Problem description:
Urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Analysis:
Silk Road and Its Functions
Name: A word advocated by Richthofen, a German, refers to a passage that runs through Eurasia from the second century to the thirteenth century BC and communicates politics, culture and economy between the two places. Because it is mainly made of silk, it is called the Silk Road.
The appearance of silk
1. 1927 In the Neolithic site in Yin Xi Village, Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province, a manually cut silkworm was found.
2. There were words such as silk, silkworm, mulberry and silk in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
3. Around the 3rd century BC, China's knowledge about sericulture and silk reeling was very common.
The output of silk in Han dynasty increased greatly, which was enough to be sold abroad.
5. After Zhang Qian's voyage to the Western Ocean, trade activities were strengthened, and a large number of silks were shipped abroad.
routine
A. With the appearance of the Silk Road, caravans from China and the West came in an endless stream. The main customers of China silk in Han Dynasty were Daqin people, and the Western Region was the main channel for China silk to enter Daqin. At that time, silk was not directly transported to Daqin by China people, but was transshipped in several sections. The main customers of silk are China people such as Daxia and Rest in Peace and Phoenicians from Mediterranean seaports. They sold China's silk before it fell into the hands of Daqin.
B at the beginning of the 20th century, Sir Patrick Stein of Britain and India made textual research on the route of the Silk Road. After four textual researches, Central Asia established the route of the Silk Road, which is divided into five sections:
1. A section from China to Dunhuang (from northwest Lanzhou, through Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Yumen and Anxi, to Guazhou, and into Dunhuang).
2. It is the second line from Dunhuang to Shule along the Kunlun Mountains in the southwest and Tianshan Mountains in the northwest.
3. From Shule to Gui River via Congling.
4. From the upper reaches of Gui River, it can be divided into three ways to enter India, one of which is from the west of Daxia to the rest.
The last paragraph is from rest to the Mediterranean, to Greece and Rome.
C. The route of this investigation is roughly the same as that recorded in Hanshu. Therefore, during the Han and Tang Dynasties, the route of China silk westward transportation was generally from Gansu Province in the northwest to Xinjiang, across the Klamagan Desert, across the green hills, to Central Asia, to the Mediterranean coast, and to Europe. This is where Richthofen first called the Silk Road.
D. There is more than one Silk Road in China, and there are generally three main lines in the Han Dynasty:
1. South Line (from the Western Han Dynasty): Dunhuang-> Loulan (Shanshan)-> Yu Kan (Hotan)-> Shache county->; Shule (Kashgar)-> Congling (Pamirs)-> Otsuka (Afghanistan)->; Rest in peace (Iran)-> Branches (* * *)-> daqin (Rome)
2. North Road (from the Western Han Dynasty): Dunhuang-> Che's (reverse route)-> Kucha (Kucha)-> Meet south road->; Shule (Kashgar)-> Congling (Pamirs)-> Dawan (Soviet border)-> Comfortable residence (Soviet border)-> Rest in peace (Iran)-> Daqin (Rome)
3. Xinbei Road (starting from the Eastern Han Dynasty): Dunhuang-> Yiwu (Hami)-> Che's (reverse route)-> Tianshan mountain north foot->; Wusun (Yili)-> Comfortable life-> Chae Yeon->; Black sea->; Mediterranean->; Fulin (Eastern Roman Empire)
In the Tang Dynasty, there were two ways to export silk:
1. Tubo Road: Start from Chang 'an, go west through Tubo (now * * *), go to India, and then go west through India to Central Asia.
2. Yongchang Road: From Yongchang (now Yunnan) to India, then to Persia, Daqin and other places.
The role of the Silk Road in East-West communication
1. In terms of products:
A agricultural products imported from the west: grapes, walnuts, broad beans, pomegranate, alfalfa, pepper, zucchini, flax, coriander, etc.
B. Animals imported from the west: blood horses in Dawan, camels in the western regions, resting lions, giant elephants, ostriches, etc.
C minerals imported from the west: coloured glaze, pearls, jade, strange stones, etc.
D Precious specialties imported from the West: rhinoceros horn, ivory, coral, hawksbill, Langhai, crystal, agate, Dani, aquamarine, spices, red and blue flowers, gold silk fabrics, etc.
E other items imported from the west: wine, sesame cake, sugar, Hu fu, etc.
F the products spread from China to the west are: silk, lacquerware, copper and iron, gold and silver wares, porcelain, fruits such as peaches and pears.
2. In terms of technology:
A. Introduced to China from the west: wool technology and weaving and dyeing technology in Daqin Persia, mink technology in Chae Yeon, etc.
B from China to the west: well drilling, copper smelting, irrigation and water conservancy, paper making, gunpowder technology, etc.
* China spread agricultural technology to the western regions: In the Han Dynasty, in addition to setting up a general guard in the western regions, a captain of Wuji was also set up to supervise reclamation, so that the desert areas were irrigated. According to < < Water Mirror Notes > > When Dunhuang people led thousands of soldiers to station fields in Yixun City, they mobilized three or four thousand soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci countries to cut off the Zhubin River, dig canals and separate wells, and irrigate farmland, turning many barren lands into fertile soil.
* Sink and spread to the west: teach Dawan people to dig wells and help them irrigate and drink water. Today, the Karez well used in Turpan, its opening method was introduced by the western military in Han Dynasty and introduced into Central Asia.
3. In terms of academic culture:
A. During the Han Dynasty, the western countries sent princes from the East to the capital to study politics and religion, which was deeply influenced by China in dress, music, etiquette, benevolence and righteousness.
B. The cultural relics system of the Tang Dynasty was also imitated by neighboring countries, even as far away as big food. Chang 'an, the capital at that time, became an international cultural city, and foreign countries sent more students to study in China.
4. In terms of art:
A. China is deeply influenced by the West: the wrestling, competitive masquerade, costume singing and dancing, acrobatics and beast fighting magic of the conference semifinals in the western regions have a strong influence on the emergence and essentials of local drama art in China in the future.
B Greek art was also transported to the interior of Central Asia, and then reached the south of the Great Wall through western India. The Han Dynasty indirectly introduced the elements of western art, which broke away from the rigorous and monotonous art category since the Warring States Period and became a lively style with the advantages of Greek precision.
Gandhara is the capital city built by King Ganeshiga of GuiShuang Dynasty in the heyday of Da Yue. At that time, the Dayue family surrendered to Daxia and annexed the rest, the guest and the Tianzhu country. Later, combining the arts of India and Greece, another culture with Indian Buddhism and Greek style was created, which was manifested in sculpture, art and painting. Spread to China, such as the design of marine animals and wine glasses. China's fine arts "one grass emerges from the water, and five substitute for the wind". Even the Dunhuang frescoes and the Buddha statues in the Six Dynasties and the Tang Dynasty have long heads and high noses, which are similar to the gods in Greek mythology. These are concrete artistic expressions influenced by Greek humanism.
C. Most of the existing bronze statues of stone carvings in the Han Dynasty are carved with regional characteristics and customs, such as embossed stone lions, naked dancing figures, holding snakes and spitting fire, beasts and birds, sea gods, winged gods and giant peacocks, all of which are full of exotic customs.
D the distribution of these newly carved statues is most popular in Shandong, Sichuan, Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, which can reflect the depth and breadth of the popularity of western art.
5. Music, singing and dancing:
A China's traditional percussion instruments (such as chimes, drums and cymbals) can only play the rhythm of music, so it is difficult to make an action independently.
B later, pipa, horn, cymbal, flute and other musical instruments were introduced, and new sounds and tunes surged out, creating a brilliant realm of music and dance in China.
6. On religious exchanges:
A. During the hundred years of Zhang Qian's voyage to the Western Ocean, monks from the Western Regions (especially Dayue and Xieqi) followed the caravan eastward and entered Sanskrit.
During the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, Indian Buddhism was introduced to China along the Silk Road. Since then, monks from India and the Western Regions have been coming to the East, such as An Shigao, Zhiqian, Kangju, Meng Kang, Zhufo Shuo and others, who have successively translated the scriptures in China, laying a foundation for Buddhism.
Other religions such as Nestorianism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were also introduced into China along the Silk Road.
7. In literature:
A "Metaphor" in Buddhist scriptures has produced fresh stimulation and influence on China's literary description skills and way of thinking.
B the introduction of Indian Sanskrit pinyin led to the invention of four-tone rhyme, which influenced the development of modern poetry.
Buddhist stories and allegorical styles have influenced the development of China's novels and Long song. Literary works after the Tang and Song Dynasties have a strong Buddhist meaning.
D when translating Buddhist scriptures, many words and idioms in Buddhist scriptures were also absorbed by China, which enriched the vocabulary of China language.
8. In terms of academic thought:
A. The introduction of Buddhist philosophy into China greatly changed China's academic thought. Scholars in Wei and Jin dynasties were good at studying Buddhist scriptures and also liked to combine Buddhist thoughts.
B) Buddhism has become more and more China-like, guiding people to engage in the study of mind, laying the foundation for the rise of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties and enriching the connotation of China's academic thought.
9. In the scientific field:
A. Ophthalmology of Tianzhu and Daqin, Persian food in the western regions and medicine from Fu Lin were also introduced to China, and astronomy and mathematics of Tianzhu were also introduced to China through the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty, which all reflected China's achievements and development in science. In the Tang Dynasty, glazed glass manufacturing in the Western Regions was also introduced to China, making China porcelain more exquisite.
B China's papermaking and printing spread gunpowder to the west and promoted European civilization.
Although the westward spread of papermaking didn't officially spread to the west until the Battle of Danross in the Tang Dynasty, archaeologists always discovered ancient paper in Black City about 105, and Stein discovered ancient paper from 250 to 3 13 in Dunhuang and Khotan, which proved that paper had gradually been invented by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
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