A large number of machinery and equipment have entered the China market from abroad, which makes the development of machinery industry in China extremely slow and the output of machinery and equipment is not fast. 1925 After the May 30th tragedy, a wave of strikes was set off in Shanghai, and the voice of advocating domestic products became stronger and stronger. 1998, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces suffered from drought for years. Xinzhong Engineering Company, founded by Zhi et al., began to imitate centrifugal pumps, double-cylinder and double-row pumps, filter tanks and other irrigation and drainage equipment to alleviate the urgent needs of the victims. 1926, Shanghai Nanyang University held an industrial exhibition. In the third meeting place, German Tian Li Foreign Firm and Danish Rosende Foreign Firm exhibited diesel engines, pumps and motors. Wisdom dares to contend with this. Before exhibiting products at Tian Li Foreign Firm, he set up a homemade 8-inch centrifugal pump and started pumping water for comparison. As a result, the new products are light and solid, and the price is particularly low, which is even worse than the imported products. It is very exciting for China people, and it is very proud that domestic products can compete with foreign products. During this period, the national industry was in a difficult situation under the dual pressure of foreign businessmen and bureaucratic capital. Chi overcame all kinds of difficulties. With the spirit of perseverance and not being afraid of failure, he led the design and imitation of internal combustion engines: 3 horsepower kerosene engine, 6 horsepower kerosene engine, 8 horsepower kerosene engine (single cylinder with flushing light), 65,438+00 horsepower kerosene engine (single cylinder for ships), 65,438+05 horsepower kerosene engine (single cylinder) and 65,438+. The installed capacity of engines provided by Anting and Yongan Electric Company in Xiaoshan, Ming Kai Electric Company in Shengxian and Nanxiang Electric Company in Jiading are all over 200 kilowatts, accounting for about 30% of the total installed capacity of engines sold by Shanghai machinery industry for power plants.
At this time, Zhi keenly found that the practical diesel engine manufactured by 1897 has higher thermal efficiency than other internal combustion engines. But at first it was large and used for fixed work. Diesel engines were widely used in the early 20th century, and all the diesel engines on the China market in the 1920s were foreign products. Chi is unwilling to be pushed around by others and intends to fill the domestic gap. 1929 was copied into a 36-horsepower two-cylinder diesel engine, which was the first to be manufactured in China.
Pioneering work and achievements of railway bridge engineering
Since World War I, China (except the three northeastern provinces) has not built railways for a long time. At that time, the railway already under construction was also stopped halfway, and the railway construction team had to be reorganized. 1933, the Hangjiang Railway aided by Zhejiang started construction, and I deeply felt that this was a grand plan for national rejuvenation. Driven by this strong sense of responsibility and the needs of the development of the new China company, he dared to chew on the "hard bone"-resolutely contracted the steel beam project of Jinhua River and Qujiang Dongji River in Quzhou, with 25 steel beams, each of which is 20 meters long, especially the Jinhua River, 12 hole, some in deep water, some in shallow water and some in the beach. It is very difficult to erect beams. Branch is good at organizing and giving play to the experience of hoisting workers. In the absence of practical technology and advanced lifting equipment, after many careful investigations, he highlighted a clever word, and figured out that the track should be laid on a 20-meter-long load-bearing beam, and the whole steel beam should be loaded on the pier with a flat car. Because he is good at exploration and continuous improvement in his work, it takes 10 days to put a hole at first, and finally it is reduced to 3 days. In winter, there is no water in the river. Make full use of this geographical condition and break the routine. All the upper bearing beams of 13 hole were transported to the middle beach of the river for assembly and riveting, and the pier was hoisted by one-legged pole, which was a great success. The success of the first battle greatly increased his confidence and made him more motivated to build a bridge.
The following year, he led an excellent team of technicians to camp in the mountains, and contracted all the projects of the three bridges of Xinhe, Lingxi and Shaxi in Yunan section of zhejiang-jiangxi railway (from Jiangshan, Zhejiang to Nanchang via Yushan, Jiangxi). The installation and erection of the upper steel beam of Xinhe Bridge is a steel plate beam with a span of 20 meters. * * * 10 hole. Intelligent research adopts new models; 40 m load-bearing beam. The load-bearing beam is a square rail made of section steel, which is assembled into a whole at the bridgehead in advance and then pushed to the abutment. Because the length can span the two-hole bridge, it can be pushed forward without falling. After the bearing beams are in place on the two abutments, laying rails on them can push the bridge to the installation orientation. Then use lifting tools to lift the bridge, so that the flat car loaded with the bridge exits and the rail sleepers are removed, and the bearing beam is pushed forward, so that the bridge slowly falls on the abutment. This method has changed the traditional technology of erecting sleeper frames on river beds or ships and hanging the bridge to the abutment, so that the bridge is separated from the water conditions in the river and is not affected by the weather. Time-saving, economical and safe. It is the first in China and can also be regarded as the prototype and principle of the bridge erecting machine developed later.
The construction method of steel beam erection of Zhanghe Bridge in Zhushao section of Guangdong-Han railway is another great pioneering work in the history of bridge engineering. Zhanghe Bridge is located on the border of Hunan and Guangdong, in Yizhang County, southeast of Hunan. The pier is 40 meters high and looks like a chimney from a distance. Usually, the river bed is dry. Because the train passes halfway up the mountain, the pier is relatively high. Zhizhi quoted a price of 654.38 million yuan, which surprised the railway bureau because their bridge budget was 654.38 million yuan. Ling Hongxun, the director of this bureau, hereby requests to give his own construction plan directly, and says that there are still profits according to this method, and he greatly appreciates Ling Hongxun. Zhangshu Bridge has ***3 holes with 20m steel plate beams at both ends and 30m truss beams in the middle. Zhi decided to assemble a square frame beam in the middle under the stone beach in the river, install two pairs of double-column hanging beams (A-shaped handles) on the pier, and lift the steel beam from the bottom of the river in two sections. The climbing cable is bolted to the top cap of the pier, and it is ready to cut off the 40-meter bridge-mounted tools that have been installed on the Yuehan Road and install them in the middle of bridge opening as load-bearing beams. According to this plan, if the loss of bridge installation tools is not counted, the installation cost is less than 5000 yuan.
However, based on the scientific attitude of striving for perfection, according to the previous experience of hoisting steel beams at both ends of the bridge, zhihe engineer Qian gradually formed an idea that steel beams can be salvaged from the air without bearing the load below. During construction, due to the high pier, the speed of using the fourth hoist is slow, and the whole hoisting process of steel beam from the ground to the pier takes 13 hours. Therefore, Zhizhi decided to implement the newly conceived air crossing plan and carry out experiments. Taking the 40-meter bridge loading tool that has been transported to the bridge head as the steel beam, the steel bar is tied from the opposite pier, and the bridge head is dragged out to the opposite pier by simulation. The test shows that it is very stable, dragged back to its original position, and the air crossing is successful. Later, the erection of steel plate beams in Nanping section of Guangdong-Han railway was basically carried out according to this method, and the progress was advanced, which was very satisfactory to the railway administration. The new bridge method of steel beam crossing pier out of thin air has been widely popularized in Chinese bridge industry.
Ganjiang Bridge is the largest project among the carefully built bridges. The girder erection technology adopts floating transportation method. The Qiantang River Bridge, which started at 1935, was bridged by floating method. This bridge was designed by Mao Yisheng and contracted by foreign investors. The Ganjiang Bridge was built by the floating method developed after the completion of Qiantang River Bridge. The floating tools of Qiantang River are two flat-bottomed flat-bottomed boats. Four jacks are used to lift steel beams at four corners at the same time. In Yuan Bing, two gondolas with a height of 6 meters were used. According to the principle of submarine, it is more efficient and faster to inject water into the cabin and lift the steel beam by lifting the drainage hull than the floating method of Qiantang River Bridge project. At first, in the floating transportation of the steel beam of Ganjiang Bridge, two tugboats were used to tow and square the boat. Later, due to the strong wind and great danger, a winch was installed on the tugboat. After anchoring, it was connected with the square boat by wire rope and slowly dragged into place. This is another example that Zhizhi has always been good at adapting to local conditions and is unique.
Led the development of the first diesel engine and gas engine in China.
1931June, Shenyang Minsheng factory made some parts and made a truck with some imported key parts. In addition, in the early 1930s, China only tried to assemble cars with imported engines and chassis. Engine is the key component of automobile. At first, most car engines were gasoline engines. In the late 1920s, high-speed diesel engine appeared (the speed exceeded 1 1,000 rpm). Because diesel is cheaper than gasoline, it is more economical to use diesel vehicles than gasoline vehicles. In the process of manufacturing diesel engines, the idea of trial-producing diesel automobile engines came into being. He stopped to meditate in front of foreign cars many times and stayed behind. Because of the difficulty, high cost and great technical uncertainty in manufacturing this kind of engine, it is not worth the candle in the eyes of ordinary people. However, Zhi is determined to make great achievements in technology, even failing in the trial production process, which shows how confident he is. 1935 or so, Zhi bought a British Kangmei truck, and on the basis of his original research, entrusted engineer Lu Jingyun to copy the Perkins engine of the car. Perkins brand engine is a diesel high-speed diesel engine with power of 35 HP and rated speed of 2200 rpm. At that time, its rotating speed was very high, and it had never been trial-produced in China. Zhi and Lu Jingyun only got a manual with only some photos and simple instructions. Under the careful organization of Zhihe, after simple experimental observation, Lu Jingyun and others took the engine apart and analyzed it step by step. Zhi Shaomei and Min Genrong conducted an investigation. According to the compact and complex structure of the engine, Lu Jingyun conceived a variety of technical schemes. In the structural principle, it is basically mapped according to the prototype; In terms of materials, we should choose the types of materials ourselves; In terms of processing technology, we must also redesign ourselves. According to reference books, Lu Jingyun learned about the material types of crankshaft, connecting rod, piston and other parts of high-speed diesel engine in the world, as well as the requirements for cylinder materials.
In terms of cylinder block, cylinder head and other castings, in order to obtain the best metallographic structure under the existing conditions in Shanghai, Zhizhi imported Fe-Ni alloy particles from abroad and smelted them into low-silicon and low-carbon molten iron, which easily promoted the formation of pearlite, improved the structure and properties of cast iron and smelted low-nickel alloy cast iron. Through inspection and analysis, it is found that the metallographic structure (fine pearlite) and strength meet the requirements, so that the cylinder block and cylinder head with complex structure and accurate size are cast.
Except castings, most parts of the engine are made of steel. At that time, the steel used by domestic general machinery factories was mostly ordinary carbon steel, and there was no experience in using alloy steel. According to relevant reference materials and different performance requirements of parts, we purchased the required alloy steel from foreign companies. In order to improve the machining accuracy, people have taken two measures: first, increase the dimensional tolerance on the drawings; Secondly, the processing technology of each part was formulated separately, which was rare in China Machine Factory at that time.
Crankshaft is an important part of the engine. There is no suitable forging equipment in Singapore, so it can't be forged. In desperation, Zhi and others used their brains, so they had to use a square low-nickel alloy hacksaw as a blank, and then cut it with a machine tool to saw the remaining materials under the square hacksaw into connecting rods. He also bought some accessories in Shanghai market, such as the nozzle of high-pressure oil pump made in Germany, camshaft drive chain and tensioner made in Britain, piston ring, fan belt and so on. By 1936, most parts had been completed, and the engine was assembled in the spring of 1937. This is the first self-made high-speed diesel engine in China. It was installed on a commercial truck, and Zhizhi personally drove it to report the success of the trial run to the municipal public bureau. Later, when New China moved in, commercial trucks equipped with self-made engines played a role in Shanghai's transportation.
On the second day after the "August 13th" Sino-Japanese War, Lu Jingyun decided to take a long vacation to join the army. The branch actively responded to the internal relocation organized by the Resources Committee and other departments, and led the employees of New China to go through hardships and move thousands of tons of equipment to Wuhan. After Wuhan was in an emergency, the new relay was transferred to Changsha and Qiyang. Changsha is less than a thousand miles away from Wuhan, so there is no danger to defend. If Wuhan falls, Changsha will become a frontline city. From the point of view of war, it seems unnecessary or even unwise to set up a factory in Changsha. The fundamental purpose of building a factory in Changsha is to realize the long-cherished wish of manufacturing high-performance automobile engines as soon as possible. He is obsessed with making complex internal combustion engines. The new manufacturing branch of Xinzhong Company in Huangtuling, Changsha started on 1938, and Zhizhi invited Lu Jingyun back to the factory to preside over the trial production of the engine. Due to the tense war, Du Yu Ming was not allowed to leave his post at first. After Zhi personally went to Xiangtan to explain the reasons to Du, Du approved Lu's patriotic act of returning to China to support Zhi.
Due to the presence of officials from the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Du of the 200th Division presented a scrapped German truck to Zhi. Its engine is M. A.N Diesel high-speed diesel engine with power of 65 HP and rated speed 1800 rpm. Zhi decided to copy this engine and organize surveying and mapping without any relevant information. After Lu Jingyun arrived at the factory, he concentrated technicians such as Li Peijin, Chu Yingli and La Huakun in Changsha to make a comprehensive imitation. M. A.N engine is bigger and simpler than Perkins engine, and Lu Jingyun and others are more confident in trial production. Therefore, Zhi decided to build a batch production line regardless of the serious threat of enemy bombing.
After the war, the metallurgical industry in the rear area was still very backward, the steel supply was far less convenient than that in Shanghai, and the conditions were very difficult. The branch ran around, inquired about the supply channels in many ways, and finally thought of buying scrapped locomotive parts damaged by Japanese planes from the railway department as raw materials. At that time, it was estimated that the locomotive transmission shaft was made of good steel (probably alloy steel), so it was used as crankshaft, connecting rod with tire and general steel with rail. There are no large forging equipment and grinding machines. When making a crankshaft, the shaft is eccentrically forged, then cut and shaped on a machine tool, and finally turned and ground. In the process of self-melting cast iron, the imported iron-nickel alloy particles could not be found, so nickel coins were used as additives and melted together with cast iron and scrap steel in a melting furnace to obtain low-nickel alloy cast iron. Because of the pre-war experience of Zhi, Lu Jingyun and others, Xinzhong successfully cast the cylinder block and cylinder head, and cast the piston with waste aircraft parts. In addition, forgings such as oil pump, nozzle and flywheel are purchased directly from Hong Kong. Due to the abnormal transportation of Guangdong-Han railway, he personally escorted it from Hong Kong to Qinzhou and Fangcheng, Guangxi, then picked it up by manpower for hundreds of miles to Nanning, and then transported it to the factory by road. After the fire in Changsha, Xinzhong Factory moved to Qiyang, and the route was very tortuous. 1943110 During the meeting of China Institution of Engineers in Guilin in October, many members came all the way to Qiyang to visit Xinzhong Company. At that time, Weng Wenhao, Minister of Economy of Chongqing National Government, also made a special trip to visit. Seeing that Xinzhong Company co-organized Minsheng Ironmaking Plant and Steelmaking Plant with its peers and China Bank, and China Carbon Plant with Guangxi Chemical Plant because of the need for carbon rods for steelmaking furnaces, it set up Qiliqiao Coal Mine Company with the joint venture company and invested in Jianxiang Flour Factory because of the increased demand for coal. The power supply produced by Xinzhong Company is adjacent to Rixin Battery Factory and Jianxing Equipment Factory, making Qiyang Xiaoyi an industrial base, which is a very valuable miracle of self-sufficiency during the Anti-Japanese War. Weng was very happy and praised Zhi's patriotic behavior, strong entrepreneurial spirit and outstanding talent.
1938 started the trial production of M. A.N engine in Changsha in summer and moved to Qiyang in autumn. By 1939, the parts have been processed and assembled. In June of the same year, Xinzhong Qiyang Factory manufactured a 65 horsepower diesel engine, which was installed on the original repaired old car and successfully trial-produced.
1939 In summer, it is difficult to buy accessories in Hong Kong. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the supply of German spare parts and raw materials was interrupted, so it was impossible for Singapore and China to produce diesel engines on a large scale. In addition, diesel became a very tight strategic material in wartime, and diesel engines almost stopped running because of lack of oil. Wisely judge the situation, considering the coal production in the rear, before the M. A.N engine was successfully copied, it began to be converted into a gas engine. This is mainly to replace the oil pump with high-voltage coil and distributor, cool the spark plug (inlet), intake pipe and gas control valve, prepare the gas generator, change the cylinder bore, cylinder liner, cylinder head, valve, compression ratio and piston. There are also some changes in materials, such as changing the piston from aluminum alloy to low-nickel alloy cast iron and changing the flywheel from forging to casting. In order to easily manufacture diesel engines in the future, most parts of gas engines and M. A.N diesel engines can be used in general. 1After June, 939, Xinzhong started trial production of gas engines, and the test run was successful at the beginning of the following year. The gas turbine has a power of 45 HP and rated speed 1500 rpm, which can be matched with the generator. Yuan Bing aims to produce 30 gas turbines per month, initially 3 gas turbines per month, and then 6 gas turbines per month. This kind of engine is very popular in the rear, which is used to generate electricity or drive small ships. Zhi Yuanbing ordered it and the gas producer to be loaded on the truck. 1942, he and his driver drove this car from Qiyang, passed through the rugged mountain roads in Hunan, Guangxi and Guizhou, and successfully arrived in Chongqing, creating the history of domestic gas engine-driven cars and becoming an important event in China's modern mechanical history. At that time, Chongqing Ta Kung Pao published an article comparing wisdom to "China's Ford". 1943 Zhizhi designed and trial-produced a domestic car that was driven between Lijiaping and Qiyang in Hunan, but was damaged by the Japanese occupation of Qiyang. Only the photos are kept now.
1in the winter of 943, the China Institution of Engineers decided to award a gold medal in Guilin in recognition of his pioneering achievements in manufacturing internal combustion engines. After Hou, Ling Hongxun, Mao Yisheng and Sun, he is the fifth person in the field of engineering technology in China to receive this honor.
Scientific and technological achievements before and after the founding of the People's Republic.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, there were many industrial problems in China. Branch returned from an inspection in the United States and became the general manager and chief engineer of China Agricultural Machinery Company. Based on the strong desire to revitalize the national industry, according to the conception of the United Nations Relief Committee, he made a grand plan to set up 65,438+08 branches in major provinces and cities and 3,000 ironworks in counties. However, he eventually resigned as the general manager because he disagreed with the intention of the American consultant, and became the director of Wusong Manufacturing Factory (now Shanghai Diesel Engine Factory) under China Agricultural Corporation. This plan also fell through. Despite this major setback, the long-cherished wish of "saving the country through industry" has not changed. Under his leadership, the factory trial-produced the first batch of gasoline engines in March 1948. The original design was 5 horsepower, but it actually reached 5.5 horsepower. Therefore, it is called a five-cylinder semi-gasoline engine, and 50 sets were produced that year. It was used to cooperate with the American-made water pump as the power of agricultural irrigation and drainage machinery in the "disaster relief materials" of World War II. In the same year, the factory also basically completed the process and equipment required for an annual output of 3,000 5.5 gasoline engines. The people's government trusted him and transferred him to the East China Ministry of Industry as the director of the machinery department, leading to clean up the assets of various machinery factories, redistribute tasks and resume production. 1950 in may, the central government decided to invest 375 million kilograms of millet (equivalent to 60.75 million yuan) to build the first heavy machinery factory in new China, which was designed by engineers and technicians in China. This is a great pioneering work in China's industrial history, which once caused a sensation among Shanghai intellectuals and attracted international attention. Wisdom immediately responded. With his prestige in Shanghai's intellectual circles, he enthusiastically publicized and mobilized from door to door. Under his generous speech and meticulous persuasion, some experts and celebrities quickly eliminated their yearning attitude towards * * * production party. Some people think that Taiyuan is windy and dusty and has poor living conditions. Others don't have enough confidence to build such a large heavy machinery factory. They devote themselves to the design team and employ 56 technicians and more than 30 skilled workers. He served as deputy director of the preparation department of heavy machinery factory of the Central Ministry of Heavy Industry (later served as deputy director and chief engineer of Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Factory), director of Taiyuan Engineering Office and director of Shanghai Office. Under his auspices, more than 40 famous engineers and university professors from Shanghai enterprises, such as Zhizhi, Luoyang, etc., with a high sense of responsibility for developing the industrial construction of the motherland, used their spare time to give full play to their enthusiasm and creativity and overcome many difficulties, and completed the planning document in only 40 days. With the banner of "Only I am the Pioneer" presented by the Shanghai Office, we led the investigation team to Taiyuan, Yuci, Taigu and other places in Shanxi to make site selection on the spot. 195010/0.4, the second anniversary of the founding of New China, when Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Factory officially broke ground, festive firecrackers sounded again. Its rapid completion and production has condensed the high wisdom and sweat of direct experts and created a new path for China to build large enterprises independently. From 65438 to 0954, he was transferred to Shenyang Mining Machinery Factory as deputy director and chief engineer. This "big shot" is so approachable-he usually eats and lives in the factory and often studies the situation in the workshop in his spare time. As for mining machinery, he has been committed to drawing a blueprint for the development prospects of mining plants from a far-sighted perspective. Digested and transformed a number of Soviet technologies and increased the main products of the factory. Among them, drum filter, dust mixer, spiral classifier, plate feeder and many other new products with high technical requirements have come out one after another under the leadership of Zhi. Many products have created the first product record in China, such as φ2800×60000 drum mixer, 650mm electric discharger, 650mm electric sand leakage machine, CKP 1 1 chain scraper conveyor, 2000mm diameter disc feeder, FW-24 flotation concentrator, BK vibrating screen, Bro vibrating screen, etc. BGN- 15。 BGN-24 peripheral drive thickener, piston-free Baum coal washer, etc. Among them, the belt magnetic separator with bandwidth of 1000mm was successfully trial-produced, which provided new advanced technology and equipment for metal beneficiation in China. The first mast crane in China was successfully trial-produced, and was selected for exhibition in 1955 Leipzig Industrial Exhibition, which won international praise. These new products, together with an engineering and technical team trained and trained directly to design and develop mineral processing equipment, are icing on the cake, making Shenkuang Plant full of vitality and making due contributions to the development of the national economic plan.
It is worth mentioning that in 1954, China machinery industry began to carry out standardization work, and immediately set up the standardization department in Shenkuang Plant, and expounded its importance many times, so that some comrades actively participated in this work. Under his leadership, it took only four years to establish more than 700 standards, and for the first time, a unified technical standard was formulated in China machinery industry. He is also one of the founders of Shenyang Mechanical Society.
At the age of 65, Zhi was transferred to the former Deputy Director and Chief Engineer of the Institute of Lifting and Transportation Machinery of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. In order to reduce the labor intensity of workers and improve the mechanization level of loading and unloading operations, he carefully studied and analyzed the development trends of foreign science and technology, painstakingly climbed the mountain and went down the mine, inspected factories, stations, ports and docks, discussed problems with technicians and workers, worked out solutions and solved technical problems, and made contributions to the development of new technologies and products of lifting and transporting machinery in China. In addition, he did not pay attention to the economic benefits of scientific research, and showed anxiety very early, and advocated the implementation of paid contract system for scientific research projects.
1966 zhi yuanbing suffered from heart disease, gallstones and other diseases, and was disabled after two major operations. Framed in the Cultural Revolution, 197 1 died in Xinyang City, Henan Province on August 25th at the age of 74. 1February, 979, the former First Machine Department was rehabilitated and moved to Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing. According to Zhi's last wish, his wife Huang and her children donated all 50,000 yuan of their salary to China Mechanical Engineering Society.