As a result, China native pig was remembered again.
According to statistics, in recent years, among about 700 million pigs consumed in China every year, local black pigs only account for about 2%.
But before 1994, the market share of China local pigs was about 90%.
This huge share gap makes the position of China native black pigs in jeopardy.
From occupying the dining table to being remembered, what has the local pig breeding industry in China experienced?
The pig market has changed dramatically: 95% pigs on the dining table carry foreign genes.
We all know that China is a big pig-raising country, but we may not know that China is the first country in the world to start raising pigs.
According to fully researched data, the history of raising pigs in China can be traced back to more than 9,000 years ago.
Interestingly, the ancients thought about pigs more than just eating. They also use pigs to pray for good weather, a custom that has continued to this day.
Unfortunately, a large number of domestic pig breeds in China did not continue this custom.
According to public information, there are more than 300 kinds of pigs in the world, including 125 in China and 88 in other places.
According to the second national survey of livestock and poultry genetic resources, among the 88 local pig breeds endemic to China, 8 pig breeds (Hongqiao pig, Yangya pig, Pingtan black pig, Fuzhou black pig, Pan Lang pig, Beigang pig, Hexi pig and Hengjing pig) have been directly extinct, and more than 30 breeds are in endangered and endangered state, so the situation is not optimistic.
When it comes to the decline of local pigs, we have to mention the import of foreign pigs.
The import trade of China breeding pigs began in the late Qing Dynasty, when a small number of American Hampton breeding pigs were introduced to China, but the impact was not significant.
In the eighties and nineties of last century, the local pig market really began to be unbearable.
At that time, domestic pork consumption began to increase, and people were more inclined to eat lean meat.
The farms need to be expanded, but foreign You Zhu has the characteristics of eating less, growing faster and having more lean meat, so a large number of breeding pigs are introduced, and foreign pigs (Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire) are all the rage, which quickly occupied 90% of China pigsty and promoted the development of domestic aquaculture.
In this development process, the local pig market has been repeatedly squeezed. By 2007, the market share of local pigs in China was less than 2%.
The change of people's eating habits is not the whole reason for the decline of local pigs. The epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease in 20 10 and the non-plague invasion in 20 18 also affected the status of local pigs in China to some extent.
In 20 10, the number of live pigs in China dropped sharply, which directly led to the high pork price in 2010/year. In that year, domestic pork imports increased by three times year-on-year, directly exceeding 1 10,000 tons.
At that time, China's pork import trade was open, and the United States, Mexico, Finland and other countries got a slice of it.
At the same time, in order to restore production capacity, a large number of foreign breeding pigs were introduced.
20 18 this situation has happened again.
After the non-plague attack, the domestic pig production capacity plummeted, and then the number of imported meat and imported breeding pigs increased greatly.
According to incomplete statistics, from 2008 to 2020, China introduced breeding pigs 1248 18 from abroad, of which the annual import volume in 2020 was 30,530, setting a record for the past ten years.
In 20021year, China introduced 24,462 breeding pigs from abroad, costing more than 240 million yuan.
The introduction is not once and for all, because foreign countries have blocked our technology, and the seed company sold us second-rate breeding pigs. After a certain breeding process, each generation of breeding pigs will degenerate.
Nevertheless, in just 40 years, in the process of "introduction-breeding-degradation-introduction-breeding-degradation", 95% of domestic pigs have brought foreign pig genes, and China local pigs have been marginalized.
Two shortcomings of the original black pig: fat and slow.
As for the reason why local pigs are marginalized, it boils down to two points: fat meat and slow growth.
On the one hand, after the improvement of domestic living standards, lean meat has become everyone's new favorite, while the lean meat rate of local pigs in China is only about 35%, while foreign pigs seem to have their own lean meat genes, and the lean meat rate can reach over 65%. From a commercial point of view, foreign pigs are more dominant.
On the other hand, in the growth cycle, it takes about 1 year for local pigs from birth to slaughter, 6-7 months for foreign pigs to gain weight by eating 4-6 kg feed 1 kg meat, and 6-7 months for foreign pigs to gain weight by eating 2-3 kg feed 1 kg meat.
The advantage of local pigs making money is that they are directly crushed by foreign pigs.
Of course, local pigs are not useless. After thousands of years of "genetic tempering", the performance of local pigs such as cold tolerance, heat tolerance, plateau adaptability, hunger tolerance and disease resistance is still worthy of recognition.
But raising pigs is for profit. The financial and material resources to raise a local pig can raise two foreign pigs, and the market will naturally favor raising foreign pigs.
In the final analysis, after the pig market became big, the commercial strength of local pigs was not strong and was gradually forgotten by the market.
Fortunately, the country has realized the seriousness of the survival situation of local pigs, and since 1996, various protection policies have been introduced one after another, such as establishing local pig farms and breeding communities, and investing scientific and technological resources in various breeding protection methods.
At present, there are 79 protected areas and 37 gene banks in China, including three national protected areas such as Ningxiang pig, Rongchang pig and Tibetan pig, and 35 pig genetic resources protected areas such as Taihu pig and Huanghuaihai black pig to protect species.
Defending local pigs: making "pig chip"
Protecting species alone is not enough. How to make local pigs regain "vitality" in the market is a problem worthy of in-depth study.
Progress has also been made on this issue. For example, since 2009, some scientific research units have cultivated new varieties of "Baijinhua Pig" and "Jinwu Pig" with Jinhua Pig and foreign breeds (Duroc, Yorkshire and Landrace), and some special strains have increased the lean meat rate to 56%.
Since the end of 20 1 1, Guangdong enterprises have cultivated a new variety of "Black Pig No.1" with black fur and excellent meat quality.
In 20 18, Chengdu pig farm successfully bred an improved version of Chenghua pig, which can be released in 8 months, retaining the characteristics of Chenghua pork with more fiber, and greatly reducing the breeding cost.
Major domestic pig enterprises have also shown their magical powers in breeding.
New Hope Liuhe began to build a breeding system in 2008, and has cultivated about 12000 purebred pigs.
Muyuan joint-stock company has established a unique recurrent binary breeding system, which no longer depends on imported breeding pigs.
Dabeinong has a pig breeding system from Canada and the United States, providing more than 65,438+10,000 high-quality purebred pigs every year.
Shunxin Agriculture has a state-level core breeding pig farm. In the course of 40 years' development, it has supplied about 1 10,000 pig breeds.
Moreover, in August this year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs issued the Notice on Supporting the Development of National Seed Industry Establishment Enterprises, which included all 25 pig breeding enterprises such as Dabeinong, New Hope and Shi Wen, and the official took the lead in stepping up the cultivation of "pig chips".
It can be said that both countries and enterprises are making every effort to speed up the breeding of breeding pigs and strive to solve the problem of seed industry jam.
Some experts suggest that domestic breeding should learn from the models of some developed countries and enjoy data joint breeding.
Only by solving the breeding problem can endangered pig breeds have a chance to "resurrect".
For ordinary people, they can't do research or participate in breeding, but they can choose for the market-eat! After the living standard is high, in addition to eating, we should also pursue popularity! As a primary meat consumer product in China, the more local pork choices, the bigger the market and the easier it is to commercialize.
It is gratifying that the market share of local pigs in coastal areas such as Guangzhou has rebounded from the lowest 1% to 10%.
We have reason to expect that one day in the future, local pigs will once again come to the Chinese dining table on a large scale, and China people can proudly say: It smells good!