The relationship between them is that the six high-tech fields are information technology, biotechnology, new material technology, new energy technology, space technology and marine technology, which will develop rapidly in this century and become increasingly powerful high-tech industries through extensive practicality and commercialization. Biotechnology marked by genetic engineering and protein engineering will become the technological core of 2 1 century; Information technology marked by photoelectric technology and artificial intelligence will become the technological forerunner in 2 1 century; New material technology marked by superconducting materials and artificially oriented new materials will become the technical pillar of 2 1 century. The new energy technology marked by nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology will also become the technical pillar of 2 1 century; Space technology marked by space shuttle and permanent space station will become the outward extension of 2 1 century technology; Marine technology marked by deep-sea mining and seawater utilization will become the inward expansion of technology in 2 1 century.
Among the six high-tech fields, 12 marking technology is a budding but far from mature frontier technology. The proportion of traditional industries in the national economy will shrink in this century, but the absolute output and output value of these industries will not shrink because of the mandatory penetration of high technology into these traditional industries and the transformation of these traditional industrial sectors.
(a) the field of information technology
Information technology is the forerunner of six high technologies. It mainly refers to technologies such as information acquisition, transmission and processing. Information technology is based on electronic technology, including communication technology, automation technology, microelectronics technology, optoelectronics technology, light guide technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence technology.
The current information technology is mainly manifested in:
(1) integrated circuit At present, 1 megabyte and 4 megabyte DRAM chips have been widely used in the world, and 16 megabyte chips have also been produced. In addition, great progress has been made in the research and development of photonic integrated circuits and biological integrated circuits.
(2) electronic computers. At present, the number of computers installed in the world exceeds 1 100 million, and the speed of supercomputers has exceeded 654.38+000 billion times. Today's computers are similar to people's left brain for logical thinking. The work of thinking in images should be done through people's right brain. In order to solve the problem of thinking in images, people are developing neural computers and fuzzy computers. The neural computer approaches the human brain from microscopic bottom to top, while the fuzzy computer approaches the human brain from macroscopic top to bottom.
(3) Software technology. Information technology is mainly composed of two parts, namely computer hardware technology and computer software technology. The collection, storage, arrangement, innovation, dissemination and application of knowledge and information will be based on the development and utilization of computer software technology.
Software technology is the general name of various computer application programming or editing technologies. At present, there are four main categories of software technology:
(1) According to the calculation and its own structure and function, design a software technology for editing mandatory language programs for computers;
② Software technology of computer operation, management or editing, retrieval, debugging, diagnosis, maintenance and other programs;
(3) Software technology for designing or editing computer applications, special program control, system management and other programs to meet the special needs of users;
(4) Software technology for planning or editing knowledge and information materials, online operation and electronic reading programs for various users.
(4) Communication technology. Since 1970s, optical fiber communication, satellite communication, program-controlled subscriber exchange and integrated services digital network technologies have appeared one after another.
(5) Laser technology. Laser is one of the four great inventions in the 20th century, which is as famous as atomic energy, semiconductor and computer. Laser technology based on laser has developed rapidly, and has been widely used in industrial and agricultural production, energy and power, communication and information processing, medical and health care, military affairs, culture and art, scientific and technological research and other fields. Laser technology is a high-tech that is moving towards practical use.
(ii) Biotechnology field
Biotechnology is a comprehensive technology based on life science and using biological and engineering principles to produce products, including genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering and microbial engineering. Biotechnology is the technical core of 2 1 century. It has two landmark technologies, genetic engineering and protein project.
Biotechnology is not only widely used in agriculture and medicine, but also has a strong penetration into environmental protection and energy technology.
(III) Technical field of new materials
New materials mainly refer to a kind of materials that have been developed recently or are being developed, and their properties are superior to those of traditional materials.
New material technology is the material basis of high technology, including the development and utilization of superconducting materials, high temperature materials, synthetic materials, ceramic materials, amorphous materials and single crystal materials. It has two signs: one is material design or molecular design, that is, designing new materials according to needs; The other is superconducting technology.
The main research directions of new material technology in the 1990s are: high functionality, ultra-high performance, compounding and intelligence.
(4) New energy technology field
Energy is the basic guarantee for human survival and development. Modern new energy technology can be divided into new energy technology and renewable energy technology according to its innovation and whether it can be regenerated or continuously utilized. New energy and renewable energy technologies mainly include nuclear energy, solar energy, hydropower and geothermal energy.
Nuclear energy technology and solar energy technology are the main signs of new energy technology. Through the development and utilization of nuclear energy and solar energy, the traditional energy concept with oil and coal as the main body has been broken and a new era of energy has been created.
(v) Space technology field
Space technology is a new high-tech space technology, and it is a comprehensive engineering technology to explore, develop and utilize extraterrestrial space and celestial bodies, including the research and development of space military technologies such as large launch vehicles, giant satellites and spacecraft. Space technology is the outward extension of 2 1 century technology, and its two symbols are the space shuttle and the permanent space station. It not only applies high technology to the earth, but also leads the whole human survival mechanism to outer space.
(6) Marine technology
The total area of the world's oceans is 3.6 billion square kilometers, accounting for more than 70% of the total area of the earth. The average depth of the ocean is 3800 meters, which is rich in resources and energy. Ocean technology is the inward expansion of 2 1 century technology, and its marked technologies are deep-sea excavation and seawater desalination.
In addition to these six high-tech fields, environmental protection technologies and new agricultural technologies are introduced. Environmental protection technology mainly refers to various technologies that supervise, control, manage and protect the natural environment on which human beings depend for survival and development. New agricultural technologies include: ① Agricultural industrialization. Agricultural factory is a fully mechanized and automated technology (capital) intensive production developed by comprehensively applying modern high-tech, new equipment and management methods. It can operate continuously in the whole process in an artificially created environment, thus getting rid of the bondage of nature. ② Green Revolution. The "Green Revolution" is a new technological revolution in developing countries in the mid-1960s, focusing on the adoption of high-yield and improved crop varieties. Its main content is to popularize short, semi-short, lodging-resistant, high-yield, wide adaptability and other crop varieties on a large scale, and to cooperate with the improvement of irrigation and fertilization technology. This agricultural technology innovation has made amazing achievements, so it is known as the "green revolution". The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center and the International Rice Research Institute have made outstanding contributions to this revolution. ③ Sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is a new direction of agricultural development put forward in 1980s. Sustainable agriculture is a kind of agriculture that does not cause environmental degradation, is technically appropriate, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Generally speaking, it is an agriculture with coordinated development of economy, society, science and technology and environment. Sustainable agriculture in China is still in the stage of exploration and preliminary experiment. The work mainly focuses on three aspects: first, strengthening research, second, establishing experimental areas, and third, expanding international exchanges and cooperation.