The history of IBM can be traced back to decades before the development of electronic computers. Before the development of electronic computer, it operated punched card data processing equipment. IBM was registered as CTR Company in endicott, new york, a few miles west of Binghamton on June1915.
Three independent companies merged to form CTR Company, namely: List Machine Company (1896 was established in Washington), Calculation Table Company (190 1 was established in Dayton, Ohio) and International Times Records Company (1900 was established in endicott, new york).
At that time, the president and founder of the list machine company was HermanHollerith. The key figure behind the merger is financier CharlesFlint, who called the founders of the three companies to propose the merger and worked at CTR until 1930 retired.
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IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) was once one of the four major industrial companies in the United States, with a turnover of 670 billion US dollars and more than 400,000 employees. However, since the late 1980s, it has been in trouble gradually. During the period of 199 1 ~ 1993, the accumulated loss reached16.2 billion dollars, almost1480,000 dollars a day.
Due to technological progress, the life cycle of the mainframe market is shortened, forcing IBM to replace the leased or sold products every two or three years, and it is increasingly difficult to recover the development cost. IBM abandoned the product leasing strategy and sold it all.
However, the implementation of this strategy actually opens a gap for customers to choose other manufacturers. At the same time, some enterprises in the market modify outdated machines and then sell them at the price of only IBM's new machine 10%.
Low-cost Japanese computers began to enter the American market. Faced with this competition, in the mid-1980s, IBM successively invested 40 billion dollars to reduce the manufacturing cost of products, and at the same time tried to differentiate IBM as a product.
The 370-series mainframe, which has been replaced since the early 1970s, is regarded as a catch-up object by opponents, but it is basically an upgrade of the original 360-series mainframe, and there is no major technological breakthrough. It didn't take long for 370 series compatible computer manufacturers to appear in the market, and they competed with IBM at a very low price.
All these make the annual growth rate of IBM mainframe sales drop sharply from 12% to about 5% of 1984 to 1990, and the market share drops below 40%. Mainframe-based operations are also subject to competition from market segments from other manufacturers.
Baidu encyclopedia-three ups and three downs -IBM
Baidu encyclopedia -IBM