It is generally believed that the electric light was invented by Thomas Edison, an American. However, if we make a careful textual research, another American, Heinrich G, invented the reliable electric light bulb with the same principle and material decades earlier than Edison, and many people made many contributions to the invention of electric light before Edison. 180 1 year, the British chemist David electrified the platinum wire to glow. 18 10, David invented the electric candle, which was illuminated by an arc between two carbon rods. 1854, Henry Goebbels put a carbonized bamboo filament under a vacuum glass bottle to make it glow. Today, his invention seems to be the first incandescent lamp with practical value. The light bulb he tested at that time could last for 400 hours, but he didn't apply for a design patent immediately. 1850, the Englishman Joseph Wilson Swan began to study electric lights. 1878, Joseph Wilson Swan obtained a British patent for a light bulb powered by carbon wire under vacuum and started to set up a company in Britain to install electric lights in every household. 1874, two Canadian electrical technicians applied for a patent for electric lamps. They filled the glass bulb with nitrogen, and the electrified carbon rod made it glow. But they didn't have enough financial resources to continue developing this invention, and sold the patent to Thomas Edison on 1875. 1879, Edison switched to carbon filament to make light bulbs, which successfully lasted 13 hours. 1880, Edison's carbonized bamboo filament bulb was successfully maintained in the laboratory for 1200 hours. But in Britain, Swan sued Edison for patent infringement and won. Edison's electric light company in England was forced to make Swan a partner. But later Swan sold his rights and patents to Edison. In America, Edison's patent has also been challenged. The United States Patent Office once ruled that his invention had a criminal record and was invalid. After years of litigation, Edison finally obtained the patent right of carbon filament incandescent lamp. 1906, General Electric invented the manufacturing method of tungsten wire for electric lamp. Finally, the method of manufacturing tungsten filament at a low price was solved, and the tungsten filament bulb has been used ever since. 19 10 years, Cooley Hall in the United States used tungsten wire and invented the tungsten wire bulb. 19 13, Langmuir of the United States filled the glass bulb with gas to prevent the filament from evaporating, and invented the inflatable tungsten filament bulb. 1925, Bubu Tangsan of Japan invented the inner wall frosted light bulb. 1932, Japanese Mihura Junyi invented the double helix tungsten filament bulb. The use of light bulbs makes the world more colorful and dazzling.
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The most common function of light bulbs is lighting. With the development of society, the use of light bulbs has also undergone different changes. At first, it may be for the convenience of production and life, but with the progress of society, the use of light bulbs has also changed obviously, and functional lights with different uses such as "automobile, beautifying environment and decoration" have begun to appear.
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Before the invention of the electric light bulb, it was laborious and dangerous to light a place after sunset. It must be lit with candles or torches. At that time, although the oil lamp was not bad, it always left lampblack. /kloc-in the middle of 0/8th century, electrical science really developed. At that time, inventors all over the world were clamoring to invent a practical household lighting device. British inventor Swan and American inventor Edison invented the electric light bulb in 1897. There is no essential change between the modern electric light bulb and the electric light bulb invented by Edison in those years, only some parts are added.
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Osram lamp
A widely used light source can emit warm and faint yellow light, which is what most of us think of as a light bulb. Its price is cheap, so there are many styles of tungsten light bulbs to match different lamps. However, the life of tungsten filament bulb is not long and it does not save electricity. It also emits low temperature, so don't get too close to paper, textiles or plastic products.
Tungsten filament halogen bulb
The life of light bulbs is longer than that of ordinary tungsten light bulbs, but the price is also more expensive. The light clues produced by tungsten halogen lamps are whiter and closer to natural light than ordinary tungsten filament bulbs. There are two kinds of halogen lamps: high voltage type, which is usually only used for sky lanterns; The other is the low-voltage type, which is mostly used for downward projection lamps. Both bulbs can be set with full light. Halogen lamps with adjustable light intensity are particularly practical for ordinary families, because they are smooth in shape, and the light projects upward to the ceiling or wall and then reflects downward, so the lighting effect is soft. Halogen lamps, at least with smaller bulbs, also save electricity, so they are often used in spotlights, which project light up or down. One of the most important advantages of halogen lamps is that the filament of a small needle can emit the maximum light energy. Therefore, the shape of the lamp can be very smooth and mini, saving more space. Because it saves electricity, halogen bulbs are widely used in lighting equipment in shops-you can tell them from those tiny flashing bulbs.
fluorescent tube
The light it emits is colder, rougher and bluer than the tungsten bulb, but the lamp tube is very energy-saving and durable, so it is often an economical choice on the right. They have also been improved recently and can be used in smaller lamps. In addition, these improved lamps produce warmer light than the old ones, so they are the best choice for kitchens and studios. But in a word, this kind of lamp helps to create an atmosphere at home.
Metal halogen bulb
This is a newly developed light source, which is not only cheap, but also won't destroy the color of the room. It is most commonly used in gardens that require high brightness. Because it contains sodium, it will emit light orange light. At present, the most widely used metal halogen lamp is street lamp, and the power saving advantage is the most important consideration. But gradually, some people use them in indoor lighting.
LED bulb
LED will be a great light revolution since Edison invented the light bulb. At present, the status quo of LED light bulb LED lighting is mainly high-power white LED single lamp. At present, the top three LED lighting manufacturers in the world have a three-year warranty, with large particles greater than or equal to 100 lumens per watt and small particles greater than or equal to 1 10 lumens per watt. Less than 3% of the large particles and less than 3% of the small particles have light decay every year. LED solar street lamps, LED projection lamps, LED ceiling lamps and LED fluorescent lamps can all be mass-produced. For example, 10W LED fluorescent lamp can replace 40W ordinary fluorescent lamp or energy-saving lamp.
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In the process of development, Thomas Alva Edison carefully analyzed the gas lamp and arc lamp at that time, and his main direction was to find a heat-resistant material. It is burned to a white-hot degree by electric current, giving off hot light, and will not be broken or melted. He happened to find that cotton thread suddenly burned to ashes in the air, while carbon cotton thread glowed when put into a treated glass ball. Unfortunately, the light only lasted for a few minutes, and then it disappeared. He mistakenly gave up this experiment and tried 1600 different heat-resistant materials such as cesium, nickel, platinum (platinum) and platinum-iridium alloy, with little gain. lamp bulb
Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison resumed his research on carbon. In June, 5438+10, he experimented with a carbon rod with a length of 20 cm and a diameter of 0. 15 cm. Its heat resistance reached 5.5 hours, and he constantly improved the carbonization method and pumping treatment. On the days of 1879, 10, 2 1, he used 1 carbonized cotton thread with a diameter of 0.025 cm as the filament, and the luminosity was bright and stable. It is illuminated by four candles for 45 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours ... after 65438. The long-awaited electric light was finally born. In June165438+1October of the same year, after Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison changed to carbonized cardboard to greatly improve the life of the electric lamp, the manufacturer couldn't wait to put it into production. 1880 On New Year's Eve, 3,000 people took to the streets of new york to watch this new invention. Success did not stop Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison. The next year, he made a bamboo filament lamp that could be lit continuously for 1 200 hours. It was not until 1904 that the Austrian invented the tungsten lamp, which was three times stronger than the bamboo filament lamp, that it replaced the former. Tungsten lamp has been using it since 1907.
Edit this paragraph to extend the life of the light bulb.
1. Don't turn the light on and off too often. 2. Don't keep the light bulb on for too long. Don't connect too many electrical appliances in parallel on the wiring board. Don't plug in the power when the light is on, or even turn on the light bulb. Don't take the hot light bulb to the cold environment immediately, and vice versa.
Edit the basics of this light.
Light is a form of energy released by atoms. It consists of many tiny particles, which have energy and momentum, but no mass. These particles are called visible photons and are the most basic units of light. When electrons are excited, atoms will release visible photons. If you already know how atoms work, you also know that electrons are negatively charged particles that go around the nucleus. The electrons of atoms have different energy levels, which mainly depends on several factors, including their speed and distance from the nucleus. Electrons with different energy levels occupy different orbital functions and orbits. Generally speaking, electrons with high energy will be farther away from the nucleus. When an atom gains or loses energy, this change is expressed by the movement of electrons. When something transfers energy to an atom, such as heat, electrons can be temporarily pushed to a higher orbit (away from the nucleus). The electron only stays in this orbital position for a very short time: it returns to the nucleus almost immediately and reaches its original orbit. At this time, electrons release extra energy in the form of photons. The wavelength of light emission depends on how much energy is released, which also depends on the orbital position of electrons. Therefore, different kinds of atoms will release different kinds of visible photons. In other words, the color of light is determined by the kind of excited atoms.
structure
The structure of the light bulb is very simple. It has two metal contacts at the bottom for connecting electricity. The metal contact point has two lines that contact the thin metal wire. The filament is located in the center of the bulb and supported by glass. The wire and filament are wrapped in a glass bulb filled with inert gas (usually argon inert gas). When the light bulb is connected to the power supply, the current will flow out of the light bulb.
One contact point flows to another contact point and then to the wire and filament. A large number of free electrons in solid conductor line current move from negative charge region to positive charge region. Jumping electrons in vibrating atoms may be temporarily pushed to higher energy positions. When they fall back to their original normal positions, electrons will release extra energy in the form of photons. Most of the infrared visible photons emitted by metal atoms can be seen by human eyes. But if they are heated to about 4000 degrees Fahrenheit, the light bulbs will emit a lot of visible light. Tungsten is used in almost all incandescent bulbs because it is the most ideal filament material. Metals must be heated to extremely high temperatures to emit useful visible light. In fact, most metals will melt before reaching this temperature, and the melting temperature of tungsten wire is extremely high. However, tungsten wire will catch fire at such a high temperature. If conditions permit, these two chemicals will react and cause combustion. The filament in the bulb is covered by a sealed oxygen-free space to prevent combustion. Suck all the air out of the light bulb, creating a state close to vacuum-that is, there is nothing inside. Because there is hardly any special gas substance in it, this substance will not burn. One problem with this method is the evaporation of tungsten atoms. At such a high temperature, the free tungsten atoms emit linearly in the vacuum bulb. As more and more atoms evaporate, the filament begins to decay and the glass begins to turn black. This greatly shortens the life of the light bulb.
argon
Inert gas, usually argon, is used in modern light bulbs, which greatly reduces the loss of tungsten. When tungsten atoms evaporate, it will collide with argon atoms, and no combustion reaction will occur, because inert gases usually do not react with other elements. The light bulb is cheap and easy to use, which has proved to be a great success. Light bulb is still the most popular indoor lighting choice. But it will eventually give way to more advanced technology because it doesn't save energy. Most of the energy emitted by incandescent bulbs is in the form of visible photons with thermal infrared rays-only about 10% of the generated light is in the visible spectrum. This wastes a lot of electricity. Warm light sources such as fluorescent lamps and LED lamps will not waste Dali energy to generate heat and emit most visible light. Therefore, they will gradually replace light bulbs.
Before the invention of the electric light bulb, it was laborious and dangerous to light a place after sunset. It must be lit with candles or torches. At that time, although the oil lamp was not bad, it always left lampblack. /kloc-in the middle of 0/8th century, electrical science really developed. At that time, inventors all over the world were clamoring to invent a practical household lighting device. British inventor Swan and American inventor Edison invented the electric light bulb in 1897. There is no essential change between the modern electric light bulb and the electric light bulb invented by Edison in those years, only some parts are added.
Edit this paragraph category
Osram lamp
A widely used light source can emit warm and faint yellow light, which is what most of us think of as a light bulb. Its price is cheap, so there are many styles of tungsten light bulbs to match different lamps. However, the life of tungsten filament bulb is not long and it does not save electricity. It also emits low temperature, so don't get too close to paper, textiles or plastic products.
Tungsten filament halogen bulb
The life of light bulbs is longer than that of ordinary tungsten light bulbs, but the price is also more expensive. The light clues produced by tungsten halogen lamps are whiter and closer to natural light than ordinary tungsten filament bulbs. There are two kinds of halogen lamps: high voltage type, which is usually only used for sky lanterns; The other is the low-voltage type, which is mostly used for downward projection lamps. Both bulbs can be set with full light. Halogen lamps with adjustable light intensity are particularly practical for ordinary families, because they are smooth in shape, and the light projects upward to the ceiling or wall and then reflects downward, so the lighting effect is soft. Halogen lamps, at least with smaller bulbs, also save electricity, so they are often used in spotlights, which project light up or down. One of the most important advantages of halogen lamps is that the filament of a small needle can emit the maximum light energy. Therefore, the shape of the lamp can be very smooth and mini, saving more space. Because it saves electricity, halogen bulbs are widely used in lighting equipment in shops-you can tell them from those tiny flashing bulbs.
fluorescent tube
The light it emits is colder, rougher and bluer than the tungsten bulb, but the lamp tube is very energy-saving and durable, so it is often an economical choice on the right. They have also been improved recently and can be used in smaller lamps. In addition, these improved lamps produce warmer light than the old ones, so they are the best choice for kitchens and studios. But in a word, this kind of lamp helps to create an atmosphere at home.
Metal halogen bulb
This is a newly developed light source, which is not only cheap, but also won't destroy the color of the room. It is most commonly used in gardens that require high brightness. Because it contains sodium, it will emit light orange light. At present, the most widely used metal halogen lamp is street lamp, and the power saving advantage is the most important consideration. But gradually, some people use them in indoor lighting.
LED bulb
LED will be a great light revolution since Edison invented the light bulb. At present, the status quo of LED light bulb LED lighting is mainly high-power white LED single lamp. At present, the top three LED lighting manufacturers in the world have a three-year warranty, with large particles greater than or equal to 100 lumens per watt and small particles greater than or equal to 1 10 lumens per watt. Less than 3% of the large particles and less than 3% of the small particles have light decay every year. LED solar street lamps, LED projection lamps, LED ceiling lamps and LED fluorescent lamps can all be mass-produced. For example, 10W LED fluorescent lamp can replace 40W ordinary fluorescent lamp or energy-saving lamp.
Edit the development process of this paragraph.
In the process of development, Thomas Alva Edison carefully analyzed the gas lamp and arc lamp at that time, and his main direction was to find a heat-resistant material. It is burned to a white-hot degree by electric current, giving off hot light, and will not be broken or melted. He happened to find that cotton thread suddenly burned to ashes in the air, while carbon cotton thread glowed when put into a treated glass ball. Unfortunately, the light only lasted for a few minutes, and then it disappeared. He mistakenly gave up this experiment and tried 1600 different heat-resistant materials such as cesium, nickel, platinum (platinum) and platinum-iridium alloy, with little gain. lamp bulb
Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison resumed his research on carbon. In June, 5438+10, he experimented with a carbon rod with a length of 20 cm and a diameter of 0. 15 cm. Its heat resistance reached 5.5 hours, and he constantly improved the carbonization method and pumping treatment. On the days of 1879, 10, 2 1, he used 1 carbonized cotton thread with a diameter of 0.025 cm as the filament, and the luminosity was bright and stable. It is illuminated by four candles for 45 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours ... after 65438. The long-awaited electric light was finally born. In June165438+1October of the same year, after Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison changed to carbonized cardboard to greatly improve the life of the electric lamp, the manufacturer couldn't wait to put it into production. 1880 On New Year's Eve, 3,000 people took to the streets of new york to watch this new invention. Success did not stop Thomas Alva Thomas Alva Edison. The next year, he made a bamboo filament lamp that could be lit continuously for 1 200 hours. It was not until 1904 that the Austrian invented the tungsten lamp, which was three times stronger than the bamboo filament lamp, that it replaced the former. Tungsten lamp has been using it since 1907.