1. Two knowledge points required in the history of senior one.
First, pre-Qin commerce came into being in Shang Dynasty: "commerce" (businessmen are good at doing business) appeared, with money as the shell and commerce controlled by the government;
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the situation that the government controlled commerce was broken, and many commodity markets and businessmen appeared. Among them, businessman Tao Zhugong Fan Li was honored as the founder by later businessmen.
Second, the preliminary development of commerce in Qin and Han Dynasties
A. Reason: Qin Shihuang unified currency and weights and measures and built the equator; The recovery and development of social economy in the early Han Dynasty was the main reason for the prosperity of commerce. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty ordered "Kaifeng beam, no mountain opening", and the Silk Road on land and at sea was opened in the Han Dynasty.
B, performance: the wealthy businessmen in the Western Han Dynasty are all over the world. With the development of foreign trade, many commercial centers have emerged: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan and so on. Every city has a "market" dedicated to trade, which is strictly separated from residential areas.
Third, the further development of commerce in Sui and Tang Dynasties (the development of commerce in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was relatively slow)
Reasons: agricultural development, handicraft industry progress, canal opening performance: financial aspects: counter (embryonic form of bank) and flying money appear.
Prosperous cities: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yizhou and Yangzhou.
Market development: the separation of "city" and "square" in cities and the development of rural fairs.
Foreign trade: Guangzhou became a port for foreign trade, and Tang established a market ambassador.
Fourth, the commercial prosperity in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
1. Performance of commercial prosperity in Song Dynasty:
The prosperity of the city has completely broken the boundary between "city" and "square", and commercial activities are not limited by time. Kaifeng and Lin 'an were both cities at that time. The variety of business communication has increased rapidly, and many agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts have begun to turn to the market.
The world's earliest banknotes crossed and became popular.
Border trade (monopoly market) between various ethnic regimes is developed.
Developed overseas trade
2. Reasons for commercial prosperity in Song Dynasty
The high development of agriculture and handicraft industry provides a solid material foundation for the prosperity of commerce; The government gradually relaxed the geographical and time restrictions on commodity trading (breaking the boundaries between cities and squares, including morning markets and night markets);
The convenience of land and water transportation is conducive to the development of foreign trade;
The appearance and application of paper money promoted the prosperity of business.
3. Performance of commercial prosperity in Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty was a political and cultural center for most of the time, and it was also a prosperous international commercial metropolis.
Hangzhou is the commercial and handicraft center in the south. "The trade is huge, and no one can speak of it."
Quanzhou was an important port for foreign trade in the Yuan Dynasty. There were often more than 100 seagoing ships moored here, and it was praised as the largest port in the world by foreign travelers.
2. Two knowledge points required in the history of senior one.
Development of related cities:
(1) Qin Dynasty: Law governs commerce.
(2) Han dynasty: the "city" that conducted centralized trade had a special management organization, which was quite strict;
Han Dynasty: Several national commercial centers were formed. Such as: Chang 'an and five capitals-Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu.
(3) Six Dynasties: there was a grass market, but there was also management;
(4) Tang Dynasty: the night market flourished and the grass market gradually evolved into a local commercial center;
(5) Song Dynasty: The "city" broke through the time and space restrictions, and commercial activities were no longer directly supervised by officials. Night markets and small markets are very prosperous, and there are also regular temple fairs. In the Song Dynasty, the catering service facilities supporting the grass market were relatively complete;
(6) Ming and Qing Dynasties: A prosperous business district was formed in the city.
3. Two knowledge points required in the history of senior one.
1. Ancient agricultural economy in China (1) Evolution of main farming methods in ancient China.
Shennong era: created primitive agricultural tools; During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology were adopted; Han Dynasty: Iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology were gradually popularized, and crank hoes, scythes, combined plows, single-headed plows and iron plows were popularized.
(2) Water conservancy projects in ancient China.
Warring States Period: Dujiangyan hosted by Li Bing, Zheng Guoqu project hosted by Zheng Guo, and "well canal" created by farmers in Guanzhong are popular in Xinjiang now; Eastern Han Dynasty: Wang Jingzhi ruled the Yellow River.
(3) The basic characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China.
Basic characteristics: agricultural management mode based on individual operation of small farmers.
2. The handicraft economy in ancient China.
(1) Main achievements of silk weaving industry in Han and Tang Dynasties
Han Dynasty: Many exquisite and varied silk fabrics were found in archaeological excavations, such as plain yarn, Zen clothes and velvet brocade unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha. Silk products are exported to the Mediterranean coast with Rome as the center.
Tang Dynasty: After the mid-Tang Dynasty, private textile workshops rose, and the government-run textile industry also had a considerable scale.
(2) The casting of bronze wares in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the progress of iron smelting technology in Han Dynasty.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the casting technology of bronzes reached a fairly high level: the unearthed sites of Shang bronzes were widely distributed and the production scale was quite large.
In the Han dynasty, coal was used as fuel for ironmaking, and the gas supply developed from natural ventilation to human skin ventilation, and then to animal-drawn lama blowing. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Fu, the magistrate of Nanyang, created a hydraulic blower.
(3) The main achievements of the ceramic industry in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Tang Dynasty: Tang Sancai, Yue Kiln Celadon, Xing Kiln White Porcelain, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Dayi White Porcelain in Sichuan. Changsha Tongguan Kiln pioneered underglaze color, decorating porcelain with paintings and poems. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ding Kiln in Hebei, Jun Kiln in Henan, Jingdezhen Kiln in Jiangxi, Longquan Kiln in Zhejiang and Yaozhou Kiln in Shaanxi have become famous all over the world.
4. Two compulsory knowledge points of senior one history.
1, Late Spring and Autumn Period: the appearance of Niu Geng, the iron plow.
2. Warring States Period: The policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" was put forward for the first time in Shang Yang's political reform.
3. Qin dynasty: establishing a unified centralized state; The central government implements the system of three publics and nine ministers, and the local government implements the system of counties and counties.
4. Western Han Dynasty: In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu proposed to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that "one hundred schools of thought should be ousted and Confucianism should be respected alone", and Confucianism gradually became the political thought of China feudal society. The silk road appeared; The plain gauze Zen clothing in the Western Han Dynasty is very famous. The earliest paper in the Western Han Dynasty
5. Han dynasty: the system of selecting officials is the inspection system.
6. Six Dynasties: The rural market "grass market" began to appear.
7. Sui and Tang Dynasties: the official selection system is the imperial examination system; Implement the system of three provinces and six departments; The printing technology in the Tang Dynasty was block printing.
8. Late Tang Dynasty: XX began to be used in the military; Appear in the night market
9. Song Dynasty: Confucianism had a new development-neo-Confucianism; Zhu became a master of Neo-Confucianism; The "city" in Song Dynasty broke through the limitation of time and space.
10, Ming Taizu in Ming dynasty: the prime minister system was abolished and the XX system was further strengthened; Ming Chengzu set up a cabinet in the central government; A new economic factor appeared in Ming Dynasty-the bud of capitalism; The sea ban policy began in the Ming dynasty; Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty became a master of psychology; Li Zhi was an anti-traditional thinker in the late Ming Dynasty.
5. Two knowledge points are required in the history of senior one.
Ancient agriculture
1, farming method-iron plow Niu Geng
(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, iron farm tools and Niu Geng were used;
(2) After the Han Dynasty, the iron plow became the main farming method in Niu Geng;
③ The setting of Qu Yuan's plows and plows in Sui and Tang Dynasties;
2, the basic model-small-scale peasant economy
① Formation time: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
② Reasons for formation:
First, the emergence of Niu Geng, the iron plow, improved social productivity; (basic)
B, the establishment of private ownership of feudal land;
③ Features:
A, take the family as the production and living unit;
B, combined with the cottage industry;
C, self-sufficient natural economy
④ Status: It has always dominated the ancient economy of China;
3. Land system
(1) primitive society-land belongs to the clan commune.
② Slave society (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties)-"Jing Tian system" (state ownership of slave land)
(3) feudal society-feudal private ownership of land
First, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu's "first tax acre" actually recognized the legitimacy of private land;
B. During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang, the State of Qin, reformed and established the feudal private ownership of land in legal form;
4. Agricultural policy
(1) emphasize agriculture and restrain business.
① Beginning: Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States Period.
② Evaluation
1. Protect agricultural production, maintain social stability and consolidate feudal rule;
B, in the late feudal society, the normal development of industry and commerce was restrained, which hindered the growth of capitalist bud;
(2) Restrain land annexation
① Land equalization system (Northern Wei-Tang Dynasty)
(2) Atlas of Fish Scales (Ming Dynasty, the basis for determining land ownership and collecting taxes)