and the development of emerging enterprises, affect the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises and increase the burden on consumers.
In socialist countries, trust is one of the organizational forms of socialist enterprises. In China, from 1963 to 1964, the central industrial transportation department set up 12 trust enterprises, including tobacco, salt industry, medicine, rubber, aluminum, automobiles, textile machinery and geo-mechanical instruments.
-cartel is a transliteration of French Cartel, which means agreement or alliance.
An organization composed of a series of independent enterprises that produce similar products, with the purpose of raising the prices of these products and controlling their output. Cartels are illegal under American antitrust laws. Cartel is one of the forms of monopoly organization. In order to monopolize the market, enterprises that produce or sell a certain commodity obtain high profits by concluding agreements on commodity price, output and sales. Participants in this alliance remain independent in production, commerce and law.
In order to monopolize the market and obtain high profits, enterprises producing similar commodities reach an agreement in dividing the sales market, stipulating product output and determining commodity prices, and form a monopoly enterprise alliance. It is an important form of capitalist monopoly organization. 1865 was first produced in Germany. After World War I, it developed rapidly in capitalist countries. With the internationalization of monopoly capital, international cartels have emerged. According to the content of the agreement, cartels can be divided into cartels that stipulate sales conditions, cartels that stipulate sales prices, cartels that stipulate product output, cartels that stipulate profit distribution, cartels that stipulate raw material distribution, and so on.
As cartel members, enterprises that produce similar commodities each maintain their legal person status and conduct production and operation independently, but they must abide by the contents stipulated in the agreement. When a cartel is established, a written agreement is usually signed, and some take the form of oral agreement. Member enterprises * * * elect cartel committees, whose duties are to supervise the implementation of the agreement, keep and use cartel funds, etc. Because the economic strength among member enterprises will change with the economic development, the cartel's monopoly alliance lacks stability and durability, and it often needs to sign an agreement again, or even collapse because member enterprises violate the agreement in the competition for sales market and expanding production and marketing quotas.
-Kang Zeen transliterated from Concern, meaning "the same subject of related interests". It is one of the advanced forms of monopoly organization, which is composed of many enterprises in different economic sectors. Including industrial enterprises, trading companies, banks, transportation companies and insurance companies. The purpose is to monopolize the sales market, compete for the origin and investment of raw materials, and obtain high monopoly profits. The enterprises participating in Kangzern are independent in form, but in fact they are controlled by the dominant capitalist group (usually the big bank capitalists) through participation system.
It clearly shows the characteristics of the combination of bank capital and industrial capital during the imperialist period. ? It came into being later than cartel, syndicate and trust. Every member enterprise of Kangzern still maintains its legal independence without losing its legal personality. As a holding company, a large enterprise or bank in the core position puts other member enterprises participating in Kangzern under its control by purchasing shares, participating in the board of directors and controlling the finances of each member enterprise. Its purpose is to enhance economic advantages, monopolize the sales market, compete for raw material producing areas and investment places, and obtain high monopoly profits.
Monopoly (individual capital)
Monopoly (usually translated as monopoly), individual capital, is generally divided into seller monopoly and buyer monopoly. Seller monopoly means that the only seller faces the competitive consumers in one or more markets through one or more stages; Buyer's monopoly is just the opposite. Theoretically, it is inferred that monopolists can adjust prices and output according to their own interests and needs in the market, but there is no exact case support so far.
As an economic phenomenon, monopoly appears in capitalist society, which is the opposite of competition and the inevitable result of competition development. Lenin also pointed out that when concentration develops to a certain stage, it can be said that it naturally moves towards monopoly. Because dozens of large enterprises can easily reach an agreement with each other; On the other hand, it is the huge scale of enterprises that causes the difficulty of competition and the trend of monopoly.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia "Monopoly (Monopoly Organization)"