1 ecological greening technology
Ecological greening technology is a technology to understand and guide urban greening construction from the ecological point of view. The goal of this technology is to imitate and construct the plant community structure similar to the natural state in the urban environment. Introducing nature into cities, creating urban pastoral scenery and creating artificial communities that simulate nature are the pursuits of residents living in cities today. The research of environmental ecology in China started late, and the related applied theories and technologies are still far behind those in developed countries. However, with the popularization of ecological concept, the theory of "urban ecological planning" and the implementation of building an ecological city, the research on urban ecological theory and ecological greening technology is being carried out. For example, Guangzhou Institute of Landscape Science undertook the "Study on the Application of Lingnan Typical Plant Communities in Guangzhou Green Space" and actively explored the planting technology of Guangzhou urban green space to simulate natural plant communities.
2 recycling greening technology
Recycling greening technology is a technology to reprocess all kinds of waste materials and make them play an effective role in greening construction. With the rapid development of economy, the consumption of natural resources is faster and faster, and the sharp deterioration of living environment has promoted the promotion of national environmental awareness, and the industry of comprehensive utilization and recycling of resources is in the ascendant. At present, the recyclable greening technologies developed mainly include: (1) the technology of transforming plant wastes, such as tree litter, pruning branches and lawn pruning wastes, into compost or cultivation substrates; (2) Regeneration technology of transforming sludge into culture medium; (3) The technology of using foamed waste glass as artificial light planting soil; (4) The technology of using waste tires as retaining materials for slope greening; (5) Resource technologies, such as construction waste treatment technology and surplus soil resource technology. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the pursuit of zero and complete recycling of excreta, there are many kinds of recycling technologies. However, the quality management and quality standards of recycling technology or products need to be clearly formulated and supervised. In addition, an important factor that hinders the development of recycling technology and the popularization and application of recycled products is the high use cost. Therefore, related technologies in this field need further research and development to reduce costs and improve quality.
3 Concealed greening technology
"Concealed greening technology" refers to the word "concealed engineering" in garden construction, and refers to the relevant construction technology such as pretreatment with various equipment and materials to achieve greening purposes. This kind of technology includes: (1) layout of underground irrigation equipment in green space; (2) Support of underground burial form; (3) Allelopathy among plants to control weeds; (4) Techniques for controlling plant growth by chemical substances: (5) Domestication and induction techniques of plants, such as low light domestication and magnetization induction techniques. In addition, the related construction methods of planting site and the construction of drainage system should also be included in the hidden greening technology. Although we can't see them with naked eyes in the end, this technology is essential to improve the quality of greening. In the future, in order to expand the possibility of greening under harsh environmental conditions, there is still a lot of work to be done to develop more hidden greening technologies and products.
4 Wetland greening technology
Wetlands include lakes, rivers, reservoirs, beaches and other perennial or seasonal waterlogging areas, and are called the three major ecosystems in the world together with forests and oceans. Wetland has great environmental functions and benefits, and plays an irreplaceable role in flood control and drought relief, climate regulation, groundwater recharge, soil erosion control and pollution control. In recent years, wetland research has become one of the hot issues in international ecology and environmental science research, and related greening technologies have been continuously introduced. Wetland environmental conditions have their own characteristics, and the methods needed for construction and greening under such environmental conditions are naturally different. According to the location and environmental conditions of the waterside, it can be divided into four types: (1) river bank greening; (2) Water chamber (the area connected with the shore or covered by the periodic fluctuation of water, the water depth is about10 ~ 50 cm); (3) water surface greening; (4) Underwater space greening. In addition, the problems of flood control, drainage and river navigation should be considered in wetland greening, so it is urgent to develop plant greening technology suitable for various environmental conditions. At present, Japan is actively developing plant floating island technology and "biofilm" technology on both sides of rivers. No matter in the waterside, water surface or underwater space, plants can grow and develop normally under these environmental conditions. By developing corresponding devices and using relevant greening construction methods, certain landscape effects are reflected.
5 Special environmental greening technology
Special environmental greening technology refers to the technology that helps plants grow normally and makes them play a certain role in the harsh environment that is extremely unfavorable to plant growth and development. Can be divided into the following aspects. 5. 1 In the process of slope greening technology engineering construction, a lot of excavation and filling are often needed, resulting in a large number of exposed slopes, which will bring a series of environmental problems, such as soil erosion, landslide, debris flow, local microclimate deterioration, biological chain destruction and so on. It often takes a long time to restore the ecological balance of the slopes formed by these projects by the power of nature itself. Steep rock slopes often leave permanent scars that cannot be recovered naturally. Artificial greening of slopes can reduce ecological disasters and protect the environment. The development of slope greening technology has done a lot of fruitful work, and the practical new technology in this area has also applied for patents. Such as (1) artificial composite matrix greening technology for rock slopes; (2) Vegetation concrete slope protection and greening technology; (3) Comprehensive technology of rapid afforestation; (4) Mechanical spray attachment greening technology for asexual propagation seedlings of ground cover plants. 5.2 Roof Greening Technology Roof Garden is one of the emerging and most potential greening methods in urban greening construction. Roof greening methods can be divided into: (1) simple roof greening, that is, on a roof with a certain slope or a roof with a relatively small design allowable load, lawn or Sedum plants are used for greening; (2) Garden-style roof greening, that is, building garden sketches on the roof with large design allowable load, greening with various specifications of arbor, shrub and grass plants, and creating a green way of composite landscape. In Germany, Japan and other developed countries, roof greening started earlier, and related greening technologies have been relatively perfect and mature. The related technologies in this respect are: (1) soil lightweight technology; (2) Universal soil technology; (3) Labeth system roof greening technology; (4) Rooting treatment method; (5) Super polystyrene construction method; (6)CA roof greening system technology; (7) David roof greening system technology, etc. Roof greening in China started late, but it has been strongly advocated by relevant departments in recent years. It is reported that Beijing has announced that it will increase the roof greening by 250,000 to 300,000 square meters every year before the 2008 Olympic Games. Roof greening has also been written into the Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on Greening Management. The huge demand brings opportunities for the development of roof greening technology. At present, the roof greening in China mainly imitates the simple roof greening in Germany and Japan. It is observed that the greening methods of Sedum plants are seriously degraded, so we need to develop sustainable and richer new greening methods. At the same time, while drawing lessons from the existing roof greening technologies abroad, we should also combine the specific national conditions of our country to develop new technologies with lower cost and can be generally accepted. 5.3 Three-dimensional wall greening technology The vertical surface of the city contains a huge green area and space, and its greening can turn the concrete forest into a real green forest. Three-dimensional wall greening refers to the greening on the vertical plane and the greening without soil space. This greening can be implemented anywhere, such as on walls, guardrails, inclined walls, vertical advertising stands, etc. Compared with plane greening, this greening technology has higher technical requirements. The first thing to be solved is to plant plant carriers, taking into account the good water and fertilizer retention and portability, because the climate and environment changes on the facade are more intense than on the plane; In addition, full consideration should be given to aesthetics and convenience of management. In order to solve these problems, the following wall greening technologies have been developed: one is to plant plants at the top or bottom of the wall by hanging or climbing plants, so that they can hang or climb vines along the vertical plane in three-dimensional space; Secondly, the container is used as a carrier, and bag-shaped containers are sewn on it at regular intervals for light substrate cultivation. 3. The light matrix blocks are installed neatly on the wall according to the geometric figure, and the vertical greening surface is considered as the greening device. As a new trend of greening in the future, the current technology is far from meeting the actual needs. It is necessary to further develop new technologies with convenient management, beautiful appearance and appropriate cost. 5.4 Other special environment greening technologies Other special environments include: low-light areas, such as the bottom of overpasses in cities and the shady surfaces of floors. In these areas, the light time is short or there is no direct sunlight all the year round, so it is difficult for ordinary plants to survive under normal circumstances; In severe saline-alkali areas, the soil texture in these areas is silty saline soil with coarse particles, no viscosity, high salt content, low organic matter, low groundwater level and high salt content in water; Soilless areas, such as rock areas, desertification areas and concrete hardening areas. The greening technology in this special environment should make great efforts in the selection of greening plants, the improvement of cultivation substrates and the perfection of cultivation measures.
6 indoor greening technology
Indoor greening has a long history, and people have long used flowerpots or bonsai to decorate their rooms. Now the purpose of indoor greening is not limited to beautifying rooms, solving indoor air pollution, and pursuing a healthier indoor life has become more concerned. In other words, we need to reconsider the solution of using green plants to purify indoor polluted air. The contents in this respect include: (1) as a greening method for indoor air purification devices; (2) Tree greening technology; (3) Hydroponic plant greening technology.
7 Lawn technology
The establishment of lawn occupies a large proportion in the current urban greening. Traditional lawn planting methods mainly include: seed propagation method, turf laying method, plug planting method and runner planting method. These traditional methods all have some problems in different degrees: (1) The planting procedure is complicated, and it is impossible to carry out mechanized planting, resulting in a serious waste of manpower and material resources; (2) The emergence rate and uniformity of lawn can not be effectively guaranteed; (3) The seeds are wasted, especially when planted on sloping land, and the seed loss is serious. (4) The lawn has low strength, poor soil fixation ability, trampling resistance and damage resistance, which leads to short service life of the lawn. In order to overcome the above problems, spray seeding method, tape planting method and yarn planting method have appeared in recent years. At the same time, the technologies of lawn maintenance management and application are: (1) lawn greening technology; (2) Greening technology of lawn roof; (3) The technology of greening indoor space with lawns. China has a vast territory, with significant differences between the north and the south. To be sure, according to the specific situation of each region, there is still huge room for developing new technologies for lawn establishment and management.
8 cultivation substrate technology
Cultivation substrate technology refers to a set of technologies for analyzing and diagnosing the physical and chemical properties of cultivation substrates, producing and improving the management of cultivation substrates. For the better growth of plants, it is extremely important to analyze and diagnose the physical and chemical properties of cultivation substrates. At present, the products developed include soil water injection instrument and permeability tester. In the future, it is necessary to develop more portable and simple analytical and diagnostic instruments and methods. Cultivation substrate improvement technology can make full use of special soil environment; Research and development of different cultivation substrate production technologies can meet the needs of various environmental greening, such as the production of artificial light soil to meet the needs of roof greening, and the application of odorless cultivation substrate is more easily accepted by the public. "Soil management" contains an ecological concept, which advocates correct watering and reasonable fertilization to ensure that the soil provides lasting growth ability for plants.
9 Plant development, planting and maintenance management technology
Plant planting and maintenance management technology refers to a series of technologies adopted in the process of planting and maintenance management in order to enrich greening materials, introduce and develop plants, and promote, inhibit or maintain the normal growth of greening plants. Including (1) plant introduction and propagation; (2) Maintenance management technology; (3) Techniques for promoting and inhibiting growth. With people's pursuit of natural ecology, the greening requirements for decorating the landscape with colored leaves are gradually diversified, and the greening space is extended to various special environments such as roofs and facade spaces, which puts forward new requirements for the types and cultivation forms of greening plants, such as the introduction and development of exotic greening plants and the domestication of native plants, the formulation of production standards for special greening plants, the stress domestication of greening plants in special environments, and the bio-ecological safety assessment of newly developed greening plants. Realizing the consistency of seedling growth, reducing production cost, reducing maintenance cost and controlling plant growth are the basic requirements of maintenance management technology and growth inhibition technology.
10 simple management greening technology
Simple management greening technology is a technology to simplify maintenance management, pretreat greening products and optimize the maintenance mode of operation procedures. Including (1) simple management greening plants; (2) Simple management greening mode; (3) Simple and manageable greening materials. In order to popularize greening in cities where the pace of modern life is accelerating, we should speed up the development of "lazy" greening technology, that is, simple management greening technology. This greening technology should not only meet the simplicity of operation, but also reduce the cost of management input. As far as plants are concerned, we should try to choose plants with strong plants, slow growth and no need for pruning. Secondly, it is the greening mode of how to combine these plants better, and the products that can realize the continuous and super-slow release of water retention and fertilizer efficiency without frequent human operation. Such products include: ground cover plant planting board that can realize stereotyped greening, greening technology that can automatically maintain building space, balcony garden that needs no care, etc.
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