Full-term: a newborn with a gestational age of 37 weeks but less than 42 weeks.
Premature baby: refers to a newborn with a gestational age of 28 weeks but less than 37 weeks.
Overdue delivery: newborns with gestational age over 42 weeks.
Newborns have low immune function, poor thermoregulation function and are easy to be infected. Nursing must be meticulous, scientific and reasonable. Experts focus on the following aspects to give specific guidance.
1. Indoor environment
Newborns are somewhat uncomfortable with the change of external temperature difference. The suitable indoor temperature should be kept at 25℃ ~ 28℃, and the temperature should be reduced appropriately in midsummer, but it should be kept warm in winter. But when ventilating, pay attention to having a heater next to it.
But indoor light should not be too dark or too bright. Some parents think that newborns are less sensitive to light and are afraid of irritating their eyes. They often like to hang heavy curtains. In fact, this is not appropriate. Babies should learn to adapt to natural indoor light and avoid direct sunlight.
2. Clothes and diapers
Neonatal underwear (including diapers) should be soft and easy to absorb water, and it is best not to use chemical fiber or printing and dyeing fabrics; Clothes should be light in color, which is easy to find dirt and prevent dyes from irritating newborn skin; Clothes should be as loose as possible, which does not hinder physical activities and is convenient to put on and take off; Due to the large amount of heat dissipation in the newborn's head, a small hat should be worn when the climate is cold or the room temperature is low, and it should be soft and comfortable.
Diapers are made of soft cotton fabric, which has good water absorption and should be washed and changed frequently. Usually change it more than 4 times during the day and more than 2 times at night. Every time you change it, you should clean it with little ass and apply proper amount of skin care oil. Choose diapers with good quality and air permeability, try to use diapers at home, and use "diapers" when going out or sleeping; Note that diapers or diapers should not be wrapped too tightly, so that the limbs can stretch freely.
3. Sleep and sleeping position
Sleeping posture affects breathing, and the newborn's head is soft. Good sleeping posture is beneficial to the development of the head. It is recommended to have a comfortable pillow with a thickness of 1 ~ 2 cm, slightly concave in the middle and slightly raised at both ends.
The best sleeping position is lying on your back or side to avoid pressing your chest and lungs. It is recommended to sleep on your side after feeding to avoid suffocation caused by overflowing or choking milk. When taking the supine position, always change your posture; Due to strong activity, full-term babies can lie prone in the first few days after birth to facilitate the outflow of respiratory secretions and prevent vomit from flowing back into the trachea. But when they lie prone, they must take a pillow and put their heads aside. At this time, parents should be watching.
Newborns generally sleep 18 ~ 20 hours a day, but babies under the full moon should not sleep for a long time. Parents should wake up every 2 ~ 3 hours to facilitate breastfeeding.
4. Breastfeeding and feeding
Neonatal feeding is a university question. The expert's opinion is to breastfeed as soon as possible after birth, usually about half an hour after birth. If the mother does not secrete milk for the time being, let the newborn suck the nipple as much as possible to promote the secretion of milk, enhance the feelings between mother and baby, and be conducive to the healing of postpartum wounds caused by childbirth.
Breastfeeding should adopt "vertical position", that is, the head is slightly lifted, which is the most ideal and natural feeding method. In this posture, the newborn and parents look at each other, which can also increase the intimacy between them; You should wash your hands and clean your nipples before feeding. If your mother has respiratory diseases, she should wear a mask. If the skin on her breast is damaged or inflamed, she should consult a doctor and decide whether to continue breastfeeding according to the specific situation.
When breast-feeding, it is best to change one breast after breast-feeding to avoid the accumulation of residual milk in the breast. If there is still excess milk after feeding a breast, it is best to squeeze it out to promote normal lactation of the breast and avoid milk accumulation or secondary infection.
Artificial feeding should try not to feed fresh milk directly, because the nutrients such as protein contained in it are not suitable for newborns; When mixed feeding (combining breastfeeding with milk substitute feeding), breastfeeding should be the main method.
When feeding artificially, the size of nipple hole should be moderate, and pay attention to the temperature. When feeding with a nipple, try not to let the baby inhale air to avoid spitting milk, but pat the baby's back after feeding to avoid gas accumulation. In addition, bottles and nipples should be strictly boiled and disinfected.
Feeding does not need to pay too much attention to timing. Under normal circumstances, feed once every 3 hours, each time on the principle of eating well: that is, the baby does not cry or make trouble after breastfeeding, and the weight grows normally.
5. Prevention of infection
Pay attention to hygiene when nursing newborns, and wash your hands before each nursing to avoid bringing contaminated bacteria from your hands to the delicate skin of newborns for infection. If nurses are infected with infectious diseases or carriers, don't touch newborns to prevent infection. If the newborn suffers from infectious diseases, it must be treated in strict isolation, and the contacts should be observed in isolation. The maternity lounge should be forbidden to visit during breastfeeding time to reduce the chance of neonatal infection.
6. Skin care
Newborns should try not to take a bath before the umbilical cord falls off, but should wipe their bodies with dry cleaning. After the umbilical cord falls off, you can bathe it. It is recommended to use non-irritating baby soap. After bathing, use a dry and soft towel to absorb the moisture on your body and apply a little powder to the wrinkles on your skin. Always wipe your ass with a warm towel after changing diapers. Sometimes, the buttocks skin will turn red due to urine stimulation. At this time, you can apply a little sterile vegetable oil. When the buttocks are obviously red in cold season, you can also use a hair dryer to bake locally, 3 ~ 4 times a day, 5 ~ 10 minutes each time (the hair dryer should not be too close to the skin to prevent burns).
7. Five sense organs nursing
Pay attention to the cleanness of face, mouth of external auditory canal and nostrils, but don't dig external auditory canal and nasal cavity. Because the oral mucosa is delicate and rich in blood vessels, it is easy to scratch and cause infection, so it is not allowed to scrub the oral cavity frequently, and it is not allowed to pick and grind the small white spots on the gums-epithelial beads (commonly known as "horse teeth" or "dead teeth") with needles, especially unclean needles, to prevent bacteria from entering the body from here and causing sepsis.