First, standardize credit behavior through industrial policy study.
Since last year, the state has taken a series of targeted measures to strengthen macro-control. The People's Bank of China and the China Banking Regulatory Commission also put forward a series of regulatory policy requirements in view of the contradictions and problems in macroeconomic and financial operations, which are the "compass" to guide financial work and the "regulator" for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, when granting credit to small and medium-sized enterprises, banks must further strengthen the research on industrial policies, and prohibit or restrict the granting of loans to industries listed in the industrial restriction list and industries with high energy consumption, serious pollution and overcapacity. Projects that have not passed the environmental assessment, energy saving assessment, safety assessment and environmental protection facilities assessment; Projects that violate the "three simultaneities" system; For projects that fall within the scope of national "regional approval restriction", "industry approval restriction" and "river basin approval restriction", credit restrictions are given according to regulations, so as to promote the adjustment of industry and product structure from the source of credit and promote its development in the right direction, which is not only conducive to the realization of national macro-control objectives, but also conducive to the sustained and healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises. For the financial sector, this is the only way to adjust its credit structure and prevent financial risks.
Second, through investment to resolve the investment risks of SMEs.
Compared with large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises have high risks and short life. According to the internal report of the administrative department for industry and commerce in a district of Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, there were 24 small and medium-sized enterprises that were cancelled or cancelled from 2003 to 2006, of which 44.52% had a life span of less than 4 years, and the life span of sole proprietorship enterprises was the shortest, only 1.99 years. The life span of enterprises in different industries is different: among the 16 industries surveyed, the production and supply industries of electricity, gas and water have the longest life span, with an average of 14.04 years; Followed by culture, sports and entertainment, with an average of 8.07 years. The life expectancy of enterprises in traditional industries such as manufacturing, wholesale and retail, catering and accommodation is above average; However, the life span of enterprises in emerging industries such as information transmission, computer service and software industry, leasing and business service industry is generally low, basically about 2 years. Although the above survey comes from a region, the results are very representative and universal throughout the country. As a financial worker, we must be highly responsible to the country, shareholders and employees, carefully judge the risk status of small and medium-sized enterprises, and control the amount of credit investment according to the requirements of industrial policy from the following aspects:
(1) In the field of iron and steel, strengthen the structural adjustment of small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises, and give appropriate support to projects whose products are upstream in the international and domestic steel product structure, with high added value, good economic benefits and broad market prospects, or projects with distinctive product characteristics, good economic benefits, good market prospects and strong competitiveness, especially cold-rolled wide plates, stainless steel plates, cold-rolled silicon steel sheets and hot-rolled wide plates explicitly proposed by the state, so as to accelerate development. Resolutely prohibit and withdraw from small and medium-sized general iron and steel production enterprises whose production scale is less than 6.5438+0 million tons, iron and steel production enterprises whose products lack competitive advantage, small production scale and lack of market competitiveness, enterprises and products with low added value, oversupply in the market and on the verge of elimination, high production cost, poor operating efficiency and serious pollution, so as to prevent the accumulation and expansion of risks and make them withdraw and resolve early.
(2) In the cement industry, according to the industrial development policy of the national cement industry, new dry-process cement projects with a daily output of 2,000 tons (inclusive) to 4,000 tons (exclusive) are given preferential support and prudent support, and small new dry-process cement projects with a daily output of 0/000 tons (inclusive) to 2,000 tons (exclusive) are not interfered. It is forbidden to support non-new dry-process cement projects and small-scale new dry-process cement projects with a daily output of 1 10,000 tons (excluding).
(3) In the field of electric power, prudently support small and medium-sized enterprises' power grid project loans (including rural power grid and county power grid project loans) with local power enterprises as the main body of loans; Focus on supporting hydropower projects that are included in the national plan, have a good shareholder structure, have an installed capacity of 65,438+10,000 kilowatts and above, and have certain adjustment capabilities. Moderately support medium-sized hydropower stations with perfect examination and approval procedures, good shareholder structure, installed capacity of more than 25,000 kilowatts and certain regional and cost advantages, moderately support large-scale conventional coal-fired unit projects with a single unit size of 300,000 kilowatts and above, moderately support fluidized bed boilers with a single unit capacity of 200,000 kilowatts and above approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, and moderately support cogeneration, solar energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. Prudently support runoff hydropower projects with an installed capacity of less than 25,000 kilowatts. We will not interfere with conventional coal-fired unit projects with a single unit capacity of 300,000 kilowatts or less and conventional thermal power projects with local high-energy-consuming industrial parks as the market target. It is forbidden to intervene in conventional thermal power projects with a single unit capacity of 654.38+0.35 million kilowatts or less without the approval of the competent state department, and it is forbidden to issue early transitional loans to conventional thermal power projects without the approval of the state.
(4) In the field of non-ferrous metals, prudently support small and medium-sized electrolytic aluminum production enterprises and projects that lack electrolytic aluminum resources, mainly rely on imported alumina to maintain production, and have weak capacity for sustainable development. We will not support alumina production enterprises and projects that have not been submitted for approval according to state regulations. It is forbidden to support new or technological transformation electrolytic aluminum projects that have not been submitted for approval according to the procedures prescribed by the state, such as breaking up parts and disguised approval. It is forbidden to support enterprises and projects that still use self-baking battery production equipment or fail to meet environmental protection standards. It is forbidden to support enterprises and projects with small production scale, serious pollution or poor market prospects.
(5) In the automobile industry, we should prudently intervene in small and medium-sized automobile manufacturers with small production scale and general brands. Prudently intervene in general automobile production enterprises without technical advantages and brand advantages; It is strictly forbidden to intervene in low-level redundant construction projects; It is strictly forbidden to interfere with enterprises that "buy shells and sell shells" and use parts for simple assembly. Restricted access to small agricultural vehicle production enterprises with low market share, low-level redundant construction and simple assembly of parts. Carefully intervene in small and medium-sized parts suppliers that support the production of automobile brands with low market share and low ownership; It is strictly forbidden to intervene in low-level redundant construction and parts production suppliers that are not recognized by vehicle manufacturers and are less competitive than similar enterprises. It is forbidden to enter the credit business of downstream dealers of small and general brand automobile enterprises.
(six) in the coal industry, moderate involvement in coal liquefaction, gasification, coking and coal chemical small and medium-sized enterprises and projects that meet the standards stipulated by the national industrial policy; Prudently intervene in small and medium-sized coal mine production projects with an annual output of more than 300,000 tons and less than 600,000 tons of standard coal approved by local governments; It is forbidden to interfere in small coal mine production projects with an annual output of 300,000 tons of standard coal or less; It is forbidden to interfere in coal mine production and construction projects that have not been examined and qualified by the national security and environmental protection department.
(VII) In view of the rising non-performing rate of real estate loans in some areas, we will strictly strengthen credit management in accordance with a series of measures taken by the state to regulate the real estate industry. It is strictly forbidden to issue any form of loans to small and medium-sized real estate projects whose project capital ratio does not meet the requirements or whose "four certificates" for real estate development are incomplete, and strictly examine the capital availability and sources of real estate development enterprises; It is strictly forbidden to issue working capital loans to real estate development enterprises and real estate development loans to non-real estate development enterprises; It is even more impossible to issue loans specifically for paying land transfer fees to real estate development enterprises. Give priority to supporting ordinary residential and affordable housing development loans; We should prudently intervene in the development loans for high-grade apartments, office buildings, large shopping malls and other projects that do not violate the national regulatory policies, and it is strictly forbidden to intervene in real estate development loans such as golf courses and racetracks. Commercial housing that has been vacant for more than 3 years (including 3 years) shall not be used as loan collateral in principle; For office buildings and commercial buildings that have not been operated after completion, or those that have been operated but the occupancy rate has not reached 50%, in principle, mortgage loans for operating buildings may not be applied. In terms of customer selection, it is strictly forbidden to issue loans to real estate development enterprises with poor credit status, false mortgage, tax evasion, malicious infringement of the rights and interests of buyers, and publication of false information; Real estate development enterprises that remind the regulatory authorities of the credit risk of corporate customers must be cautious, carefully check the development, financing and credit use of enterprises, and guard against the risk of real estate lending.
(eight) strictly control the credit business of small and medium-sized enterprises. In recent years, some small and medium-sized enterprises have engaged in "two-headed foreign affairs" in the name of joint venture, but in fact they have withdrawn funds and evaded management, which has caused certain damage to national interests and posed a great threat to the security of bank credit funds. Therefore, the financial sector should gradually reduce and withdraw from the "two-headed" SME credit business that belongs to the stock business. If it is really necessary to continue to handle the loan after the loan expires, it should be reported for approval on the basis of detailed investigation of the enterprise and providing guarantee measures to ensure the loan funds. In the post-loan management, timely supervise the operation of loan funds, timely pay attention to the business conditions of enterprises, regularly check the use and management of overseas loan funds of borrowers, and urge borrowers to repay the principal and interest on time.
It is difficult to identify a "two-headed enterprise", and non-"two-headed enterprises" may have the characteristics of "two-headed enterprises" because of changing their business methods. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the changes of assets and liabilities, capital flow, solvency, raw material procurement, product sales and other links of enterprises, strengthen the inspection of the changes of collateral and guarantor, and resolutely recover or preserve them when problems are found to ensure the safety of credit funds.
(nine) to strengthen the management of guarantee business access of guarantee companies. In order to solve the guarantee bottleneck problem of small and medium-sized enterprises, some different types of small and medium-sized private guarantee companies have been established in various places. Judging from the actual situation, such companies generally have the problem of false capital contribution or withdrawing capital contribution, which leads to "empty shell" guarantee. Therefore, banks must strictly examine the paid-in capital, operating conditions, risk internal control, guarantee scale, compensation and other factors related to the risk review of guarantee companies and the financial operation of guaranteed units. Actively take measures to actively and steadily withdraw from the business in which the credit rating of the credit subject guaranteed by the guarantee company is below Grade A (excluding), or the business in which the proportion of natural person shares exceeds 50% (excluding), or the business guaranteed by the guarantee company with paid-in capital of less than 6,543.8 billion yuan (excluding). For a guarantee company whose guarantee balance exceeds 0/0 times of paid-in capital/kloc-0 (exclusive) or whose single maximum guarantee balance exceeds 0/0% of paid-in capital/kloc-0 (exclusive), it is necessary to reduce the credit scale of its guarantee and increase counter-guarantee measures, otherwise it should actively and steadily withdraw.
(10) Strengthen the credit management of related customers and prevent systematic risks of group customers.
In recent years, some small and medium-sized enterprises have artificially "become bigger and stronger" for the convenience of financing, and set up so-called groups in the form of equity participation and holding, or set up several subsidiaries with little actual business to guarantee each other to get bank loans. All companies actually belong to the same actual controller. This kind of self-protection is tantamount to "credit loan". Once the capital chain of any company in the group is interrupted, it may lead to "system risk" of the whole group. The CBRC has instructed banks to strictly control it. Therefore, banks should manage bank credit according to the principle of controlling the total amount within the legal person system. When handling group credit, priority should be given to asset mortgage, pledge guarantee or enterprise guarantee outside the group, and the guarantee provided by affiliated enterprises within the group should be reduced and avoided.
In addition, in view of the characteristics that group customers involve a large number of customers and are widely distributed in industries, banks should strengthen risk early warning, establish a group customer information base, make full use of the information provided by credit management system, credit registration consulting system of China People's Bank, social intermediaries and customers, and monitor the total loan amount, assets and liabilities indicators, profitability indicators, liquidity indicators, loan principal and interest repayment and the credit status of key management personnel of group customers in real time, and set up a credit risk early warning line for timely early warning.
In short, some practical problems of small and medium-sized enterprises, such as deviation from industrial policies, irregular operation and low credit, have all turned into hidden risks of lending banks. Therefore, banks must make a comprehensive evaluation of the small and medium-sized enterprises they grant credit to. Due to the low credibility of unaudited financial statements of some enterprises, banks should consider whether they conform to industrial policies, their own management and financial conditions, and also examine the experience and conduct of senior executives and personal disposable assets. Annual inspection of industry and commerce, historical credit records, tax payment, industry prosperity, local political and economic environment, production capacity, product competitiveness and market demand, sales and supply channels, counterparty performance, personal reputation and management ability of major operators, continuous normal operating years, status of affiliated enterprises and development prospects. On this basis, effective guarantee measures should be taken. In principle, the credit business of small and medium-sized enterprises is mainly based on collateral guarantee. If the guarantee method is adopted, the guarantor shall be a large and medium-sized enterprise with a credit rating of A or above; For small enterprises controlled by individuals, the unlimited joint liability guarantee of their actual controllers and property owners should be increased on the basis of the original guarantee conditions. Small enterprises are not allowed to apply for credit loans in principle. In the post-loan management, banks should not only conduct dynamic management according to the requirements of national industrial policies, but also pay close attention to key events such as major financial changes of the actual controller of the enterprise and its property owners, so as to effectively prevent loan risks. Through the above measures, small and medium-sized enterprises are encouraged to make good use of credit funds consciously in accordance with national industrial policies, strengthen financial management in accordance with fiscal and taxation policies, standardize corporate governance structure in accordance with modern enterprise system, and better achieve sound and rapid development.