1.3. 1 The responsibilities of the competent department of petroleum industry are clear.
Different countries have different management systems for oil exploration and development, and the setting of management departments is also different. Such as the US Department of Energy, the Canadian Department of Natural Resources, the British Department of Trade and Industry, the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, and the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil and Venezuela. Their responsibilities in the management of the petroleum industry are basically the same, mainly responsible for formulating the development strategy of the petroleum industry, the national petroleum security strategy, the policies for the development and utilization of oil and gas resources, formulating the rules of the petroleum market, promoting the progress of petroleum science and technology, and promoting and realizing the coordinated development of the petroleum industry with health, safety and environment.
1.3.2 The powers and responsibilities of the regulatory agencies are clear.
The government implements a relatively independent management system of formulating policies and implementing supervision over the management of the oil industry. For example, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission of the United States, the National Energy Commission of Canada, the Natural Gas and Electricity Market Office of the United Kingdom, and the Petroleum Administration of Norway are all relatively independent regulatory agencies. Petroleum regulatory agencies are established according to law and independently exercise the rights conferred by law. Petroleum regulatory agencies have clear articles of association, responsibilities, powers and working procedures, and have strict regulations on the qualifications of employees. The person in charge is appointed by the president (governor, prime minister) or government ministers. The operation of the regulatory agencies is open and transparent, and at the same time it is bound by the law and supervised by the public. Regulators have independent financial channels, and their budgets are approved by the parliament or the government. The funds mainly come from the fees charged to relevant enterprises according to law. In order to ensure the supervision in place, the oil regulatory agencies have a considerable scale.
European and American oil industry supervision has both similarities and characteristics.
1.3.2. 1 Canada
First, supervision has changed from decentralization to centralization. It turns out that the Canadian government's oil and gas supervision is scattered in various government departments. Later, in order to improve work efficiency, reduce inter-departmental coordination and attract foreign investors, the Canadian federal government and provincial government adopted the practice of relatively concentrating the oil and gas regulatory functions in one department, with the regulatory agency as the window for enterprises and interested parties. Second, the supervision field is wide, the content is fine and the intensity is great. The supervision field includes the whole process of oil and gas exploration and development activities, pipeline construction, pricing and operation. Detailed supervision procedures, especially the protection and rational development of oil and natural gas resources. The third is to give full play to the enthusiasm of the federal and provincial sides. Implement the federal local "spatial decentralization" management model. For the government supervision whose resources belong to the federal government but are closely related to the relevant provinces, the practice of establishing federal and provincial regulatory agencies is adopted. The petroleum industry management system of Canadian federal government and provincial government is widely admired by European and American petroleum circles, and some countries in Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe have followed suit in recent years.
65438+ USA
The characteristics of the US government's oil and gas industry supervision system: First, the oil and gas management departments of the US government are relatively scattered. Many departments in the United States, such as the Department of Energy, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Transportation and the Department of Commerce, are involved in oil management. There are two levels of supervision, namely, the supervision of the federal government and the state government. Because the laws in the United States are relatively complete, the division of management responsibilities of various government departments is relatively clear, and the overlapping contradictions are not prominent. Second, the functions of policy formulation and implementation among various departments are relatively separated. Although the oil and gas management departments of the U.S. government are scattered, policy formulation and implementation are relatively separated from each other in terms of functions, institutional settings, sources of funds and management methods, and a management model of "function-decentralization" is implemented.
1.3.2.3
The British gas government regulator is the British Gas and Electricity Market Office, which is affiliated to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. Its main duties are to limit monopoly, cultivate competitive natural gas market, protect the interests of natural gas consumers and promote the development of natural gas industry. Its characteristics: First, under the conditions of market economy, at different stages of development, independent and responsible regulatory agencies are established, laws and regulations that conform to the development of the industry are formulated, and effective regulatory measures are taken. Second, through government supervision, efforts should be made to break the monopoly and cultivate the market. When the market is difficult to optimize the allocation of resources, the government must intervene, gradually reduce government intervention when the market can play an active role, and at the same time use government functions to promote the marketization process. The third is to gradually form the downstream marketization of domestic natural gas. The British natural gas industry, especially the downstream pipeline transportation and distribution, was originally monopolized by the state through the British natural gas company. During the privatization in the 1980s, the parliament passed laws first, and then set up a regulatory body according to law. Through the adjustment and implementation of regulatory policies, the monopoly of British natural gas companies was broken, and it was pushed to the capital market, gradually forming the downstream marketization of domestic natural gas.
Brazil
The Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil is the centralized management department of Petrobras. Brazil's National Energy Commission is responsible to President People's Republic of China (PRC) and presided over by the Minister of Mines and Energy. Its main function is to formulate energy policies and various measures to promote the rational utilization of national energy resources according to the established energy policy principles. Brazil's National Petroleum Administration is the specific supervision and management department of Brazil's petroleum industry, which is under the Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil. It is mainly responsible for supervising and managing the policies formulated by the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy. At the same time, in the process of supervision, we can formulate specific policies to ensure the implementation of the government's macro policies, and then issue approval permits to domestic and foreign companies through bidding, supervise the behavior of the oil sector, and complete the operation of the national oil industry.
1.3.3 Trade associations play an important role.
Trade associations are self-regulatory cooperative organizations at the enterprise level (non-government). Generally, it can be divided into two categories: one is an organization that formulates technical operation standards, and the other is a self-regulatory organization that promotes the commercial interests of its members. The association also assumes the role of "enterprise trade union" to safeguard the collective interests of its members. Through the association, the opinions of member enterprises are reflected to parliament, government and society, which affects the formulation of government policies. There are six trade associations in the Canadian petroleum industry, such as the Canadian Petroleum Association and the Canadian Petroleum Producers Association.
1.3.4 mining rights are mainly awarded through bidding cooperation.
1) There are 34 countries authorized to bid, including Egypt, Angola, Benin and Equatorial Guinea.
2) The bidding and cooperation countries are: Algeria, Gabon and other 29 countries.
3) Franchised cooperation countries: Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa) and other countries.
4) Countries cooperating with foreign countries include: C? te d 'Ivoire, Mozambique, Oman, Yemen, Iraq, Jordan, Georgia, Turkey, France, Moldova, Myanmar and other countries.
5) Countries granted mining rights by the government include Saudi Arabia and other countries.
6) Countries authorized by the Minister: Mali and other countries.
7) Countries bidding by agency system: Syria and other countries.
1.3.5 laws and regulations as a guarantee
1) There are 30 countries including Algeria, Sudan and India.
2) Countries that adopt the Law on Oil, Gas and Mineral Resources as petroleum regulations include Congo (Brazzaville), Brazil, Bolivia and Venezuela.
3) Countries that adopt the underground resources law as petroleum laws and regulations include Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Ukraine and other countries.
4) Countries that adopt mineral resources law as petroleum laws and regulations are Russia, Vietnam and other two countries.
5) The petroleum laws and regulations of other countries are quite different.
1.3.6 domestic oil companies have different scales.
1) There are only 1 oil companies in 57 countries.
2) There are two oil companies in five countries.
3) There are 3 ~ 10 oil companies in10 countries.
4) There are three countries where the number of oil companies exceeds 10, namely the United States, Russia and Canada.
Through the analysis of oil and gas management systems in various countries in the world, we can draw the conclusion that the biggest principle of developing oil industry is to maximize domestic potential and do everything possible to reduce dependence on imports. Specifically, it can be summarized into four aspects: First, the government functions have gradually changed from direct control to supervision and service, and the industry management system has been optimized. The second is to establish and improve the legal system framework, improve the supervision legal system, and clarify the main body of supervision, including formulating operational norms and ensuring construction safety. The third is to actively promote the market-oriented reform of upstream and downstream oil. The fourth is to build a national petroleum security and strategic system.