2( 1) Time: 1970s to early 20th century 1(2) Conditions:
the second industrial revolution
① political premise: the establishment of capitalist system in the world ② capital: capital accumulation under the plundering of large machine production and commodity export to colonies ③ technology: the breakthrough of natural science and its rapid transformation to technology ④ market: Germany, Italy and Japan opened up a unified domestic market and the initial formation of capitalist world market ⑤ environment: relatively stable domestic and international environment ⑤ The first feature is based on experience, and the second feature is based on complete science and technology. The first industrial revolution (Britain) and the second industrial revolution (mainly in Europe and the United States)
The rise of the second industrial revolution was also under the same background.
politics
The capitalist system was first established in Britain.
The capitalist system was established for the second time in the world.
economy
The rapid development of British capitalist economy
Capitalist competition rose to the level of improving labor productivity for the second time.
science and technology
Workshop handicraft industry has accumulated rich and productive technical knowledge.
Natural science has made two great advances.
market
The domestic and international markets are constantly expanding.
The capitalist world market basically formed twice.
The secret alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in Vienna. 188 1 year, the French invaded Tunisia from Algeria and turned it into its own protectorate. Italy had long coveted Tunisia, but because of its lack of strength, it could not fight against France alone, so it took refuge in Germany and Austria. After negotiation, 1882 On May 20th, Germany, Austria and Italy signed an alliance treaty in Vienna. The main contents of the treaty are as follows: ① If Italy is attacked by France, Germany and Austria should give full assistance; If Germany is invaded by France, Italy should bear the same obligation. (2) If one or both contracting parties are attacked by two or more big countries (France and Russia), the three contracting parties shall cooperate to fight back. Italy has reservations: if Britain attacks Germany or Austria-Hungary, Italy has no obligation to help its allies. (3) When a big country (Russia) attacks one of the contracting parties, the other two parties should remain neutral in good faith, that is, Italy will remain neutral in the event of a war between Russia and Austria. The validity of the treaty is five years, and it has been renewed four times, including 1887, 189 1, 1902, 19 12, and some obligations have been added.
The conclusion of triple alliance marks the formation of one of Europe's two major confrontation military groups. This alliance treaty coexisted with the German-Austrian alliance and the Three Emperors alliance and became one of the main components of Bismarck alliance system.
The conclusion of triple alliance marks the formation of one of Europe's two major confrontation military groups. The alliance of the three countries pointed directly at Russia and France. With the continuous expansion of Germany and the increasingly sharp contradiction between Britain and Germany, Italy has improved its relations with France. After the outbreak of World War I, Italy joined the Allied Forces in May, 19 15, and the triple alliance collapsed.
The treaty of alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan is also a three-nation convention and a three-nation covenant. German: Dreim? Chtepakt Italian: Patto tripartito；; Day: Japan-Iraq military alliance, にちどくぃさんごくぐんじどぅめぃ)
In the treaty, the three countries agreed.
"support and cooperate with each other ... with a view to achieving the goal of establishing and maintaining a new order and promoting mutual benefit and the well-being of the people concerned."
The three countries confirmed each other's spheres of influence and promised
"With political, economic and military strength, assist any party that has not yet entered the war and is attacked." The attacking party in the clause does not include the Soviet Union.
The treaty supplemented the shortcomings of the German-Japanese agreement of 1936 and the international anti-production agreement, and eliminated the German-Japanese rift caused by the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty of 1939. Later, Hungary (1940165438+1October 20th) and Romania (1940 65438+1October 23rd) joined the agreement. Bulgaria joined in March 194 1 before the German army entered.
During the Warring States Period in Japan, for the benefit and purpose of the three factions, Imagawa Yoshimoto's military strategist qwe rty made the three famous generals, namely Hejun Imagawa Yoshimoto, Jiafei Takeda Shingen and Sagami Kitano Shikang, reach an alliance treaty in Shande Temple, which was called "Triple Alliance" in history, and also called "Triple Alliance of A Xiang Jun".
However, after Imagawa Yoshimoto's death, Imakawa really inherited the alliance of the Governor, Takeda Shingen and Tokugawa Ieyasu, and jointly attacked and divided the territory of Imakawa, which led to the complete rupture of the "Three Kingdoms Alliance".
See Baidu Encyclopedia 5. Your question is unclear, and you can't find it in the book. I only know that Russia withdrew from the war after the October Revolution broke out. In the end, the allies won the first world war.
6 Allies (German: Mittelm? Chte (meaning central China) is composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (then Turkey) and Bulgaria, which fought against the allied forces in World War I ... The name of Central China is because these countries are west of Russia and east of France and Britain. Also known as the Central Allies, the Allies Group centered on Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the two sides of the First World War. The Allies are the constituent countries of the Allies, and the central forces are the main countries that wage war.
seven
Marne River Marne River (81917 65438+10/0/refers to the Battle of Marne River (September 5-10).
On September 4, Fei Xia issued a counterattack order, and he ordered the Sixth Army to attack Shatuo-Tieri eastward; The British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army attacked Mont Milla, and the Ninth Army supported them and prepared to act in concert. The fourth legion will be reserved first and ready to attack. The Third Legion set out from Verdun and attacked to the west. Fei Xia clearly knew that the fate of France would depend on the success of the idea of encircling the German right-wing group with two wings. September 6 will be "D Day" [translator's note: military terminology refers to the first day in the military action plan that the specific date cannot be determined in advance. ] 。
At the same time, the Sixth Maunuri Corps, once commanded by the energetic head of the military government in Paris, General J.S. Gaglini, has begun to carry out Fei Xia's warning orders and set out from Paris for the Urk River, where Crook's right wing is in a conspicuous exposure state. On September 5th, it was because of the commander of the German right-wing forces, General H von Gronau, that Crut's legions were saved from being surrounded by the sudden action of the French army. In fact, Crouch thought that the French army's action on its right wing was only a destructive attack. He only sent 1 troops to support Gronau, and at the same time led the rest of the troops south to pursue the British Expeditionary Force and the French Fifth Army bravely. On September 7th, after two days of fierce fighting on the Hourcq River, Crook recognized the French attempt. At this time, most of its legions are south of the Marne River. On September 7-9, Crouch withdrew the legion to the north of the Marne River and quickly changed the front line. He made the whole army fight back violently to the west, stopped the French army, forced Maunuri to retreat and defend. Only when reinforcements arrived in a hurry from Gaglini did Maunuri resist the fierce attack of the Germans. Part of the reinforcements arrived by requisitioned taxis.
A crucial day in the Battle of the Marne (Situation 9 in early September)
At this point, the fighting has started along the entire front west of Verdun. Crouch thought that the British Expeditionary Force was no longer a threat, so he moved west, which widened the existing gap with the Second Army, which was still attacking south. The British expeditionary force entered this gap, but the progress was slow, because the French marshal underestimated the combat effectiveness of his troops. F. Desperey's Fifth Army (Lang Lei Zhake has been replaced) fought with a part of the German Second Army along the Little Moran River.
Far to the southeast, fuchs's Ninth Army is attacking north in Saint-Gonder. He found himself facing another part of the German Second Army, while Hausen's Third Army was attacking his right wing. On September 8, four divisions of the Hausen Legion launched a night attack and carried out hand-to-hand combat, defeating part of the Fuxi Legion. However, Fu Xu's reaction was to immediately strengthen the attack and stop the German advance, but Fu Xu's position was also unstable.
In Lefrancois, Vitri, the fourth army of L de Cary fought fiercely with the fourth army of Prince Wü rttemberg and part of the third army, but there was no decisive result. In Revini, Argonne Forest, M. Salaj commanded the Third Army (Rufai has been replaced) to stop the Crown Prince's Fifth Army. At the same time, along the border between Nancy and Alsace, although the German Sixth and Seventh Army continued to carry out attacks (Schrieffen had warned against such attacks), although it was weakened by Fei Xia's redeployment of troops from the French First and Second Army to the western front, the first and second army managed to hold the highland.
Mao Qi is worried about rumors and sporadic reports of front-line failure. On September 8, he sent Lieutenant Colonel R. Leach, Chief of Staff, to inspect the front line. Ricky's orders are verbal and a little mysterious. When he arrived at the headquarters of the Second Corps, he had just received a news report that F. Desperey's Fifth Corps had launched a powerful night attack and was bypassing the right wing of the Second Corps. This may be the turning point of the whole campaign. Bilo was defeated personally, and he was ready to retreat. Crouch's first army attacked Maunuri's left wing in the northwest and was making progress, but the British expeditionary force threatened his left wing and rear through the gap.
On September 9, Richie acquiesced in Bilo's planned retreat. Later that day, in the name of Mao Qi, he ordered Crook to retreat. Mao Qi now realized that his attack had failed, and he ordered a full retreat to the front line of Noyan-Verdun. Within five days, the Germans left the battlefield without being seriously harassed by the exhausted allies, and organized and established their new positions. At this point, the Battle of the Isle of Man ended with the strategic victory of the Allies, and Fei Xia emerged as the savior of France. On the same day on September 65438, 2004, Mao Qi was relieved of his post and was succeeded by E. von Fajinhan.
Germany announced that it would conduct unrestricted submarine warfare. In order to counter the growing hostility of the United States, German diplomats began secret negotiations to form an alliance between Germany, Mexico and Japan.
1965438+On February 3, 2007, the United States broke off diplomatic relations with Germany. In order to oppose Germany's announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare, the US government announced the breaking of diplomatic relations with Germany. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru and other Latin American countries followed the United States and broke diplomatic relations with Germany. China also broke off diplomatic relations with Germany on March 14, 2004.
1 965438+On March, 20071day, "The Secret of zimmermann" was published by the United States, stating that if a war broke out between Germany and the United States, Germany would form a defense alliance with Mexico on the condition that "Mexico would recapture the lost territories-New Mexico, Texas and Arizona". This triggered a wave of anger in the United States. 19 10/9, German Foreign Minister A. zimmermann sent a secret instruction to German Ambassador to Mexico von Eckhardt, which included further requirements. Mexico urges Japan to join the allied forces. The British naval spy agency intercepted and deciphered the secret message, and handed a copy to the American ambassador to Britain, W.H. Page, on February 24th. Page immediately handed it over to the State Council, and the State Council announced the news to the press on March 1. Later, American spy agencies further confirmed the authenticity of the secret information.
On March 19 17, President Wilson of the United States decided that all merchant ships sailing in the war zone should be armed, and the State Council and the Navy of the United States immediately announced this decision.
1965438+On April 6, 2007, several American merchant ships were sunk before the United States declared war on Germany. On April 2, President Wilson delivered a war speech to the Senate. Eight months later, on February 7, 65438, the United States declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
1965438+From April to June 2007, the US Army will have to expand its troops to prepare for war. In June, Major General John J Pershing was elected as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force, and the first division patched together by the existing regular army troops boarded the ship and left for France. Pershing's plan is to recruit 19 18 overseas troops in May, and then the long-term plan is to assemble 3 million troops in Europe. /kloc-In May of 0/9, the Military Service Law was passed, and the United States entered a state of high-speed operation. The navy is ready (see Chapter 19 → World War I → 19 17 Operation → Naval Battle).
This war is one of the most destructive wars in European history. About 65 million people took part in the war, about10 million people were killed and about 20 million people were injured. In World War I, 36% of the Allied soldiers and 20% of the civilians were killed. Allied soldiers and civilians each account for 22%. Please note that most civilians died of Spanish influenza A during the war.
The loss is * * * $2,865,438 million+$887 million. Many countries did not recover for a long time after the armistice, and it took a long time to deal with the post-war plague, so it was called peace without victory.
France hopes to gain control of German industry to make up for its losses. The views of Prime Minister Clemenceau also represent French public opinion. Although the British mainland was not burned down in the war, many British soldiers were still killed in the war.
David Lloyd George, then British Prime Minister.
Therefore, British public opinion generally hopes to severely punish Germany. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George supports punishing Germany, but the specific measures are lighter than France. George realized that once all the conditions put forward by France were met, it would become a superpower in Europe and destroy the balance of power in Europe, which ran counter to Britain's traditional policy of maintaining European balance. At the same time, George is worried about Woodrow Wilson's policy of "national self-determination" because Britain has a huge overseas colony. But he agreed to sign a secret treaty to block the German coastline. 19 17 before and after the United States entered the war in April, isolationism prevailed in the United States.
Woodrow Wilson, then president of the United States.
It is generally believed that we should withdraw from European affairs as soon as possible. Because the United States benefited from trade in World War I and became the first economic power, the government tended to appease Germany, ensure equal trade opportunities and successfully recover the war debt. Before the end of the war, President Wilson put forward fourteen suggestions, which were more relaxed than those of Britain and France and more easily accepted by the German people. During the negotiations, foreign ministers such as Japan successively withdrew from the Committee of Ten, leaving only the de facto "Big Four". When Italy was rejected and withdrew because of its territorial claim to Yugoslavia's Mu Fu (now Rijeka), the final negotiations were led by the heads of the three major countries (Britain, France and the United States), namely, British Prime Minister George, French Prime Minister Clemenceau and American President Wilson, and Italian Prime Minister vittorio orlando played no role. Germany is not even allowed to participate in treaty discussions. Because the negotiation goals of different countries are inconsistent or even conflicting, every decision can only be reached through "unpleasant compromise". Henry Kissinger called it "a fragile compromise between American idealism and European paranoia"1965438+On April 29th, 2009, a German delegation led by German Foreign Minister ulrich Graf von Bruckdorf-Lanzu arrived in Versailles. On May 7th, the German delegation accepted the conditions put forward by the victors, including allocating part of Germany's territory to neighboring countries, dividing up German overseas colonies by the victors, and limiting Germany's ability to wage war again. However, because Germany was excluded from the negotiations, the German government thought the above conditions were unfair, protested and then withdrew from the peace conference. On June 20th, a new German government with Gustav Bauer as Prime Minister was established. On the 23rd, those who supported the acceptance of the treaty won by 237 votes to 138. On 28th, the new German Foreign Minister hermann muller signed a peace treaty. 1920 65438+ 10/0 The League of Nations was proclaimed.
Generally speaking, the conditions of different countries are different, the signing process is not smooth, and the final result is a completely dissatisfied treaty.
10 Russian revolution, also known as the October revolution, also known as the Bolshevik revolution. The October Revolution is a revolution based on class struggle after the February Revolution of 19 17 Russian Revolution. This is the first time to practice Marxist workers' revolution. The October Revolution took place in19171.7 (julian calendar 1.25). After the Bolshevik-led armed uprising led by Lenin and Trotsky, the Soviet regime and the first socialist country led by a Marxist political party were established. The revolution overthrew the Russian interim government led by Russian kerensky, which led to the Russian Civil War of 19 18-1920 and the establishment of the Soviet Union of 1922.
The interim government insisted on participating in the war regardless of the lives of the people. In July, the Russian army went to war with Germany and failed. Arouse people's anger.
1 1 Brest-Park Jung Su Vosk. Russia's withdrawal poses a threat to the allies, because Germany can concentrate its firepower on the western front. The Allies are engaged in a fierce struggle.
12 Some people use it to prove that Stalin is the "loyal successor and outstanding developer" of Lenin's cause. Lenin nominated Stalin as general secretary, and Lenin knew how to be a good man. After years of * * *, he knew Stalin's character like the back of his hand, knowing that he was rude and keen on administrative means. When Lenin was ill, he wrote a dear John letter to Stalin.
Dear Comrade Stalin:
You rudely put my wife on the phone and insulted her. Although she agreed to forget what you said, Zinoviev and Kamenev learned about it from her. I don't want to forget my words and deeds so easily. It goes without saying that I think opposing my wife's words and deeds is also opposing my words and deeds. So, please consider whether you agree to take back your words and apologize, or you would rather break off our relationship.