Wenzhou, which has been the most controversial and legendary area in China for many years, has created one innovation after another in China and one economic miracle in China. Some people say that where there is a market, there are Wenzhou people and there are Wenzhou goods. Up to now, there are 166 countries and regions in the world that export goods from Wenzhou. In recent years, enterprises in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province have been aiming at strengthening trade with countries and regions around the world, establishing a diversified foreign trade pattern, and their business covers the whole world.
It is understood that countries and regions with frequent trade with Wenzhou enterprises include Hongkong, Taiwan Province Province, Western Europe, America, Middle East, CIS and other countries. Especially since last year, Wenzhou's foreign trade export has made a breakthrough. Last year, Russia, the European Union, the United States, Hungary, Hong Kong and other countries and regions exported more than 654.38 billion US dollars, and as many as 34 countries and regions exported more than 654.38 billion US dollars. Last year, Wenzhou exported US$ 460 million to Asia, up 80.4% year-on-year. Exports to Africa 1. 1 billion USD, up 85.1%year-on-year; Exports to Europe reached US$ 680 million, a year-on-year increase of 9 1%. In the first half of this year, Wenzhou's foreign trade export situation was even more rapid, with exports exceeding 1 billion US dollars in June alone. At present, there are more than 50 overseas enterprises in Wenzhou. In the next five years, according to the industrial development characteristics of some countries, Wenzhou will also let some advantageous enterprises carry out processing trade or set up special markets abroad, and bring Wenzhou's technology, equipment and services to foreign markets to make up for the shortage of domestic resources and markets.
With China's entry into WTO and the acceleration of its integration with the global economy, it has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to Wenzhou's foreign trade.
(2) the way to enter the market.
Wenzhou's foreign trade products mainly enter the international market through several ways, one is through "overseas Chinese trade". There are a large number of overseas Chinese with strong market sensitivity and strong local concept. Many of them engaged in international trade after accumulating a certain amount of local capital, and introduced Wenzhou's business model to foreign countries. Some of them have developed into suppliers of large foreign retail markets. For example, there are more than 500 clothing trading companies run by overseas Chinese in Rome and Wenzhou, Italy, with annual sales exceeding 5 billion US dollars. There is a "Vitole" clothing street near the railway station. Most of the clothes on this street come from Wenzhou, China. Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Madrid, Spain, Budapest, Hungary and other cities have a large number of markets, all run by Wenzhou people. Wenzhou's foreign trade export originated in the 1990s. Some enterprises rely on the advantages of industry and hometown of overseas Chinese, seize the international market, make use of local overseas Chinese resources and start exporting.
The second way is through international OEM, mainly clothing enterprises. Many enterprises began to do OEM as early as a few years ago, and let their products go abroad. In recent years, more and more international brands have joined, and enterprises such as Zhuang Ji, Huashi and Fapai have become important contract manufacturers of foreign brands in China. Third, leading enterprises cooperate with internationally renowned clothing companies, adopt international standardization "grafting" from a high starting point, and take foreign management mode, brand operation, marketing network and cultural communication as "springboard" to leap into the international market, such as joint venture between Xia Meng and Dzheniya.
(3) Main advantages
Wenzhou's foreign trade has a comparative advantage. Over the past 20 years, with the development of Wenzhou enterprises, a highly specialized and socialized industrial chain has been formed, which is the biggest competitive advantage in the process of Wenzhou industrial development. Only with a perfect industrial chain and a detailed division of labor can we produce low transaction costs and free labor flow. Enterprises can easily find skilled talents, enjoy information, reduce waste of resources, accurately grasp the transformation of market information and promote the overall development of the industry. Regional industrial clusters also give Wenzhou foreign trade enterprises irreplaceable advantages in information, raw material procurement, professionals and industrial workers.
the key to the question
However, due to the low starting point, there are many problems in Wenzhou's foreign trade and it is encountering a "bottleneck" in its development. Generally speaking, many problems such as narrow export channels, equal orders and pure processing have restricted the development of Wenzhou's foreign trade. The situation of disorderly competition and low, small and scattered needs to be improved urgently, and resources need to be integrated to seek a breakthrough.
1, the "bottleneck" of land has become increasingly prominent. Many industries in Wenzhou are labor-intensive, and the land resources in Wenzhou are limited. Due to the late start of foreign trade enterprises in recent years, it is difficult to get land, the scale of enterprises is small and scattered, and the rented workshops or workshops are too small to form large-scale production. In the peak season, they can't meet the demand and lose many foreign trade orders. Some enterprises can only complete about 30% of the total orders a year.
2. The simplification of export channels leads to the assimilation of customer groups, which makes Wenzhou's foreign trade linger at the low end for a long time. According to the statistics of the Chamber of Commerce, 5 1.9% of foreign trade orders come from overseas Chinese, 25.9% from domestic trading companies, and direct trade with foreign businessmen only accounts for 22.3%. At present, overseas Chinese orders are characterized by low-grade and low-price, and most foreign trade enterprises are small and medium-sized, with generally low technical content and serious low-price competition. Product innovation ability is not strong, and management is relatively backward. Most enterprises are still passively waiting for orders. Enterprises lack design strength, and the initiative is completely in the hands of merchants. Most enterprises rely on manual labor with little profit. Enterprises can only earn cheap processing fees. This situation has formed the image that Wenzhou produces low-cost and low-grade products, and can only rely on low-end product customers, which greatly restricts the leap from the overall industrial development plan to high-end products.
In addition, many overseas Chinese trade goes abroad through informal channels, and there are also great hidden dangers in the payment. At the same time, the talent competition among enterprises increases the cost of labor, especially skilled workers; However, most enterprises are far from the requirements of foreign countries in management.
Second, the characteristics of Ningbo's foreign trade analysis of Ningbo's international trade characteristics
Ningbo, a big city in Zhejiang, is also a big business city in Zhejiang. Because of its excellent industrial base and transportation advantages, it has become the leader of Zhejiang's foreign trade. Many industries have industry advantages in the whole province and even the whole country. Ningbo's performance in foreign trade is also very flawed.
However, Ningbo's foreign trade, like many pioneering areas in China, is gradually exposing problems and its growth momentum has declined. All this has swept away the image that Ningbo's export growth rate is higher than that of the whole country for five consecutive years and higher than that of the whole province for 2 1 month. At the same time, the country's cumulative trade deficit in1-February reached $7.9 billion. This is the first time in recent 10 years that the country has experienced such a high trade deficit within one or two months. What is the reason for it
Ignore general trade.
1. "The effect of export tax rebate has not been shown yet, and it will not be seen until the second half of this year, at least after April." Long Guoqiang, deputy director of the Foreign Economic Research Department of the State Council Development Research Center, told the reporter that because "the existing contract of the enterprise was signed before, the part that was over-shared by the local government has not started to retreat, and it is not time to pay".
2. In addition, another structural influence is that Ningbo enterprises mostly re-export the products of manufacturing enterprises, and the proportion of products exported from Ningbo to China has accounted for 45%.
3. It is obviously uneconomical for the port city to pay 25% export tax rebate for the production enterprises by the government of the production place. Therefore, the restrictive measures for foreign trade companies in counties (cities) and districts in Ningbo are gradually increasing. .
The root of the problem is that the new tax rebate policy makes "export destinations with good foreign trade circulation mechanism contribute to exports but cannot bear the tax rebate burden". Not only is Ningbo slowing down, but the export growth rate of port cities such as Dalian, Shenzhen and Qingdao is also decreasing. It is suggested that "accelerating the reform of tax collection and tax refund system is to form a mechanism in which whoever collects (taxes) will be refunded." It can't be said that people collect taxes but let export ports refund taxes. "
(B) the bottleneck of processing trade
Ningbo's export has the characteristics of "high proportion of general trade, high proportion of foreign trade companies, high proportion of textiles and clothing and general mechanical and electrical products". The "three highs" in exports reduced the national average export tax rebate rate by 3% to 3.5% in Ningbo.
Another short-term factor contributing to the trade deficit is the rise in raw material prices in recent years. China's import of raw materials and energy coincides with the big country model in international trade theory (the standard is the share of import and export in the international market, not the size of the country). In recent years, the increase of domestic demand makes the supply of domestic resources disproportionate, so the demand for foreign imports is increasing. Unlike a small trading country, which does not affect the international market price, China, as a big importer, also contributes to the increase of import price. Among the raw materials needed for electromechanical, textile and clothing products, which account for more than 75% of Ningbo's exports, the price of steel has increased by 70% to 90% since August 2002, the price of plastic has increased by more than 40%, and the increase of textile raw materials is also very high. Statistics from the Bureau of Statistics show that in the first two months, the purchase price of industrial raw materials in Ningbo increased by 15.33% year-on-year, and the ex-factory price of industrial products increased by 3.9 1% year-on-year. The handy weapon of "Made in Ningbo" in the international market is low cost, and the weakening of this advantage will inevitably affect the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industry that has not been successfully transformed.
Comparative analysis of advantages and disadvantages of Wenzhou's foreign trade and development suggestions.
Comparing the characteristics of foreign trade between Wenzhou and Ningbo, we can find that the two places have both similarities and their own characteristics. As the forerunner of Zhejiang's foreign trade, Ningbo has many experiences and lessons that we can learn from in Wenzhou. The potential of Wenzhou's foreign trade is immeasurable, but we should also know ourselves correctly and avoid going the wrong way.
superiority
I think the advantages of Wenzhou's economy and Wenzhou's foreign trade are reflected in Wenzhou people to the greatest extent.
Wenzhou people's natural business talent and innovative spirit. Looking back on the development of Wenzhou for more than ten years, it is obvious. Because Wenzhou is located in a remote place and is less bound by national policies in history, Wenzhou people have formed an eclectic way of thinking. Before the reform and opening up, Wenzhou has always been a poor and poor backwater. In order to survive, Wenzhou people have been constantly innovating and being cautious. These are the characteristics of Wenzhou people today.
Wenzhou people's huge domestic and foreign marketing network. Thanks to our previous efforts, we have formed a ubiquitous trading network in China. As far as foreign trade is concerned, the huge number of overseas Chinese in Wenzhou has become a foundation for the development of Wenzhou's foreign trade now and in the future, and it is also the foundation for us to become bigger and stronger! At present, most of Wenzhou's foreign trade and even the whole country depend on overseas Chinese, which is our precious resource. Wenzhou is the hometown of overseas Chinese, with a considerable number of overseas Chinese, and the achievements made by overseas Chinese in Wenzhou are also worthy of pride. As long as Wenzhou foreign trade makes full use of this advantage and actively develops overseas customers by using overseas relations, the prospect of international trade is very bright.
The adequacy of Wenzhou's private capital and its unique financial situation. This makes Wenzhou enterprises very "energetic" and can better get rid of the financial difficulties of private enterprises. Be able to make timely and accurate adjustments suitable for the market. Wenzhou is almost all private enterprises, and those engaged in foreign trade production are also private enterprises. Due to the problems in China's financial system, the high threshold for loans and complicated procedures have discouraged many private enterprises. Many private enterprises in China get a lot of discounts because of financial problems. Wenzhou is rich in private capital and active in private lending, which enables Wenzhou enterprises to better mobilize funds in equipment renewal, technological transformation, product renewal and capital turnover.
Wenzhou's original economic base, although many of them have shown their old age, can still be shaken from morning till night as long as it is scientifically reformed. Wenzhou's foreign trade products are mainly clothing, lighters, handicrafts and other light industrial products. Although these are sunset industries, the development space is limited. However, Wenzhou enterprises can still create rich surplus value as long as they improve their products and take the road of quality products.
Weaknesses in disadvantages
The disadvantages and advantages of Wenzhou's foreign trade are the same, the problems are equally obvious, and may even be more prominent than the advantages. This is largely Wenzhou's own problem.
Geographical conditions include traffic, resources and other aspects. As many people have said, backward traffic conditions are a long-standing problem. The reason why Wenzhou's foreign trade can't surpass Ningbo has an illegal relationship with traffic. A Beilun port has made many Wenzhou people love and hate each other, and even their words have turned sour. Foreign trade depends heavily on transportation! The problem of resources is the same. Wenzhou is an area unsuitable for economic development, with scarce land, energy and even human resources. This will inevitably make the price competitiveness of Wenzhou goods lower and lower, which is undoubtedly a devastating blow to Wenzhou. .
The problems of Wenzhou people may be very contradictory. Did I just praise Wenzhou people? But we should look at the problem comprehensively. It is not an exaggeration to say that Wenzhou people (most of them, of course) are explosive households. Wenzhou's own cultural heritage is very weak, Wenzhou people are very exclusive, and their own quality is inevitably not high. In addition, a new generation of Wenzhou people may lose good traditions such as hard work and frugality. This makes Wenzhou lack of talents, local talents scarce, and it is difficult to retain foreign talents.
The problems of industrial structure are all platitudes (boring). Wenzhou lost its labor cost advantage, and the labor-intensive economy lost its advantage. Although the problem of industrial transformation has been recognized by others, some people have begun to implement it, but the scale is not large. But what is certain is that if we do not increase the scientific and technological content and improve the product grade, at least Wenzhou local enterprises will find it difficult to survive.
Other problems, big and small, are basically derived from the above problems.
(3) Suggestions on how to develop development suggestions
How to make Wenzhou foreign trade develop its strengths and avoid its weaknesses? Personally, I think we can learn from Japan because they have great similarities. Of course, our traffic conditions are far worse than those in Japan, but we might as well borrow "Beilun".
Doing foreign trade is the same as doing business. At present, I think the biggest key is "people". If different people do it under the same conditions, the result may be very different. As far as business is concerned, Wenzhou people have certain advantages in "people". Therefore, we should innovate our thinking, not stick to the regional economy, but be the economy of Wenzhou people. Only in this way can we give full play to our advantages and avoid disadvantages in geographical conditions and natural resources. This requires our enterprises to go out and go to places suitable for industrial development, which is the popular industrial migration in Wenzhou. Although industrial migration has not made the migrating enterprises move towards the road of rapid development, there are many special reasons. Generally speaking, scientific and reasonable migration is suitable for the development of Wenzhou enterprises.
People who have been to Wenzhou shake their heads at Wenzhou's urban construction. For me, Wenzhou people are somewhat wronged. The country hasn't given us a penny and is still taking money from our pockets. It would be messy to change places. However, we have to admit that our infrastructure is too backward, which restricts Wenzhou's economic development and makes us lose some "impression points" when engaging in foreign trade business. Of course, there are many aspects of infrastructure construction, and I think China's current "national conditions" will not be achieved overnight. It is not easy for the country to build a big Shanghai. Want to build Wenzhou? Neither government construction nor social construction is immediate. So in fact, we still have to go out and go to those so-called "greenhouses".
Foreign trade enterprises themselves have many problems. These include productive enterprises and trading capacity. There are many problems in productive enterprises, so let's not talk about it! How to solve it? Merging is a good way to break parts into whole. Of course, there are many problems involved in the merger, but it is suitable for the present situation of Wenzhou enterprises. At least to some extent, it can solve the long-standing problems such as scale technology! Of course, this is only suitable for some enterprises in Wenzhou, because many enterprises can't solve the problems brought about by the merger, such as the lack of talents, the turnover of materials, the formulation of enterprise strategy and the contradiction between shareholders. For most small enterprises, they should be reformed on the spot, and technological innovation is the focus. Small enterprises must rely on their own "living" advantages, turn around when they are young, adjust their strategies in time, and take a short and pithy road. Many small enterprises and family workshops that do not seek innovation will not survive in the future. Bottom line: survival of the fittest, elimination of the unfit. Wenzhou's present achievements are due to its past adaptation to the changes of reform. For the current economic changes, changes will lead to life and death.
There is also a trading enterprise, which is a trading company. Because the place where I work is a common small trading company in Wenzhou, I lack understanding of large companies. Most small trading companies have certain relationships overseas and have regular customers. The shortage of good foreign trade talents is a problem now. It is good to have a high degree, but the tempering of society is more important. It is common for junior high school students to manage college students in small trading enterprises, which will inevitably bind their hands and feet, stick to the original customer base and trade methods, and dare not break through. This is not a problem that can be solved at present. A new generation of professionals need to be given time and opportunities to grow up.
Fourth, the conclusion ends.
Wenzhou's foreign trade has many similarities with other places in Zhejiang, and it also has its own unique side. In the current economic transformation environment, we are under great pressure and difficulties, but we also have great opportunities. As long as we dare to innovate, analyze the specific situation, and rationally foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, the development of Wenzhou's foreign trade is worthy of people's expectation.
There are still some websites to look at. I wonder if it will help.
/index /index.jsp
/index.jsp