Credit information system refers to the system composed of laws and regulations, organizations, market management, cultural construction, publicity and education related to credit information activities. The main function of the credit information system is to serve the lending market, but at the same time it has strong extensibility and also serves the commodity trading market and the labor market.
Credit information institutions refer to institutions established according to law that specialize in credit information services. It can be an independent legal person or a professional department of an independent legal person, including credit registration agencies, credit companies, credit scoring companies, credit rating companies, etc.
Credit investigation business, also known as credit information service business, includes credit records, credit surveys, credit scores, credit reports and credit ratings.
Credit records, also known as credit inquiry, refer to the business that credit reporting agencies use database technology to collect and summarize the historical records of loans and repayments of enterprises and individuals and provide inquiry services.
Credit investigation, also known as credit consultation, refers to the activities of credit investigation agencies entrusted by customers to understand and evaluate the credit status of the respondents according to law through information inquiry, interviews and field visits.
Credit scoring is to quantitatively evaluate the credit status of small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals according to their repayment records and other information by means of mathematical statistics.
Credit rating, also known as credit evaluation and credit evaluation, refers to the evaluation made by credit reporting agencies on the future repayment ability of enterprise entities and corporate debts through quantitative and qualitative analysis and simple and intuitive symbols.
Credit management is divided into monetary credit management and commercial credit management. On the basis of fully grasping the credit information of enterprises and individuals, it refers to making decisions on lending and credit sales and other related activities, including credit granting, loan management and enterprise account collection. The credit information needed for credit management is divided into internal information and external information. Internal information refers to the first-hand information obtained by credit institutions themselves, while external information refers to the information obtained from professional credit information service institutions.
Credit information registration institutions refer to institutions that collect borrowers' credit information to form a database through a combination of batch initialization and regular updating. The core data is the historical information of the borrower's borrowing and repayment. Credit reporting agencies generally only objectively reflect the borrower's credit record or credit status with original data or through mathematical statistics, and do not make further analysis and judgment on the borrower. Government-run credit registration agencies are called public credit agencies; Private credit reporting agencies are run by non-governmental organizations. The main difference between public credit reporting agencies and private credit reporting agencies is that providing information to the former is mandatory, while the latter is voluntary.
Types of credit data Any information that helps to judge the credit risk of borrowers should be within the data collection scope of credit reporting agencies. Generally speaking, the borrower information collected by credit reporting agencies mainly includes the following four categories: first, identity information, which mainly includes enterprise name, organization code, registered capital, business scope, business address, personal name, ID number, date of birth, address and employment unit. The second is the debt status and credit behavior characteristic information, that is, the borrower's current debt status and historical repayment information. The third is to judge the borrower's future profitability and repayment ability. Fourth, special information, such as court civil judgment information.
Value-added service of credit information is the basic business of credit information institutions. In addition, credit reporting agencies also provide services to customers, including customized data, credit scoring, credit rating, financial services business solutions, marketing services, anti-fraud services and business account collection.
Social credit system: refers to a series of arrangements to promote the credit commitment of all social parties, including institutional arrangements, credit information recording, collection and disclosure mechanisms, institutions and market arrangements for collecting and publishing credit information, supervision systems, publicity and education arrangements, etc., or small systems, with the ultimate goal of forming a good social credit environment.
(B) people's credit knowledge
1. What is a credit report? Why do you want to collect credit?
You borrow money from the bank, and the bank wants to know who you are. I wonder if you will pay back the money on time? Have you ever borrowed money before? Did you borrow money and not pay it back? Wait a minute. To this end, you have to provide a lot of proof materials to the bank: unit certificate, salary certificate and so on; The loan officer of the bank should also call your company and visit at home. It will be two weeks or even longer before I tell you whether to lend you money. It's really that the bank is tired and you are bored. Borrowing money is really troublesome.
Now, it's easier for banks to know your credit status: they hand over their credit information about you to a special organization, which will set up a "credit file" (that is, a personal credit report) for you and then provide it to banks for use. This kind of activity that banks enjoy credit investigation through third-party institutions is credit investigation. In order to improve efficiency, save time and do things for you quickly. When you borrow money from the bank again, ask your permission. The bank loan officer will check your credit report first, then take some time to verify some problems and will tell you whether to borrow it or not soon. Banks save trouble, you worry.
In China, commercial banks obtain personal credit reports through the Credit Information Center of China People's Bank (hereinafter referred to as the Credit Information Center).
2. What are the benefits of credit reporting?
Save time. A lot of information that banks need to know is in your credit report, so you don't have to spend so much time investigating and verifying the authenticity of the information you filled in the loan application form. So the first advantage of credit reporting is to save your time and help you borrow money faster.
Nice loan. As the saying goes, "it's easy to borrow, but it's hard to borrow again." If your credit report reflects that you are a person who pays on time and earnestly fulfills the contract, the bank will definitely like you. Not only can we provide credit services such as loans and credit cards, but we may also give preferential treatment on the amount and interest rate.
Just to remind you. If it is recorded in the credit report that you borrowed money and didn't pay it back, the bank should of course be cautious when considering whether to give you a loan, and it is likely to provide you with mortgage and guarantee, which may reduce the loan amount, raise the loan interest rate and even refuse to give you a loan. If the credit report shows that you have borrowed a lot of money, the bank will be very cautious, fearing that you can't bear too much debt and may refuse to lend you any more. This reminds you to cherish your credit history and consciously accumulate your credit wealth.
Fairer. Another great benefit of credit reporting is to help you get a fairer credit opportunity. The Credit Information Center provides the bank with an objective record of your credit history, "let the facts speak for themselves", which reduces the influence of the subjective feelings and personal emotions of loan officers on the results of your loan and credit card application, and allows you to obtain more fair credit opportunities.
Who decides whether you can get a loan?
It's a credit institution like a bank!
The credit center only provides your credit report truthfully, which is one of the important references for banks and other credit institutions to decide whether to give you a loan.
(1) On what basis does the bank decide whether to give you a loan?
When the bank decides whether to give you a loan, it mainly considers the following factors:
Bank's credit policy: that is, what kind of people the bank is willing to lend to. For example, some banks are willing to issue credit cards to students at school, while others are unwilling. The bank's credit policy is determined by the bank's own management ability and market positioning.
Basic information of the borrower: such as work unit, living conditions, income, etc.
The borrower's credit status: such as your current debt level, whether there have been any outstanding loans, etc.
Other banks think it is necessary to refer to this situation.
So your credit report is only one of the references to help banks make decisions, not the only basis.
(2) What if the bank refuses to give you a loan on the grounds of "having a bad record"?
If the bank refuses to give you a loan because you have a bad record, you can ask the bank to explain which one or more of your bad records refused to give you a loan.
4. Do you know anything about personal credit report?
What is a personal credit report?
Personal credit report is a document that comprehensively and objectively records your credit activities and reflects your credit status. Mainly includes the following information:
Your basic information: including your name, identity document, home address, work unit and other basic information. This information tells commercial banks "who are you". Remind you to fill in your personal basic information accurately and update your basic information in time when handling banking business, so that commercial banks can make a quick and accurate judgment on you.
Your loan information in the bank: when and where did you borrow how much money, how much money you paid back, how much money you didn't pay back, and whether you paid it back on time.
Your credit card information: which banks have applied for credit cards, the overdraft limit of credit cards and your repayment record.
Records of your credit report being inquired: The computer will automatically record when, who and why you inquired about your credit report.
With the gradual progress of database construction, in addition to the above information, your personal credit report will also record your social security information, bank settlement account opening information, personal housing provident fund deposit information, whether to pay telephone, water, electricity, gas and other public utilities fees on time, as well as court civil judgments, tax arrears and other public utilities information.
(2) Who can directly check your credit report?
At present, apart from yourself, only commercial banks can directly check your credit report when handling loans, credit cards and other business and post-loan management. Of course, after you get your own credit report, you can also provide it to other institutions according to your own wishes.
(3) How can I get my own credit report?
You can go to the credit management department of the local people's bank, or you can directly submit a written inquiry application to the credit information center.
(4) Is there any charge for checking personal credit report?
Inquiring about personal credit report is a service provided by the credit information center, so in principle, it needs to charge a certain fee, but it is not charged at present.
(5) How long will the information in the personal credit report be kept?
At present, there are no relevant regulations in China. In foreign countries, negative records are generally kept for 7 years, bankruptcy records are generally kept for 10 years, positive records are kept for a longer time, and inquiry records are generally kept for 2 years.
5. What should I do if there is an error in my personal credit report?
(1) Why is the personal credit report wrong?
First of all, I believe that no one will deliberately make mistakes in your credit report. The reasons for the error are most likely from four aspects: first, when handling loans, credit cards and other businesses, you provided incorrect information to the bank yourself; Second, others use various illegal means to steal your name to handle loans, credit cards and other businesses; Third, when handling loans, credit cards and other businesses, the counter staff may make mistakes in your information entry due to negligence; Fourthly, due to various reasons, there are technical errors when computers process data.
(2) What should I do if there is an error in my personal credit report?
You can reflect the wrong information through three channels and ask for verification: first, you or the entrusted person report it to the credit management department of the local branch of the People's Bank of China; The second is to report directly to the credit information center; Third, the agency of commercial banks can be entrusted to directly reflect the wrong information.
If there is any dispute about the final processing result, you can apply to the Credit Information Center to add a personal statement to your credit report. If you think that the wrong information provided by the Credit Information Center has harmed your interests and cannot be satisfactorily resolved after reporting it to the Credit Information Center, you can also report it to the Credit Information Administration of the People's Bank of China, or bring a lawsuit to the court to safeguard your rights and interests through legal means.
(3) Will mistakes in your personal credit report affect your reputation for life?
There may be errors in the personal credit report, which may bring you temporary inconvenience until the errors are corrected. But once it is revised, the wrong information will no longer be reflected in your credit report, so it will not affect your lifelong reputation.
(4) How to improve the quality of personal credit report?
First, when handling loans, credit cards and other businesses, provide correct personal information to banks and update their information in time. Second, always care about your credit history and check your credit report regularly. Third, if there is a problem with the credit report, report it in time and apply for correction.
6. Will credit information infringe on your privacy?
Don't! We have taken the following five measures to protect your privacy:
Authorized inquiry. No one can see your credit report without your written authorization. Of course, if you have ever borrowed money from a bank or used its credit card, the bank can check your credit report without your consent: after the loan is given to you, the bank needs to know your latest situation at any time to ensure the safety of bank funds.
Limited use. The Interim Measures for the Management of Basic Database of Personal Credit Information (hereinafter referred to as the Measures) clearly stipulates that commercial banks can only inquire about your credit report when handling loans, credit cards, guarantees and other businesses. , or when managing loans and issued credit cards.
Ensure safety. The database that stores your credit report is very safe. Your information is transmitted from the commercial bank to the basic database of personal credit information of the credit information center through the confidential special line, and is automatically processed by the computer. This process does not require any human intervention. The whole system adopts the most advanced computer anti-virus and anti-hacker management system in China, and its security is first-class in China.
Query records. The basic database of personal credit information also manages the credit personnel of commercial banks (that is, database users), who check your credit report. Every user must register, and the computer system will automatically track and record every user's inquiry about your credit report and display it in your credit report.
Punishment for violation of regulations. The "Measures" clearly stipulate that commercial banks that query personal credit reports in violation of regulations or use the query results for other purposes outside the prescribed scope will be ordered to make corrections and impose a fine of 1 10,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan; Anyone suspected of committing a crime will be handed over to judicial organs for handling according to law.
Friendly reminder: you are the best protector of your privacy. First of all, I would like to remind you to pay attention to the authorization inquiry clause or other written authorization documents in the application form when filling in the credit business application form. Secondly, remind you to check your credit report regularly and judge whether there is any suspicious situation according to the query records in the credit report. If you find any inquiry without your authorization, please report it to the Credit Information Center in time.
7. Do you know the basic database of personal credit information?
(1) What is the basic database of personal credit information?
The basic database of personal credit information is an important infrastructure for the construction of social credit system in China. Under the leadership of the State Council, the People's Bank of China organized commercial banks to establish a personal credit information sharing platform, and its daily operation and management was undertaken by the Credit Information Center of the People's Bank of China. The database collects, stores and sorts out personal credit information, provides credit report inquiry service for commercial banks and individuals, and provides statistical information service for monetary policy and financial supervision.
Friendly reminder: the basic database of personal credit information has been networked nationwide. As long as you have a loan relationship with a bank, your personal credit report can be found at any credit branch of a commercial bank in China.
(2) Is it necessary to apply for establishing personal credit records (to join the basic database of personal credit information)?
No need. As long as you go to the bank to handle credit business such as loans, credit cards and guarantees, your information will be automatically submitted to the basic database of personal credit information through the bank.
Friendly reminder: don't believe the illegal propaganda of other institutions in society, and beware of being deceived.
(3) Do you know anything about the Credit Bureau?
The Credit Bureau is an internal organization of the People's Bank of China, which was established in June 2003 +0 1. Its purpose is to better fulfill the responsibility of "managing the credit industry and promoting the construction of social credit system" entrusted by the State Council to China People's Bank, including undertaking the management of the credit industry; Formulate development plans, management measures and relevant risk assessment standards for the credit information industry; To undertake the publicity and popularization of credit information and financial knowledge.
8. What benefits does a good credit record bring you?
(1) What benefits will a good credit record bring to individuals?
The biggest advantage of a good credit record is to accumulate credit wealth for individuals. Generally speaking, in order to ensure the recovery of the loan, the bank may give you a loan after you provide enough collateral. If you have a good credit record, you may convince the bank that you will repay the loan on time, even if you can't provide material mortgage, the bank will give you a loan. Therefore, a good credit record is like "credit collateral" to help you get a bank loan.
(2) How to have a good personal credit record?
If possible, please establish your credit record as soon as possible. The simple way is to have a loan relationship with a bank, such as applying for a credit card or a bank loan. What needs to be clarified here is that not borrowing money from banks is not equal to credit. Because there is no historical credit record, the bank has lost a convenient way to judge your credit status.
If you owe money, please pay it as soon as possible. You need to establish your own repayment plan, make timely repayment and credit card overdraft, and pay various fees on time. Otherwise, bad behavior will be truthfully reflected in your credit report, which will have a negative impact on personal credit.
If your credit report does contain negative information, please don't be discouraged. This information will be deleted from the credit report after several years. Moreover, positive information will also be reflected in your credit report. You can write a good credit record with your own practical actions to help commercial banks make an objective and comprehensive judgment on you.