China was once called thompson submachine gun because of its different transliteration. John Taliaferro Thompson, a retired American Lieutenant General, was the manager of Automatic Weapons Co., Ltd., which promoted the development of the gun, but he was not the inventor of the gun.
Thomson submachine gun was invented and designed by O.V. Payne and T.H. Eckhoff, technicians of Automatic Weapons Co., Ltd. These two technicians were the collaborators of Thomson's test when he was working in an arsenal (191101semi-automatic pistol).
During the research and development of this submachine gun, they got the directional guidance of manager Thomson and the help of dredging production and sales. Therefore, the automatic weapons company named this submachine gun after General Thomson.
The submachine gun of Automatic Weapons Company was originally patented by 1920. Therefore, we can confirm that the earliest submachine gun of this company was produced in 19 18, although the trial-produced Thomson submachine gun 1 (Figure 1) exhibited in the Army Military Academy Museum of the United States Military Academy at West Point has no manufacturing number and year mark.
The structure of 65438 +0 prototype is very different from the Tom gun made later. Its main feature is the belt feeding mode.
The ammunition is loaded on the cloth belt, and then the cartridge belt is loaded in the magazine. The ratchet wheel on the right side of the cartridge case rotates to drive the ammunition to feed along the chute of the loading handle.
Although the submachine gun trial-produced by M 19 18 retains the performance of ordinary machine guns in continuous shooting, it still cannot reflect the advantages of submachine guns in portability and combat performance. Figure 1 Thomson M 19 18 trial-produced submachine gun (magazine removed), followed by Thomson M 19 19 trial-produced submachine gun (Figure 2).
The gun uses 50 rounds and 100 rounds of drums, instead of the belt feeding mechanism. M 19 19 only trial-produced more than 10 sample guns, and the shape and structure of each sample gun are very different.
Most of these sample guns are patents from1May 4, 920 to 1923. 192 1 year, based on the No.2 prototype gun of M 19 19, the batch production design was improved, and the earliest production weapon, Thomson M 192 1 submachine gun, was made (see the title map).
Fig. 2 Thomson M 19 19 trial submachine gun (drum removed) Thomson M 192 1 submachine gun is not installed. In 2000, the U.S. military tested the M 19 19 trial submachine gun, and it was finally installed in the U.S. military base Camp Perry. Because the military personnel responded well to the trial production of M 19 19, they decided to mass-produce.
Automatic weapons companies basically focus on the design of new firearms and have no production capacity. Therefore, Wanasidi Company in Cleveland, Ohio undertook the production task of M 192 1 submachine gun.
However, because the company's production equipment can't meet the needs of mass production, manager Thomson of automatic weapons company, considering the good response of the military and a considerable number of orders, proposed that it be produced by Colt Company, a large gun factory. Colt Company requested to buy all the production rights of Thomson submachine gun at the price of 65,438+0,000 USD.
This matter was influenced by Thomas F, Thomson's collaborator and major shareholder of automatic weapons company. Mr. Ryan's refusal. Finally, the two companies signed a production contract, and Colt Company manufactured 65,438+05,000 parts of Tom gun launcher, each of which cost $45.
Automatic Weapons Company also ordered the gauge on the watch case from Lyman Gun Sight Company for $69,063, and ordered the wooden parts such as gun butt, grip and guard wood from Remington Weapons Company for $65,465, and then handed them over to Colt Company to assemble the Tom gun. The assembled Tom gun was sold to the automatic weapons company.
M 192 1 based on the prototype of M 19 19, the following improvements were made: (1) The fixed striker in the front of the bolt machine was changed into a movable striker, and a movable triangular hammer was installed in the front of the bolt machine case; (2) Reduce the combustion rate from 1000rds/min to 800rds/min; (3) Move the filling handle on the right side of the upper surface of the shell to the center of the shell; (4) 18 rounds, 20 rounds, 30 rounds of magazines, 50 rounds, 100 rounds of drums for ammunition. After mass production of M 192 1, the sales volume increased slowly.
In order to expand sales, Automatic Weapons Company made some minor improvements to the structure of M/KOOC-0/92/KOOC-0/,and successively developed M/KOOC-0/923, M/KOOC-0/927 and M/KOOC-0/928 series submachine guns. The original order15000 M 192 1 box, launching mechanism, sight and other parts, except M1921,were all used for the above improvement, and all of them were sold out with the improved guns.
At present, the number of prototype machine guns M 192 1 is very small. Many models of M 1927 and M 1928 seem to be carved after the shell is cut short, or the original model of M 192 1 is cut off and carved again.
The main reason why the Army does not install the M 192 1 model is that the pistol used in this gun has a short range. The submachine gun was originally developed and designed as a melee weapon used in narrow places, such as trench warfare.
When this new weapon was first tried on the battlefield, many soldiers confused the function of submachine guns with long-range automatic rifles, and did not realize the effectiveness of submachine guns on the battlefield. Of course, compared with the basic weapon rifle of infantry, we only pay attention to the short range, so we must think that submachine guns are not ideal weapons.
2. How did submachine guns develop? Early submachine guns were born during World War I, and the basic feature of World War I was trench warfare. The two sides dug deep pits to accumulate grain, firmly believing that they would be a tortoise.
Either side of the attack must pay a heavy price, cross the open space between the two sides' positions, then jump into the other side's trench and fight a bitter trench war. This kind of trench hand-to-hand combat, the two sides in a narrow space hand-to-hand, very dense personnel. At that time, the manual rifles equipped by the warring parties were very unsuitable for this environment.
First of all, the manual rifle is too long, and the bayonet often exceeds 1.7 meters, so it can't be used in narrow trenches. Short and convenient daggers or pistols are often more popular; Second, manual rifles cannot fire automatically. After the bullet is fired, it must be unloaded and loaded manually. This action is basically equivalent to death in hand-to-hand combat, because the enemy's bayonet 1, 2 meters away, will definitely pierce your stomach before you shoot the second bullet. Therefore, in trench warfare, many limitations greatly affect the combat effectiveness of manual rifles.
On the contrary, a short, flexible pistol with semi-automatic continuous shooting can show better combat effectiveness. The weakness of short range of pistols in trenches can be basically ignored, while semi-automatic shooting is a decisive advantage. However, the disadvantage of pistol is that the magazine capacity is small, it can't be fired automatically, and its firepower is slightly weak.
In addition, pistols are generally only given to officers, and it is obviously unrealistic to give pistols to every soldier just for positional warfare. In addition to pistols, shotguns are also powerful weapons in trench warfare. The fragmentation and high firing rate of shotguns were terrible at that time, but the weakness of shotguns with too close range was also obvious, so only some American troops were equipped at that time.
The Germans are also very determined about this horrible weapon-the captured American shotguns are usually fired directly. As early as 19 15, in order to meet the needs of positional warfare, Italy b? Answer? Levelli designed a double-barreled rifle and fired a 9mm pistol, thus laying the foundation for modern submachine guns.
19 18, German H? The first Bergman -P 18 9mm submachine gun designed by messer came out. In the same year, its improved -P 18I submachine gun was officially equipped for German use. The 1920s and 1930s were the initial development period of submachine guns.
During this period, many countries did not know enough about the tactical functions of submachine guns, so there were not many product models. Represents a submachine gun with an Italian villa? Perosa and Beretta-1938A, Bergman -P 18I and -P38, Spanish -X 1935 and T? . ? Series 35, Switzerland -k-O, USA Thompson-1928A 1 and USSR пп 1934/38.
These submachine guns are limited in production and use because of their complex structure, high cost, large volume and mass, and poor safety and reliability. The 1940s was the heyday of submachine gun development, including variety, performance, quantity and equipment range, which played an important role in the Second World War.
The main characteristics of submachine guns in this period are: 1, stamping, welding and riveting are widely used, which simplifies the structure and reduces the cost; Most guns are equipped with special insurance institutions to improve safety. For example, the TZ submachine gun in Italy not only used the fast machine insurance, but also used the grip insurance at the earliest; 3. Folding or telescopic stock is widely used to improve the portability of weapons. For example, Germany's -P38 submachine gun is the world's first folding metal butt submachine gun, and France's E? t？ v？ S is the first folding wooden submachine gun; 4. Except that the Soviet Union adopted 7.62mm pistol and the United States adopted 1 1.43mm pistol, 9mm palabelen pistol is widely used in other countries, which can be used with most pistols. In 1950s, submachine guns with novel structure appeared, and their performance was constantly improved.
For example, the Zk476 model in Czechoslovakia not only uses the envelope gun, but also is the first submachine gun with a magazine. Another example is that Israel's Jane Pride submachine gun adopts double insurance or triple insurance in order to enhance safety; In order to reduce the weight of the gun, the launcher base, the guard wood and the handle all use high-strength plastic parts.
In 1960s, in order to meet the operational needs of special forces and security forces in special environment, a short and portable submachine gun was developed, which can be fired with one hand. Some submachine guns are also equipped with detachable silencers, or silencers fixedly connected with submachine guns. The former is British Ingram-10 and German -P5SD, while the latter is British L34A 1 submachine gun.
In the 1970s, some countries began to use small short-barrel automatic rifles as submachine guns under the guidance of the idea of weapons serialization, ammunition generalization and small caliber, such as stoner 63 of the United States, COLT CAR- 15 (its improved version is X- 177E2), Hk53 of Germany and AKC у-74 of the Soviet Union. Since 1980s, the conventional submachine gun with hand ammunition has been further developed in the direction of multi-function and serialization.
Calico submachine gun in America makes full use of the design features of spiral magazine, which makes the whole gun compact, well balanced and large magazine capacity. Weaver PkS ultralight submachine gun in the United States adopts long-term lubrication design, so that the weapon can be quickly disassembled and repaired on the battlefield without oil and tools.
In addition, submachine guns are equipped with various optical sights and silencers, which make them have multiple functions. At the same time, some countries have successively developed personal self-defense weapons that combine the performance of pistols, submachine guns and short-tube automatic rifles, such as Belgian F.P90, British bushman, German P5k and French gIAT-PDW.
All these weapons have the characteristics of compact structure, simple operation, good ergonomics and intensive firepower.
3. When was the heyday of submachine gun development? The 1940s was the heyday of submachine gun development. During this period, the types, performance, quantity and equipment range of submachine guns have developed greatly, and submachine guns played an important role in the Second World War.
In the 1950s after the war, submachine guns with novel structures appeared, and their performance was constantly improved. For example, Czechoslovakia ZK476 submachine gun has an envelope gun and a magazine in the handle first; Israeli Jian Zihao submachine gun adopts high-strength plastic parts, such as double safety or triple safety, launcher base, wood guard and handle.
In the 1960s, in order to meet the operational needs of special forces and security forces in special environments, various countries developed various short, portable and light submachine guns that can be fired with one hand, such as the British Ingram M 10 submachine gun and the German MP5SD detachable silencer submachine gun, as well as the British L34A 1 submachine gun with a fixed silencer and submachine gun.
4. What is the development history of submachine guns? I remember reading about it in small arms magazine. The ancestor of submachine gun was invented by a man named Vera Palosa. Double magazines are inserted into the case, and the firing mode is like M2-HB, and the time seems to be 19 15.
I almost forgot what I saw a few years ago. ) submachine guns were widely used in World War II, and they were made in all participating countries, such as the Soviet Bobosha (ppsh-4 1), the German MP38, and the famous American "joint defense" after World War II, such as HKMP5 and FNP-90. But now there is a new kind of gun called "charge pistol", such as Glock 18 and so on. Until now, submachine guns have never withdrawn from the historical stage and are still active in anti-terrorism operations.
If there are any mistakes, I hope other friends will give me more advice! Thank you.
5. The origin of submachine guns
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction
"submachine gun" is the name of "submachine gun" in China, while "light machine gun" or "portable light machine gun" is commonly used in Hongkong and Macau. According to the definition in the Dictionary of Weapons Industry Science and Technology-Light Weapons, submachine guns are "light automatic guns that are fired by both hands of individual soldiers". Pay attention to the two key words "pistol bullet firing" and "light automatic", which are used as classification standards in the classification method of submachine guns in China.
The first submachine gun recognized in the world is Palosa, which was designed and produced in Italy in 19 15. It is a double-tube automatic light weapon that fires a 9mm pistol, but Palosa is actually intended to be used as an ultralight machine gun. Later, the MP 18 submachine gun designed by Schmeizer in 19 18 was considered as the first submachine gun in the real sense.
Submachine guns have different names in different countries. The Germans used Maschinenpistole (literally: machine pistol), so the submachine guns used by the Germans were all numbered with "MP", such as the famous MP-38/40 in World War II, the popular police submachine gun MP-5 now, and even the Israeli UZI submachine gun adopted by the Germans after Lien Chan was officially called MP-2. The Russian name is пистолетпулемет (compared with English, it is pistolyet-pulemyot), the former one.
The name of submachine gun in English is submachine gun (literally: small machine gun), and Japanese "light machine gun" and Hong Kong and Macao "light machine gun" are literal translations of this word. English people are more interesting. For a time, they didn't use the word submachine gun invented by Americans. They think that this kind of short gun is not the "machine gun second child", so for a time the British used the "machine carbine" to refer to submachine guns.
The submachine gun is a kind of individual rifle, which is shorter and lighter than the rifle, with higher firing rate and more fierce firepower. It is suitable for melee and charge, and has good operational efficiency within 200 meters.
The submachine gun has a simple structure and a short barrel. It is provided by a large-capacity magazine. The single firing rate is 40 rounds per minute, and the long firing time is about 100~ 120 rounds per minute. Most submachine guns are equipped with small grips, and the stock is generally retractable and foldable.
The submachine gun was developed during World War I, when it was mainly a 9 mm submachine gun. During World War II, submachine guns of different models and calibers came out one after another. Since the war, with the development of automatic rifles, the difference between submachine guns and automatic rifles has become smaller and smaller, and some of them have been difficult to define and classify. For example, Germany's STG44 assault rifle and the former Soviet Union's AK47 automatic rifle, usually called submachine guns, are mostly around 7.62 mm in caliber.
A submachine gun is a light weapon with a short barrel, which can fire hand-held bullets and is equipped in infantry, paratroopers, scouts, artillery, motorcycle infantry, air force and navy. The submachine gun is a kind of shock and shock-resistant assault weapon, which played an important role in the first two world wars. The basic characteristics of submachine guns can be summarized as: small size, light weight, flexibility and portability, large carrying capacity and fierce firepower. However, due to the small power of submachine guns, short effective range and poor shooting accuracy, and the advent of one-step assault rifles, their tactical status gradually declined after World War II. Judging from the development momentum of foreign light weapons, in addition to micro, light and micro-sound submachine guns, conventional submachine guns will be replaced by small-caliber assault rifles.
See:
6. What was the earliest submachine gun? The earliest submachine gun in the world was in 19 15. According to the automatic principle of semi-automatic gun mechanism, Italian Levi designed a dimension that can fire 9 mm pistol bullets. Parosha double-barrel automatic gun, which is the earliest submachine gun.
Because of its heavy weight and difficulty in individual use, the gun has a high firing rate of 3000 rounds per minute, but its accuracy is poor, so it has not been developed. Later, German messer made a 9mm MP 18 portable machine gun at 1965438.
Although the accuracy of the gun is not too high and the range is relatively short, it has many magazines, can be fired continuously, has fierce firepower, is short and light, and is suitable for individual combat such as charging, counter-charging, street fighting and jungle warfare. 1936? 1939 was used during the Spanish civil war, and the effect was very good.
So people call this machine gun submachine gun.
7. The history of firearms development in the world dates back to 19 15 years. In order to meet the needs of positional warfare, Italian B·A· Levilli designed a double-barrel rifle that fired a 9mm pistol, thus laying the foundation for modern submachine guns. 19 18, the first Bergman MP 18 9mm submachine gun designed by German H. messer came out. In the same year, its improved MP 18I submachine gun was officially equipped for German use.
The 1920s and 1930s were the initial development period of submachine guns. During this period, many countries did not know enough about the tactical functions of submachine guns, so there were not many product models. The representative submachine guns are Italian Villa Perosa and Bei Leita M 1938A, German Bergman MP 18I and MP38, Spanish MX 1935 and T N 35 series, Swiss MKMO, American Thompson M 1928A 1 and. These submachine guns are limited in production and use because of their complex structure, high cost, large volume and mass, and poor safety and reliability.
The 1940s was the heyday of submachine gun development, including variety, performance, quantity and equipment range, which played an important role in the Second World War. The main characteristics of submachine guns in this period are as follows: ① Stamping, welding and riveting are widely used, which simplifies the structure and reduces the cost; (2) Most guns are equipped with special insurance institutions to improve safety. For example, the TZ submachine gun in Italy not only used the fast machine insurance, but also used the grip insurance at the earliest; ③ Folding or telescopic stock is widely used to improve the portability of weapons. For example, Germany's MP38 is the world's first folding metal-supported submachine gun, and France's E T V S is the first folding wood-supported submachine gun. ④ In addition to the 7.62mm pistol adopted by the Soviet Union and the 1 1.43mm pistol adopted by the United States, 9mm palabelen pistol is widely used in other countries, and most pistols can be used.
In 1950s, submachine guns with novel structure appeared, and their performance was constantly improved. For example, the ZK476 model in Czechoslovakia not only uses the envelope gun, but also is the first submachine gun with a magazine. Another example is that Israel's Jane Pride submachine gun adopts double insurance or triple insurance in order to enhance safety; In order to reduce the weight of the gun, the launcher base, the guard wood and the handle all use high-strength plastic parts.
In 1960s, in order to meet the operational needs of special forces and security forces in special environment, a short and portable submachine gun was developed, which can be fired with one hand. Some submachine guns are also equipped with detachable silencers, or silencers fixedly connected with submachine guns. The former is British Ingram M 10 and German MP5SD, while the latter is British L34A 1 submachine gun.
In the 1970s, under the guidance of the idea of weapons serialization, ammunition generalization and small caliber, some countries began to use small short-barrel automatic rifles as submachine guns, such as stoner 63 of the United States, COLT CAR- 15 (its improved version is XM 177E2), HK53 of Germany and AKC у-74 of the Soviet Union.
Since 1980s, the conventional submachine gun with hand ammunition has been further developed in the direction of multi-function and serialization. Calico submachine gun in America makes full use of the design features of spiral magazine, which makes the whole gun compact, well balanced and large magazine capacity. American Weaver ·PKS ultralight submachine gun adopts long-term lubrication design, so that the weapon can be quickly disassembled and maintained on the battlefield without oil and tools. In addition, submachine guns are equipped with various optical sights and silencers, which make them have multiple functions. At the same time, some countries have developed personal self-defense weapons that combine the performance of pistols, submachine guns and short-tube automatic rifles, such as FNP90 in Belgium, bushman in Britain, MP5K in Germany and GIAT-PDW in France. All these weapons have the characteristics of compact structure, simple operation, good ergonomics and intensive firepower.
8. When was the submachine gun born? The submachine gun is a two-handed rifle for individual soldiers, which first appeared during the First World War.
During World War I, the infantry mainly used single-shot non-automatic rifles, followed by light and heavy machine guns. However, the firing rate of rifles is too low, usually 5-6 rounds per minute, which can't achieve the goal of destroying the enemy quickly, while light and heavy machine guns are bulky and the number of equipment is limited.
In addition, trench warfare and positional warfare dominated during World War I, and both sides built trenches and fortifications behind barbed wire. In order to compete for positions, soldiers need a small portable automatic weapon, so submachine guns were born under this demand.
19 15, the Italian Eber Baertl Levieri designed a double-barrel rifle that fired a 9mm pistol, which was later called Palosha M 19 15 submachine gun, thus laying the foundation for modern submachine guns. The first submachine gun in the real sense in the world was developed by the German military in 19 18 and distributed to the frontline troops. It was named MP 18 submachine gun, and the improved model was changed to MP 18 1.
Submachine guns played a great role in the later wars.