Once the new geological prospecting mechanism was promulgated and implemented, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) attached great importance to it. They played a leading role in organizing, planning, making policies and creating a favorable geological prospecting environment, and promoted the implementation of the new geological prospecting mechanism.
(1) Establish an efficient organizational guarantee system.
All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have set up powerful organizations and leading bodies to organize and lead the implementation of the new geological prospecting mechanism. For example, the Qinghai provincial government has set up a new prospecting mechanism and a strategic action headquarters for prospecting breakthrough, with a special executive body (Figure 1). This institutional framework ensures the full implementation of the new geological prospecting mechanism in Qinghai Province from the aspects of organization, leadership and implementation.
Figure 1 Organization chart of new geological prospecting mechanism and strategic action of prospecting breakthrough in Qinghai Province
Xizang Autonomous Region has set up a comprehensive exploration office under the Qinghai-Tibet Special Office of the Ministry of Land and Resources, and set up an expert committee and technical director. The office is responsible for the deployment of comprehensive exploration work, compiling comprehensive exploration scheme and mining investment setting scheme, putting forward unified requirements for the intensity of capital investment, supervising the unified implementation of all exploration subjects in the exploration area according to the requirements of comprehensive exploration scheme, and ensuring the orderly implementation of comprehensive exploration.
The Gansu Provincial Government and the Ministry of Land and Resources signed the Agreement on Strengthening Geological Prospecting on 20 10 and 10, and formulated the General Arrangement and Implementation Plan of Public Welfare Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration in Gansu Province, which improved the leading institutions, organized and implemented the new mechanism, increased investment and promoted the strategic action of prospecting breakthrough, with remarkable results.
(2) Formulate geological prospecting strategies and plans, and scientifically deploy geological prospecting work.
Focusing on the need of new prospecting mechanism and strategic measures, some resource-rich provinces have newly formulated geological prospecting development strategies and plans, and some have revised their original strategies and plans, and made comprehensive arrangements from the aspects of current and long-term, local and overall, needs and possibilities.
The Department of Land and Resources of Guizhou Province put forward the strategy of "accurate positioning, overall coordination, innovative mechanism, building platform, optimizing environment and cultivating subject".
1) The accurate positioning is management positioning, work positioning and fund positioning. Management orientation is to straighten out the relationship, separate government from enterprise, set its own orientation according to the functional requirements of macro-control, market supervision, social management, rights protection and public services, and focus on formulating strategies, plans, policies and standards. The work orientation is to do a good job in public welfare and basic geological work and provide high-quality public service products to the society; The fund orientation is to clarify that provincial geological prospecting funds should play two major functions: risk sharing and policy adjustment.
2) Overall coordination refers to the overall deployment of geological prospecting work in the whole province, coordinating central geological prospecting funds, provincial geological prospecting funds, geological prospecting units, enterprises and social funds, and accelerating integrated exploration. Give full play to the departmental advantages of provincial offices, coordinate the relationship between the provincial government and local governments of cities (prefectures), counties (cities, districts), geological prospecting units, enterprises and mining rights holders, coordinate and promote geological prospecting work, so that all parties can do their best and get their places.
3) Deepen, improve and implement the new mechanism, focus on innovating the mechanism of setting and transferring exploration rights, improve the system, and explore the integration of mining rights management and intelligence, technology and capital.
4) Build a platform. Create a new institutional platform, an open and orderly mining rights market platform with unified competition, and a geological exploration technical service platform with geological technology, information, labor services, intermediary services and consulting services.
5) Optimize the environment. First, optimize the service environment of land and resources management, make profits, relax, make decisions and solve problems, serve the reform and development of geological prospecting units, and promote the breakthrough of geological prospecting; The second is to create a good geological exploration environment, give full play to the advantages of land and resources management departments at all levels, and provide quality services and strong guarantees for geological exploration.
6) Cultivate the main body. Geological prospecting units are the main force to achieve a breakthrough in geological prospecting, and measures should be taken to make the main force truly become the main body of work.
(3) Formulate institutional measures to ensure the operation of the new geological prospecting mechanism and mobilize the enthusiasm of geological prospecting.
In implementing the new mechanism of geological prospecting, various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have successively introduced a number of institutional measures, mainly including: strengthening the construction of basic geological work system, improving the research level of geological work, and reducing the risk of commercial geological prospecting; Strengthen geological prospecting policies, attract social funds, especially large enterprises, and increase investment in geological prospecting; Encourage geological prospecting units and strengthen geological prospecting system; Institutional measures to create a good social environment for geological prospecting.
"Public welfare first", strengthen basic geological work. The Qinghai-Tibet project is a "test field" for integrated exploration throughout the country. In the process of implementing the "Qinghai-Tibet Special Project", Qinghai Province and Xizang Autonomous Region have made great achievements in prospecting by innovating mechanism and comprehensive exploration, greatly improved the basic geological work in Qinghai-Tibet region, achieved a rapid breakthrough in geological prospecting, and provided a foundation for the formulation and practice of the new national geological prospecting mechanism, which is a strategic action of geological prospecting breakthrough. From 2008 to 20 10, Qinghai Province arranged 839 geological exploration projects, mainly including basic geological survey, mineral geological survey, environmental geological survey and mineral resources exploration projects. The accumulated investment of geological prospecting funds is 2.73 billion yuan, of which the national financial investment is 8.865438 billion yuan, accounting for 32% of the total investment; Local financial funds invested 870 million yuan, accounting for 32%; Social capital investment was 974 million yuan, accounting for 36%. Since the launch of the Qinghai-Tibet Special Project, Xizang Autonomous Region has increased investment in public welfare geological work and vigorously strengthened basic geological surveys. The main physical workload completed is: 1: 50,000 regional geological survey (including mineral prospect survey) of 62,607km2,1:250,000 regional gravity survey 1366 10 km2,1:250,000 river system sediment survey of 273,626km2, and/kloc-0. 1: 50,000 high-precision ground magnetic survey 88 10 km2,1:250,000 regional environmental geological survey1:65438+100000 regional environmental geological survey 13420 km2,/kloc-0. With the deepening of public welfare geological work, outstanding achievements have been made in geological prospecting in Xizang Autonomous Region. 32 deposits were submitted. Among them, Duo Long copper-gold mine, Yaguila lead-zinc mine and Chengba copper-molybdenum mine. 14 belongs to a newly discovered mineral area that has increased investment in public welfare work in recent years; 18 Qulong, Chongjiang and Tinggong belong to the mining areas developed on the basis of previous work results.
In order to smoothly promote geological prospecting, the Xizang Autonomous Region Municipal Government has formulated a series of policy documents, such as Implementation Opinions on Building a New Geological Prospecting Mechanism, Opinions on Further Standardizing the Management of Mineral Resources Exploration and Development, and Notice on Further Standardizing Geological Prospecting Activities. In order to improve the exploration environment, a series of normative documents such as grassland compensation, ecological environment reclamation mortgage, and charging standards have been issued. Strengthen the logistics and safety guarantee system of exploration work, carry out disaster information early warning and forecasting, and strengthen the propaganda of harmonious mining enterprises, creating a good working environment for exploration units and mining rights holders who undertake the project. The degree of geological prospecting work was unified, and the "Qinghai-Tibet Special Project" and district financial funds were put forward, which were mainly used for basic geological survey, mineral pre-survey and general survey of key exploration areas and important minerals to guide social funds to conduct detailed investigation and exploration. Focusing on the needs of economic and social development and the supply and demand situation of mineral resources, the autonomous region plans exploration target areas, divides blocks according to metallogenic conditions and work degree, sets mining rights, and all of them are market-oriented. The mining rights are sold through bidding and bidders are selected. The preferred conditions are: ① the ability to pay the price; (2) exploration ability; ③ Ability to invest exploration funds; ④ Rationality of exploration implementation plan; (5) the performance and reputation of the enterprise, etc.
The geological work in Heilongjiang Province was weak in the past, and the basic geological work has been strengthened in recent years. In view of the thick overburden and difficult prospecting in Daxinganling area of Heilongjiang Province, as early as 2008, we signed a cooperation agreement with China Geological Survey in the name of the provincial government to jointly carry out public welfare geological survey and strategic mineral exploration. The survey of the first batch of cooperative projects in Daxinganling (65438+200,000 km2) has achieved fruitful results. On August 20 1 1, aerial survey of Xiaoxing 'anling started again. The development strategy of "basic geology" will be further implemented in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.
2. The basic role of the market in the exploration and allocation of mineral resources.
Since the implementation of the new geological prospecting mechanism, the market has begun to play a fundamental role in the allocation of mineral resources.
The role of market in geological prospecting and resource allocation is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the allocation of exploration capital; The second is the distribution of mining rights; The third is the configuration of exploration technical services.
(1) exploration capital market allocation in some provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)
Heilongjiang mineral exploration capital is mainly allocated through the market, and the government mainly builds a "platform". There is no "exploration fund" in this province, but they have taken the lead in attracting social funds by building a "risk exploration platform". Although this platform is not a normal tangible market, it does play a role in the market. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the investment in mineral exploration in the province was 2.52 billion yuan, including commercial investment1510.00 billion yuan, accounting for 60% of the total investment in mineral exploration. In addition, the provincial financial investment of 680 million yuan is also arranged according to the principle of market needs. If included, the market allocation rate of exploration capital is as high as 87%.
The market allocation of mineral resources exploration and development capital in other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) can be divided into two levels. The investment in mineral resources development has been fully carried out by enterprises and fully marketized. Even if the government invests, it is necessary to realize market allocation through the reinvestment mechanism of state-owned or joint-stock enterprises and government-funded enterprises. Before the prospecting stage, the investment in mineral resources exploration was mainly funded by the government.
(2) The market plays a fundamental role in the allocation of mining rights.
Mineral resources themselves are explored and mined through the right to use, which is the right to explore and mine. At present, it is mostly in the form of "bidding, auction and hanging", which reflects the basic role of market allocation.
In addition to the part controlled by the government, the allocation of mining rights in Heilongjiang is mainly through market allocation. The allocation of mining rights by the government can be divided into two categories: one is to allocate mining rights to enterprises or geological prospecting units by administrative means through agreements; The other is to put it on the market and sell it by means of "bidding, auctioning and hanging". Most of the mining rights owned by geological prospecting units are small and scattered, and they are mainly connected with enterprises through their own information. Although this process embodies the principle of market allocation, it lacks open and fair competition. Generally speaking, the market plays an important role in the allocation of mining rights in Heilongjiang, but the problem is that a normal tangible mining rights market has not yet formed.
(3) The allocation of exploration technical services is basically market-oriented.
According to Qiqihar Mining Exploration Institute under the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development of Heilongjiang Province, their current situation is relatively difficult, and it is difficult to compete with individual operators in the exploration labor market. At present, the charging standard of exploration service is already very low and unprofitable. However, individual operators can still contract after reducing the price by 1/3. This situation has added difficulties to the enterprise reform of geological prospecting units. But if we don't engage in enterprise and use the management mechanism to compete with individual operators, we will lose even worse. This is really a dilemma. Although geological exploration technical services have been marketized, the existing problems are the lack of a unified physical market in the whole country, and some technical services in the eastern region are still excluded from the market because of lack of information.
3. The main role of enterprises in geological exploration
The main role of enterprises is the core link of the new geological prospecting mechanism. Without the main role of enterprises, there would be no socialist market economy. The main role of enterprises is mainly manifested in self-management, self-financing, self-development and self-restraint. Be sensitive to market signals; Be able to react quickly in the face of macro-control; In the face of market competition, it can automatically avoid risks and improve efficiency; In the face of geological prospecting investment, we can build a long-term stable source through the capital circulation of enterprises.
According to the survey, enterprises have become the main investors in geological prospecting in Heilongjiang Province. The main forms of investment are direct purchase of mining rights and self-organization of exploration; Or cooperate with geological prospecting units to form an independent company to engage in geological prospecting. From the perspective of the whole province, these forms are mainly divided into two levels. First, at the provincial level, the provincial government directly stepped forward to attract investment inside and outside the province, mainly to attract large enterprises to enter Heilongjiang, forming a scale effect. For this reason, among more than 20 enterprises with business docking, five enterprises, including China Minmetals Group, China Guangdong Nuclear Industry Investment Fund Center, China Railway Group, China Metallurgical Group and China Gold Group, were selected as pilot enterprises for integrated exploration cooperation according to economic strength, investment ability, mining economy and professional and technical ability, so as to promote the main role of enterprises in geological prospecting in Heilongjiang. Second, at the level of geological prospecting units, actively promote the cooperation between geological technical services and enterprise exploration capital. Many cooperative exploration projects have been formed by the subordinate units of the Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources and the Nonferrous Geology Bureau, which embodies the main role of enterprises.
In the process of promoting the new geological prospecting mechanism in Gansu Province, under the guidance of the government, the investment enthusiasm of commercial exploration continues to rise. The provincial government introduced large state-owned enterprises such as China Guodian Corporation, China Aluminum Company, China Datang Corporation and China Huaneng Group, and continuously increased investment in key exploration blocks, so that all kinds of funds directly used for geological exploration in the province increased from 590 million yuan in 2008 to 20 1 1. Over the past 60 years, Baiyin Company has made great contributions to the country in terms of resource supply, scientific and technological innovation, talent transfer and system reform. Its road to prosperity and decline and its reform experience have universal reference significance for the reform of state-owned mining enterprises. First of all, Baiyin Company changed from the separation of exploration and mining under the planned economy system (state investment in exploration and enterprise mining) to the integration of exploration and mining. On the one hand, it has gone abroad to find alternative resources; On the other hand, since 2008, prospecting has been carried out around and deep in Baiyin mine, and copper metal (333+334? ) 50,000 t, which proves that there is a secondary prospecting space in the deep part of Baiyin ore field. 20 12 February, the company signed the Cooperation Agreement on Geological Exploration of Baiyin Ore Field and Its Surrounding Areas with Gansu Nonferrous Geological Exploration Bureau. The company provides 0.8 ~ 1 100 million yuan for mineral exploration every year. After the cooperation expires, the Bureau of Nonferrous Geology and Prospecting strives to submit 500,000 t, 2 ~. According to the contract, the company will give certain equity and corresponding monetary rewards to the geological prospecting units according to the exploration results; Secondly, Baiyin Company successfully reformed, introduced CITIC's strategic investment, and was transformed into "Baiyin Nonferrous Group Co., Ltd.", which established a scientific corporate governance structure and realized the separation of ownership and management rights. The experience of state-owned holding and enterprise management to solve the problem of separation of government from enterprise provides reference for the reform and development of state-owned mining enterprises.
In Henan geological prospecting, the main role of enterprises is mainly reflected in the combination of enterprise capital and technical services of geological prospecting units, which is of universal significance throughout the country. Because the first three sentences of the new mechanism (public welfare first, business follow-up, and capital connection) are all exploration investment, and the state-owned geological prospecting units are the ones that master technical services in China. Therefore, in the implementation of the new mechanism, how to effectively combine the two major production factors with the enterprise mechanism is the main content of building a new mechanism for geological prospecting. In this regard, Henan Province has created the "Songxian Model". In recent years, on the basis of "Songxian Model", new experiences of "order prospecting" and "risk fixed investment" prospecting have been created.
The so-called "order prospecting" means that geological prospecting units aim at their own mining rights and attract investment from mining enterprises with mineral needs to realize complementary advantages. Once the attracted enterprises take a fancy to this mining right, they are willing to pay a certain amount of investment first, so that geological prospecting units can continue their independent exploration and subscribe for this mining right through orders. After the completion of the exploration, if the mineral resources needed by the intended person are found, the early investors can get the mining right first according to the evaluation price.
The so-called "risk fixed investment" is to enlarge supply and demand on the basis of "order prospecting" and build a solid credit foundation. Based on the Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, the suppliers have strong technical strength and economic strength, especially a lot of mining rights (they call it "comprehensive mining rights package"); Demand side is an investment company established by powerful mining enterprises, and they have a wide demand for exploitable mining rights. Once they have made a detailed investigation, they can get them. What they need is the rapid transformation of the achievements of geological prospecting units. To this end, they agreed to advance geological exploration funds to geological prospecting units. The total amount of funds obtained by Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development through "fixed investment for starting a business" will not be less than 654.38 billion yuan, and the first cooperation period will be 5 years. In this cooperation, in addition to the mining rights sold by suppliers to investment companies, investors also enjoy a certain proportion of mining rights income as a return to support venture capital.