Central enterprises in a broad sense include three categories:
First, the enterprises supervised and managed by the State Council SASAC are divided into those that provide public goods, such as military industry, telecommunications, electricity and water services. Providing natural monopoly products, such as oil, natural gas and minerals; Provide competitive products, such as general industry, construction, trade, etc. ;
Second, the enterprises managed by CBRC, CIRC and CSRC belong to the financial industry;
Third, enterprises managed by other departments or mass organizations in the State Council belong to tobacco, gold, railway passenger and freight transportation, ports, airports, radio and television, culture, publishing and other industries.
In China, central enterprises usually refer to enterprises supervised and managed by SASAC the State Council. Compared with some other countries, the scope of SASAC supervision in the State Council, China is relatively narrow.
As early as 2003, when SAAC in the State Council was established, the number of central enterprises managed by SAAC in the State Council was 196, which was reduced to 1 and 6 1 by the end of 2006 after reorganization. In the same year, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) issued guidance, requiring state-owned capital to be concentrated in important industries and key areas, and made it clear that by 20 10, the number of central enterprises would be adjusted to 80 to 100. According to the plan, an average of 65,438+04 enterprises will be laid off every year. As of April 2009 [2], there are still 138 central enterprises.
By the end of June, 2008, the central enterprises had realized an accumulated operating income of 10.76 trillion yuan and a total profit of 683.04 billion yuan.
Debate on the position and role of central enterprises
In the mid-1990s, the operation of state-owned enterprises was bleak, and more than two thirds of them were at a loss. The reform of state-owned enterprises was the most difficult bone for the government at that time. Starting from 1997, in order to extricate state-owned enterprises from difficulties in three years, the state not only requires reform in the field of state-owned enterprises, but also introduces a number of supporting measures to shed burdens for state-owned enterprises. In order to save state-owned enterprises, including state capital injection, financing in international and domestic capital markets, debt-to-equity swap, central reserve and discount loans, the state spent more than 2 trillion yuan-an astronomical figure at that time. In 2006, the profits of central enterprises exceeded 1 trillion yuan, including 19 central enterprises with profits exceeding 10 billion yuan, and another 19 enterprises entered the world top 500, an increase of10 compared with 2003. By 2008, among the profits created by state-owned enterprises, central enterprises accounted for 80%.
While the efficiency of central enterprises has greatly improved and their strength has expanded rapidly, there are more and more doubts and criticisms from all walks of life about central enterprises [3]:
1. Central enterprises enjoy monopoly and monopoly position in many industries related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and are strongly inclined by national policies, which not only limits normal market competition, but also seriously damages the interests of consumers. At present, China Petroleum's domestic crude oil production accounts for 57% of the country's total, natural gas production accounts for 80% of the country's total, and refined oil products account for more than 40% of the country's market share, while China Mobile controls 457 million mobile communications-monopolizing the daily necessities of more than one billion people, which is regarded as the reason why many central enterprises earn huge profits every year.
2. The difficulty of central enterprises is not due to the substantial improvement of the management level of central enterprises, but the people's money has been filled into the black hole of state-owned enterprises and bought by the whole people. In addition, asset capitalization is also regarded by some experts as the secret of the accelerated development of central enterprises in recent years.
3. State-owned units that occupy more than 60% of social resources contribute less than 30% to GDP growth every year and absorb less than 20% of the labor force. The non-state-owned economy, which occupies less than 40% of resources, has created nearly 70% GDP growth and absorbed more than 80% labor force. It can be seen that the contribution of central enterprises to society is not commensurate with the social resources they occupy and the various policy advantages they enjoy. On the contrary, in fact, more than 80% of the profits of central enterprises come from PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, China Unicom, China Mobile and Telecom. The vast majority of state-owned enterprises either have operational difficulties or overcapacity, or face large-scale policy losses every year because of policy factors, and the overall competitiveness and profitability of central enterprises are not strong.
List of Central Enterprises in China
On May 4th, 2009, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council announced that China Electronic Engineering Design Institute and China Complete Equipment Import and Export (Group) Company were merged into the National Development and Investment Corporation as their wholly-owned subsidiaries, and China Satellite Communication Group Corporation was merged into China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation as their wholly-owned subsidiaries. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC performs the responsibilities of investors has been adjusted from 1 to 138.
On July 8, 2009, with the approval of the State Council, China Textile Research Institute was merged into China General Technology (Group) Holding Co., Ltd. as its wholly-owned subsidiary, and China Academy of Agricultural Sciences was merged into China Machinery Industry Group Co., Ltd. as its wholly-owned subsidiary. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC performed the investor's duties was adjusted from 138 to 136.
On September 6th, 2009, approved by the State Council, China Pharmaceutical Group Company and China Biotechnology Group Company were reorganized jointly. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC has performed as investors has been adjusted from 136 to 135.
On June 5438+1October 65438+April, 2009, with the approval of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council and the industrial and commercial change registration of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the name of China Building Materials Group Corporation was changed to China Building Materials Group Co., Ltd.; China Three Gorges Project Development Corporation was renamed China Three Gorges Group Corporation.
/10 2009 On June 26th, 2009, with the approval of the State Council, Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy and Luzhong Metallurgical Mining Group Company merged into China Minmetals Group Company and became its wholly-owned subsidiaries; China Xinxing (Group) Corporation was merged into China General Technology (Group) Holding Co., Ltd. and became its wholly-owned subsidiary. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC has performed as investors has been adjusted from 135 to 132.
On February 8th, 2009, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) announced that with the approval of the State Council, China Agricultural Reclamation (Group) Corporation was merged into China Agricultural Development Group Corporation and became its wholly-owned subsidiary. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC performs the responsibilities of investors has been adjusted from 132 to 13 1.
On June 5438+February 3, 2009/KLOC-0, with the approval of the State Council, China Post and Telecommunications Equipment Group Company was merged into China General Technology (Group) Holding Co., Ltd. and became its wholly-owned subsidiary; China Far East International Trading Company was merged into China Electronics Technology Group Corporation and became its wholly-owned subsidiary. At this point, the number of enterprises that SASAC performs the responsibilities of investors has been adjusted from 13 1 to 129.
Serial number enterprise (group) name serial number enterprise (group) name
1 China National Nuclear Corporation 66 China sinosteel Company
2 China Nuclear Industry Construction Group Corporation 67 China Metallurgical Science and Industry Group Co., Ltd.
3 China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation 68 China Yan Gang Science and Technology Corporation
4 China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation 69 China National Chemical Corporation
5 aviation industry corporation of china 70 China Chemical Engineering Group Corporation
6 China State Shipbuilding Corporation 7 1 China Light Industry Corporation
7 China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 72 China Technology (Group) Company
8 China Ordnance Industry Corporation 73 China Salt Industry Corporation
9 China Ordnance Equipment Corporation 74 Huacheng Investment Management Co., Ltd
10 China Electronics Technology Group Corporation 75 China Hengtian Group Corporation
1 1 China petroleum and natural gas corporation 76 China sinoma corporation
12 China Petrochemical Group 77 China Building Materials Group Co., Ltd.
13 China offshore oil corporation 78 China nonferrous mining group co., ltd.
14 State Grid Corporation 79 Beijing Institute of Nonferrous Metals
15 China southern power grid co., ltd 80 Beijing mining and metallurgy research institute
16 China Huaneng Group Corporation 8 1 China International Technical Information Cooperation Corporation
17 China Datang Corporation 82 China Real Estate Development Corporation
18 china huadian corporation 83 China Institute of Building Science.
19 China Guodian Corporation 84 China North Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry Corporation
20 China Power Investment Corporation 85 China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry Corporation
2 1 China Three Gorges Corporation 86 China Railway Communication Signal Corporation
22 Shenhua Group Co., Ltd. 87 China Railway Engineering Corporation
23 China Telecom Group Corporation 88 China Railway Construction
24 China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd. 89 China Communications Construction Group Co., Ltd.
25 China Mobile Communications Corporation 90 China Putian Information Industry Corporation
26 China Electronic Information Industry Group Co., Ltd. 9 1 Institute of Telecommunications Science and Technology
27 China FAW Group Corporation 92 China Agricultural Development Group Corporation
28 Dongfeng Motor Corporation 93 China China Textile Group Corporation
29 China No.1 Heavy Machinery Group Company 94 Sinotrans Changhang Group Co., Ltd.
30 China Second Heavy Machinery Group Corporation 95 China Silk Import and Export Corporation
3 1 Harbin Electric Group Company 96 China Overseas Service Company
32 China Dongfang Electric Group Co., Ltd. 97 China Forestry Group Company
33 Anshan Iron and Steel Group Company 98 China Pharmaceutical Group Company
34 Baosteel Group Co., Ltd. 99 China Travel Agency Group Co., Ltd.
35 Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Company 100 China Poly Group Company
36 China Aluminum Company 10 1 China New Age Holding (Group) Company
37 China Ocean Shipping Group Company 102 Zhuhai Rong Zhen Company
38 China Shipping (Group) Corporation 103 China Architectural Design and Research Institute
39 China Aviation Group Company 104 General Administration of Metallurgical Geology of China
40 China Eastern Airlines Group Company 105 China Coal Geology Bureau
4 1 China Southern Airlines Group Company 106 Xinxing Cast Pipe Group Co., Ltd.
42 China Sinochem Corporation 107 China Civil Aviation Information Corporation
43 COFCO Corporation 108 China Aviation Oil Corporation
44 China Minmetals Group 109 China Aviation Equipment Corporation
45 China General Technology (Group) Holding Co., Ltd.1KLOC-0/0 China Electric Power Engineering Consulting Group Company
46 China State Construction Engineering Corporation 1 1 1 China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Company
47 China Grain Reserve Management Corporation 1 12 China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Group Corporation
48 National Development and Investment Corporation 1 13 China National Gold Group Corporation
49 China Merchants Group Co., Ltd. 1 14 China Reserve Cotton Management Corporation
50 China Resources (Group) Co., Ltd. 1 15 China Printing Group Company
5 1 China China Travel Service Group Company [Hong Kong China Travel Service (Group) Co., Ltd.] 1 16 Panzhihua Iron and Steel (Group) Company.
52 National Nuclear Power Technology Co., Ltd. 1 17 China Le Kai Film Group Corporation
53 China Commercial Aircraft Corporation 1 18 China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group Co., Ltd.
China Energy Conservation Investment Company 1 19 Shanghai Institute of Shipbuilding Science.
55 China High-tech Investment Group Company 120 China Lu Hua Group Co., Ltd.
56 China International Engineering Consulting Company 12 1 Shanghai Bell Co., Ltd.
57 china national packaging corporation 122 Rainbow Group Company
58 Shangzhong Enterprise Group Company 123 Wuhan University of Posts and Telecommunications
59 China Hua Fu Trade Development Group Company 124 Shanghai Pharmaceutical Industry Research Institute
60 China Chengtong Holding Group Co., Ltd. 125 OCT Group Company
6 1 China Huaxing Group Company 126 Nanguang (Group) Co., Ltd.
62 China China Coal Group Company 127 China xd group Company
63 China Coal Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd. 128 China Gezhouba Group Company
64 China Machinery Industry Group Co., Ltd. 129 China Railway Materials Corporation
65 General Institute of Mechanical Science