Palm kernel cake (PKC)
Palm kernel juicer (PKE)
Introduction of palm kernel powder
Palm kernel cake (PKC or PKE) is a by-product produced in the process of extracting palm kernel oil (CPKO or PPKO) from palm kernel. 20 19 years198,600 tons of palm kernel oil produced 259,000 tons of palm kernel meal. Therefore, palm kernel powder is widely used in animal husbandry all over the world. However, countries will decide the purchase quantity according to the organic composition of palm kernel meal and the digestive system of local poultry. For example, cattle feed can contain up to 60% palm kernel powder; The feed for laying hens and broilers can contain up to 50% and 30% palm kernel powder; Pigs can only add 5% palm kernel powder to their feed at most. This paper summarized the application of palm kernel meal as animal feed.
Second, the composition of palm kernel powder
As the feed of poultry, the nutritional components of palm kernel meal will change with the variety of palm fruit, the source of palm fruit and the refining process. According to Nuzul Amri, chief research officer of Malaysian Palm Oil Bureau, palm kernel meal produced in 20 13 years contains 7.9% oil, 0/4.8% protein/kloc-0, 6.7% crude fiber/kloc-0, 6.4% moisture, 3.9% ash and 50% carbohydrate. (as shown in the figure below). It is reported that the metabolic energy of palm kernel meal will be maintained in the range of 1479- 1792 kcal per kilogram. Palm kernel powder has high protein and energy, but it also maintains low metabolic energy because of its high fiber content.
Attached is the latest palm composition test report of China Inspection and Quarantine Malaysian Company (CCIC).
Third, the formation process of palm kernel powder
Generally, palm trees can bear fruit in three to five years after planting, and the growth period of tree age is about 25 years. Due to the improvement of agricultural technology and planting methods, the quality of seedlings and first fruits is relatively low in the past 30 years, which will also affect the oil yield of palm kernel and the quality of palm kernel meal. Due to the continuous improvement of additive technology, the quality and composition of palm kernel powder produced by various factories are slightly different. At present, the largest exporters of palm kernel meal are Malaysia and India.
Due to different production methods, the composition of palm kernel powder is also different:
Fourth, the advantages of palm kernel powder:
1. Comparison between palm kernel meal and other feeds;
2. Palm kernel powder is a natural product, which is pure natural without additives, transgene, mildew and side effects;
3. Palm kernel meal has high fat protein content, which can be classified as energy feed in specific use, is an excellent oil source, and contains fiber suitable for rumen digestion, which can increase milk fat content and fatten;
4. Although the contents of acid-resistant detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in palm kernel meal are high, they will not replace the forage intake which is very important to livestock (for example, increasing the intake of total dry matter);
5. Palm kernel meal is rich in minerals such as phosphorus, copper, zinc and manganese;
6. Because palm kernel meal is rich in fat and protein, it can replace some corn, soybean meal or bran in daily feed, and the feeding cost can be greatly reduced under the condition of unchanged nutritional components.
7. Palm kernel meal is a kind of feed additive with high protein, high fat, high efficiency and low cost, which can appropriately reduce the protein and fat content in the diet.
8. Palm kernel powder is especially suitable for ruminants such as cattle, sheep, horses and deer. It can also be used for domestic animals such as pigs and chickens. Part of corn or bran can be replaced by the ratio of 1: 1, and the addition ratio should be mastered according to the feeding environment, animal adaptability and feeding habits in various regions. Young domestic animals (after weaning) have a particularly good acceptance of palm kernel powder. As mentioned above, there is no need to worry about the risk of acidosis, and they can eat without restriction. Suggested addition ratio (using 1: 1 instead of corn and soybean meal) is as follows:
A: laying hens: 3%-7%; Broiler:1%-5%; Pig: 3%-9%; Duck: 3%-7%;
B: Ruminants (cattle, sheep, horses, deer, etc. ): 15% ~ 30% (above).
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Composition and description of palm kernel powder
▲ protein > 21%; In the conventional range of16%:16-18%, the protein digestion and absorption rate of palm kernel meal is slower than that of forage, which is a supplement to forage nutrition.
▲ Fat > 10%: Due to mechanical pressing, the oil content of palm kernel meal (8- 10%) is higher than that of other oilseeds soaked with solvents. Palm oil contains saturated fat to stabilize rumen, which will not interfere with ruminant function or affect milk fat content. In addition, palm kernel meal can also be used to produce many other high-value fats to improve the health of dairy cows, increase milk production and fatten.
▲ Crude fiber < 18%: The experimental results show that palm kernel meal contains 55-60% NDF fiber. However, the experimental results in many laboratories fail to show that a large part of the fiber contained in palm kernel meal can improve the digestive ability of livestock, unlike the fiber in other feeds that is converted into internal energy.
▲ Moisture and volatilization
▲ Energy: Each kilogram of palm kernel meal contains 10.5- 12.5 kg, which is comparable to the metabolic energy of grain feed. Because of the low starch content of palm kernel powder, the mixed feeding effect with other grains with high starch content will be ideal.
▲ Minerals-0.45% calcium, 0.8% phosphorus and 0.46% magnesium;
▲ Starch-palm kernel powder contains no starch. When energy intake is insufficient and grain feed is insufficient, palm kernel meal is an ideal feed.
Palm kernel meal is rich in nutrition, and its dry matter content is 2% higher than that of rice bran meal and wheat bran. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) is 90% of corn, crude protein content is 7% higher than corn, and metabolic energy is higher than corn. The contents of iron, manganese, copper and selenium are much higher than those of corn. The digestibility of amino acids is over 85%, and the content of important amino acids (especially arginine, lysine and methionine) is much higher than that of corn and wheat bran.
Because of the high content of crude cellulose in palm kernel cake, the effect in feeding monogastric animals is not ideal. After the palm kernel cake is fermented, cellulose can be greatly degraded and converted into absorbable nutrients, which completely solves the existing disadvantages. The digestion and absorption rate of ruminants and monogastric animals are greatly improved, and the palatability is improved. This is an ideal energy feed. In feeding, the ratio of 1: 1 can replace some corn, bran, soybean meal and so on. It can reduce the cost immediately and has obvious economic benefits.
After full fermentation, palm kernel meal produces biological enzyme components that degrade non-starch polysaccharides, which successfully converts crude fiber into energy that animals can absorb more easily, greatly improving the utilization rate; The abundant non-starch polysaccharides in palm kernel cake are degraded into functional oligosaccharides, which can prevent the invasion of healthy tissues and greatly improve the immunity of animals by first combining with pathogenic bacteria in animals. The results showed that the prevalence rate of pigs, chickens and ducks fed with fermented palm kernel meal decreased significantly, effectively reducing the use and residue of antibiotics. Fermented palm kernel powder is rich in arginine, and the average utilization rate of amino acids is over 85%. It can reproduce and increase probiotics, and produce vitamins and functional peptides. After feeding, the meat quality, milk quality, egg quality and fur quality of animals have been significantly improved.
Composition analysis of palm kernel meal before and after fermentation;
Recommended dosage of fermented palm kernel cake:
A. Fermented palm kernel powder can be added to the concentrate of dairy cows and beef cattle, reaching 20-40% of the total feed; It can be added to 15-25% in the diet, which can obviously improve the quality of milk and beef.
B, 8% is suitable for pigs (chickens and ducks) in the early stage of growing and finishing pigs; In the later stage, the diet can be increased to10-15%; Breeding pigs can use 15-20% and piglets can use 5%.
C, 5- 10% can be added to aquatic feed, which has good micropowder effect and improves the adhesion of aquatic feed particles.
6. Application of palm kernel meal in chicken industry
Palm kernel powder is cheap and easy to obtain, and can be used to replace corn and soybean meal in the original feed. However, due to the high fiber content in palm kernel meal and palm kernel shell, it is limited in the chicken feed market. Fiber contains water-insoluble mannose-based polysaccharides, which eventually leads to difficulty in absorption by monogastric animals. Mannan, as an anti-nutritional substance, hinders nutrient absorption and leads to weight loss of 20%-25%. Other limiting reasons include lignin content in palm kernel shell fiber. Nevertheless, some researchers have deeply studied the potential of palm kernel powder as chicken feed. The researchers showed that at the beginning of the experiment, 30% palm kernel powder was used to replace 50% corn in broilers, and there was no adverse reaction during their growth. Not only that, the ratio of chicken feed intake to raw length is higher than before. At the end of the experiment (2 1 day-old broilers), 30% palm kernel powder was used to replace 50% beans as essential protein for growth, and no abnormal or adverse reactions occurred.
According to a study in 2002, 50% palm kernel powder can replace chicken feed when male layers 18 years old. And its daily life and various data (feed intake, mortality and feed conversion rate) did not appear any abnormal or adverse reactions. However, when laying hens eat more than 50% palm kernel meal, the high fiber contained in it is likely to affect and harm the eggs laid by laying hens. 65438 kg+0.0 g probiotics can also be added to the palm kernel meal eaten by laying hens. The role of probiotics can give weight to chickens; Increase hemoglobin concentration; It can also effectively increase the number of white blood cells and lymphocytes. Furthermore, the laying time of laying hens will be advanced by 2 weeks (from 20 weeks to 18 weeks) after taking probiotics. In addition, the study also found that palm kernel powder with probiotics can effectively reduce the number of monocytes and eosinophils in laying hens.
On the other hand, in 2002, researchers used 18-27% palm kernel powder and 10% watermelon peel to replace 30% corn in the original chicken feed, but the data presented in later research reports were not satisfactory. Studies have shown that non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) will reduce the digestibility of poultry, so the increase of polysaccharide will lead to the weight loss of chickens. If poultry want to digest a large amount of polysaccharide, adding a special enzyme can shorten the time required for digestion. Many studies have shown that adding enzymes to the feed containing palm kernel meal can improve its nutritional value and make poultry safer to eat. Mixing 0.05% compound enzyme can also increase the weight of broilers and cocks, increase the feed-to-weight ratio, increase the digestibility of total dry matter, increase the digestibility of fat and non-starch polysaccharides, and increase the digestibility of ileal fat. According to the feed formula, when beans reach 32%, 0.05% enzyme preparation can be added to broiler feed; When the amount of beans reaches 15%, 1% enzyme can be added to rooster feed. The compound enzyme can increase the metabolic energy to 27 17-375 1 kcal per kilogram, and also improve the fat digestion ability of roosters.
In addition, biological pretreatment of fermented palm kernel meal can effectively reduce the fiber content. After fermentation, the addition of palm kernel powder in broiler feed should not exceed 30%. The data within 2 1 day showed that the broilers fed with 30% palm kernel powder gained 308.9g/chicken, the average daily gain was 22.07g/chicken, the feed intake was 382.3g/chicken, and the feed conversion rate was 1.24, while the broilers fed with ordinary feed gained 3 19.2. Studies have shown that there is no big gap and adverse reaction between broilers fed palm kernel meal and ordinary feed.
Application of palm kernel powder in ruminant feeding industry
As far as nutritional value is concerned, palm kernel meal is rich in protein and fiber, which is an ideal feed for ruminants. Cattle have higher tolerance to palm kernel powder than other animals. After eating 60% palm kernel meal feed, the growth, average daily intake, physical fitness and nitrogen digestibility of cattle did not appear any abnormality. The daily gain of calves fed with 60% palm kernel powder increased by 0.41kg; The feed conversion rate was 6.29, showing good digestion and absorption ability. After years of research, palm kernel powder has a special energy feed specially provided for dairy cows. This kind of palm kernel meal contains high fat, which is very helpful to improve the milk yield and oil content of dairy cows. The milk yield and protein content have not been affected, and the feeding effect has not changed, but the feed cost has been greatly reduced, and the competitiveness of livestock products among peers has been significantly improved.
On the contrary, studies show that the feed for goats and sheep should not contain more than 90% palm kernel powder. After 20 weeks, sheep and goats died in the experiment because of copper poisoning. After anatomical analysis, it was found that the high concentration of copper in blood led to kidney swelling, liver fibrosis and epithelial tubular cell necrosis on the surface of renal cortex in goats. In sheep blood (3.02 μ g/ml), heart (65438 0058 μ g/g) and renal cortex (430.5 μ g/g); High concentrations of copper were found in the kitchen. High concentrations of copper were also detected in the heart (0.63ppm), testis (10.6ppm) and plasma (0.63ppm) of gazelles fed with only 60% palm kernel powder.
In order to reduce the risk of copper poisoning in goats and sheep, scientists can reduce the copper content in viscera and plasma by half by adding a small amount of zinc to palm kernel powder with or without ammonium molybdate. Undeniably, if zinc is used continuously, the zinc content in heart and kidney will increase greatly. In 2005, some researchers suggested that phytase can effectively reduce the accumulation of zinc in the body. Phytase can help phosphorus, amino acids, protein, carbohydrates and energy to be better absorbed. Studies have shown that this enzyme can effectively reduce the copper content of 1.97μg/g in blood, 627.7μg/g in heart and 396.3μg/g in renal cortex. In addition, phytase can also increase the weight of goats and sheep. The average daily gain (ADG) of palm kernel meal feed with phytase was 55.3g; The average daily gain (ADG) of palm kernel meal feed after adding zinc was 50.3g; The average daily gain (ADG) of palm kernel meal was 40.65438±0g.
Eight, the use of palm kernel meal in other animal husbandry.
In addition to poultry and ruminants, the researchers also conducted some research on the role of palm kernel powder in other animal feeds. A study shows that up to 30% palm kernel powder can be added to rabbit feed, with an average weight of 922 grams. The proportion of diet based on palm kernel powder is 0% to 40%, and it is also prepared with 20% crude protein. The results showed that the daily feed intake and daily gain of rabbits fed with palm kernel meal were similar to those of ordinary feed. In an experiment of 20 1 1, 35-day-old rabbits received 20% palm kernel powder feed without affecting their food intake and energy digestibility. Not only that, none of the rabbits died in the whole experiment. In addition, there is a study on whether palm kernel powder can replace beans in fish feed. Studies have shown that only 20% of palm kernel powder can be added to the feed of small fish, with an average weight of 8 grams. After adding 20% palm kernel powder, the final fish weight (30.5g), weight gain (280.4%) and feed conversion rate (1. 73) Compared with the final weight (32. 1g), weight gain rate (300.3%) and feed conversion rate (65438+. During the research, 1.6% enzyme preparation was added to 40% palm kernel meal, but the final result showed that the enzyme preparation did not promote growth and food intake.
On the contrary, among all poultry, pigs have the worst acceptance of palm kernel powder. After feeding 0.4% palm kernel powder, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs with an average weight of 25 kg will decrease and the feed conversion rate (FCR) will increase. Pigs with an average weight of 36.5 kg can be fed with 0.3% palm kernel meal, but only after the corn in the original feed is completely replaced by palm kernel meal. Although palm kernel powder reduces the daily feed cost and the feed cost per kilogram of living body weight, it is generally only used for initial feeding.
Fattening pigs with an average weight of 50.5% have low acceptance of 5% palm kernel meal feed. The final results showed that the average daily gain, final weight, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of finishing pigs decreased. Although some researchers have shown that there is no big difference in the average daily gain between the feed added with palm kernel powder and the common feed, the feed added with palm kernel powder reduces the feed conversion rate, and there is no big difference in the meat quality, meat color, sensory test and pH value of pigs only by adding 0.4% or 400g/kg palm kernel powder. Although the content of palm kernel powder in the feed was increased to 120g/kg for pigs of 40-76kg, the digestibility was not greatly improved. Nevertheless, a study of 20 1 1 year shows that adding 0. 1% to 0.2% cocktail glucoamylase to 5% palm kernel meal feed can make the final weight, average daily gain and nutrient digestibility of pigs the same as that of ordinary feed. Moreover, the number of lymphocytes, white blood cells and red blood cells in pig blood did not decrease without adding enzymes into palm kernel meal feed. Figure 4 shows the acceptance of palm kernel powder feed by some poultry.
Nine: Summary
After many experiments on palm kernel meal feed and its influence on poultry feeding, the results showed that most poultry had no negative effect on growth performance after feeding palm kernel meal with the highest acceptance Through a lot of research on rabbit and palm kernel powder, it shows that palm kernel powder has the potential to develop into a part of pet feed.
Palm kernel powder has been widely used in New Zealand and Australia for many years. Secondly, Europe and the Middle East began to use it. In recent years, Japan, South Korea, India and Pakistan have begun to use it extensively. Palm kernel meal in China belongs to all imported products, and the use of palm kernel meal by feed enterprises and aquaculture plants is in the primary stage of understanding, and the import volume is also increasing year by year.
Malaysia and Indonesia are the world's largest exporters of palm oil and palm kernel meal, accounting for 90% of the global market. Indonesia's palm industry started later than Malaysia, and its production and processing technology is relatively low. However, in recent years, the planting area has increased very rapidly. In 2020, palm oil exports have surpassed Malaysia to become the world's number one. The main crops are Kalimantan and Sumatra.
The annual export volume of palm kernel meal in Malaysia is about 4 million tons, and that in Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia is about 2 million tons. Shipments are made at ports in Klang, Sima, Guan Dan, Johor Bahru, Ipoh and Penang, and the largest export port is Klang (both bulk and container shipments are allowed).
Malaysia's largest palm kernel meal production plants: FGV Holdings, SIME Darby Group, IOI Group, Yihai Kerry Group, KLK Group, Xinhua Xing Group, Nanyi Oil Plant, Heli Oil Plant, South America Oil Plant, Yuanjin Oil Plant, etc.
At present, there are three modes of transportation:
A: 50 kg bags: 440 bags in a 20-foot container, 22 tons;
B: 20-foot bulk container: 23 tons;
C: Bulk carrier: 6000 tons and above in bulk (or tons of bags);
At present, most of the import ports in China are Rizhao Port, Lianyungang Port and Yingkou Port. Both Tianjin Port and Qingdao Port are in stock. Palm kernel meal is imported into China, and the customs belongs to the products in the Catalogue of Imported Zero Tariff Products. The VAT rate is 9%, and the customs code is: 2306600090 (palm fruit or oil cake or solid residue).
Some of the above documents come from the internet or public reports.
Some data are taken from the website of Shandong Feed Company.
The data is compiled by Malaysia Malone Import and Export Corporation.