Private companies, on the other hand, have no ISBN granted by the state, so they can only buy ISBN from state-owned publishing houses for cooperative publishing, which is a bit like buying factory labels and batch numbers from state-owned enterprises in the early 1980s.
At present, there are about thousands of private publishing companies (generally registered as book companies and cultural companies, etc.). ), and they have made remarkable achievements in some fields, such as the books on the popular bestseller list, most of which are planned by them. This is an open secret of the industry.