Albert Einstein (14, March 2000-18, April 2000) is a famous Jewish theoretical physicist, thinker and philosopher, and also the founder of the theory of relativity. Albert Einstein is generally regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most important scientists in the 20th century.
all one's life
early stage
Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, a small owner's family who runs an electrical workshop. His parents are Jews. His father Herman Einstein was a successful businessman and his mother Pauline Cork was a pianist. Einstein was not very clever since he was a child, and he couldn't speak at the age of three. At the age of five, he fell in love with the pocket compass and began to practice playing the violin at the age of six. The year after Einstein was born, the whole family moved to Munich on 1960. 1920, the whole family moved to Milan, Italy. He transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland. When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his homework was ordinary and he didn't like people. Neither his teachers nor his classmates like him. The teacher who taught him Greek and Latin once publicly scolded him: "You will accomplish nothing." His father once wrote to a friend and said, "Einstein's academic performance did not fully meet my hopes and expectations." For a long time, I have been used to seeing that there are always bad and good grades on his report card. "
When Einstein was 4 years old, he came to Zurich, Switzerland, and enrolled in the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. He did well in math and physics, but failed in other subjects. Herzen, the principal of the school, recommended him to study in Arau State Middle School for one year. Einstein was happy during his study in Arau State Middle School, which believed that "conceptual thinking is based on intuition". It completely meets his needs. In 2008, Einstein entered the normal department of the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich to study physics. Weber, a physics professor at the school, hated Einstein very much. He once said to Einstein, "You are smart, but you have one shortcoming, that is, you can't listen to others." Einstein's girlfriend mileva often clashed with Professor Weber, who accused him of being unfair to Einstein. In June 2008, Einstein caused severe hand burns in the laboratory. After graduation in, I failed to stay as a teaching assistant, so I had to make a living as a "tutor". Obtained Swiss nationality in 2008. In, with the help of his father, M. Grosven, a college classmate, was hired as a technician by the Swiss Patent Office in Bern, engaged in technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of light quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the following year, 65438+ 10, and 65438+may, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size".
Miracle year
Einstein published six epoch-making papers in 2006, which are: the preliminary views on the generation and transformation of light, a new method to determine the molecular size, the motion of suspended particles in still liquid required by the theory of thermal molecular motion, the electrodynamics of moving objects, and is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? "Some investigations on Brownian motion". Therefore, this year is called "Einstein miracle year". Therefore, the year after next was designated as "World Physics Year".
Einstein lived in Berne's former residence in March, 2008, and the German Yearbook of Physics published "Preliminary Views on the Generation and Transformation of Light" (? He thinks that light is composed of separated particles. Einstein explained that light is also composed of small energy particles (light quantum), and quantum can move like a single particle. The theory of "light quantum" greatly promoted the quantum theory founded by Planck in 1996, and revealed the basic feature of the micro-world: wave-particle duality.
On May 1 1, 2008, the German Yearbook of Physics published an article entitled "Motion of Suspended Particles in Static Liquid Required by the Theory of Thermomolecular Motion" (Die von der Molekular Kineti Schentherie der W? I want to know where you are. This paper is a pioneering study on the translation and diffusion of Brownian motion.
On June 30th, 2008, the German Yearbook of Physics published Elektrodynamik bewegter K? Rper)。 The basic principle of special relativity is put forward for the first time, and two basic axioms are put forward in the paper: "the speed of light is constant" and "the principle of relativity".
On September 27th, 2008, the German Yearbook of Physics published "Is the inertia of an object related to the energy it contains? "(is it Tr? gheit eines K？ What is an energy company like? ngig？ ), that is, "the mass of an object can measure its energy", and then E = mc? The formula of.
make one's name
Einstein was also a lecturer at the University of Bern. He left the Patent Office in 2000 and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. He was a professor of theoretical physics at the German University in Prague in and a professor at his alma mater, the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in. In, at the invitation of Max Planck and walther nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin until. At the invitation of Hendrick Lorenz and paul ehrenfest, he is distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. After the outbreak of World War I, he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities.
165438+ 10/0, the newspaper published the news that new observations confirmed the theory of relativity, describing it as a great victory of Einstein's theory. Einstein published his general theory of relativity in 1920. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation of the total solar eclipse by the British astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington in 1996. The gravitational wave he predicted in 2006 was also confirmed in 2006. Einstein and relativity have become household names in the west, but they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries.
1996, Einstein put forward the theory of stimulated radiation in his article On Quantum of Radiation, which became the theoretical basis of laser.
Einstein won the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on photoelectric effect. Relativity was not mentioned in the announcement of the Swedish Academy Science Prize because it is still controversial.
Einstein was the primary target of scientific research after the Nazi Party captured Germany in June, 65438+2008 10. Fortunately, he was giving a lecture in America at that time and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, transferred to the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor at the newly-built Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies (Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies and Princeton University are not an institution) until 1960. He obtained American citizenship on 1960.
1996, Einstein visited Charlie Chaplin who lived in California, USA.
1996, he was informed of the discovery of uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested that it should be developed to prevent the Germans from getting ahead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, we fought tirelessly to launch a peace movement against nuclear war and domestic dangers in the United States.
stop
Einstein died of ruptured aortic aneurysm in Princeton on April 18, 2008. A Princeton pathologist named Thos Stoltz Harvey took Einstein's brain and preserved it without the permission of Einstein's family during the autopsy. The pathologist hopes that the neuroscience community can study Einstein's brain in the future and find out why Einstein is so smart. According to Einstein's last wish, there was no funeral, no grave and no monument after his death, and his ashes were scattered in a place that was always kept secret, so as not to make the place where he was buried a holy place. Einstein has been engaged in the search for a unified field theory all his life, but this work has never been successful. In this regard, Abraham Pais, a famous expert on Einstein's research, once said: "Einstein should go fishing after the year, instead of continuing to do research" [3]. At present, it is one of the central problems of theoretical physics to find a theory that contains more contents than the unified field theory and can explain all kinds of basic interactions in a unified way.
heritage
In 2006, Time magazine named him the man of the 20th century. In memory of him, the 99th element was named "polonium".
In addition, the word "Einstein" is also a registered trademark of Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Personality and thought
Einstein was a pacifist. He is kind, friendly, modest and independent, so he is widely respected. He sometimes tells jokes and likes sailing and playing the violin. He is also an absent-minded professor, who often forgets things, concentrates on physical problems and ignores the world around him. He is also a vegetarian. He once said: "I think vegetarians' attitude towards life comes from a very simple physiological balance, so it is beneficial to human ideals."
Religious views
Einstein was a Jew, but he didn't believe in Judaism. He believes that religion is the embodiment of naive superstition, and he just worships the beauty of the universe and nature. On March 24, 2008, in a reply to a worker, he said: "What you read about my religious belief is of course a lie, a lie that is systematically repeated. I don't believe in a personified God, and I have never denied it, but I have expressed it clearly. If there is anything in my heart that can be called religion, it is infinite admiration for the world structure that our science can reveal. "
He also said (see "Living Philosophy",No. 13, 2003): "The understanding of the existence of things we don't understand, the deepest reasoning that our consciousness can accept and the feeling of the best things constitute our piety to religion. In this sense, but only in this sense, I believe in religion. "
In reply to Rabbi Herbert Goldstein of new york International Synagogue, he said: "I believe in the God of Spinoza, a God who embodies himself through the harmony and order of existing things, rather than a God who cares about the fate and behavior of mankind." After being attacked by Martin Buber about religious belief, he declared, "All we physicists do is follow him and draw his line." As a summary of Einstein's religious belief, he once said: "There is an infinite high-level wisdom, which shows itself through the details that our fragile thinking can feel, and humble praise constitutes my religious belief." In the letter, Einstein wrote:
"I think Judaism, like all other religions, is the embodiment of naive superstition ... I think the word God is just a wording and a product of human weakness. The Bible is full of many brilliant but still quite simple and naive legends. "
This letter was shot in London in 2008.
Einstein became an honorary member of the rationalist press association on 1960.
visual angle
Einstein said that he was a pacifist and a humanist, and he became a pacifist in his later years. He once said: "I think Gandhi's view is the most enlightened of all families in our period." We should work in his spiritual direction: not by achieving our goals, but by not forming an alliance with the forces you think are evil. "Einstein's views on McCarthyism and racism are controversial (see Einstein, who is also one of the founders of the German Party).
The documents about Einstein kept by the FBI recorded that he was rejected by the Alien Exclusion Act in the United States. One of the reasons is that Einstein believed in, advocated and promoted anarchism, thus making it exist in name only. He was also accused of being "a participant and supporter of the March 4-ISM Movement in 2004". However, these files were submitted to the FBI by other departments and were not official documents of the FBI.
Einstein opposed cruelty, because he was a Jew, so he opposed the Nazis and left Germany shortly after the Nazis came to power. Under the influence of others, Einstein began to support research and development in order not to let it succeed first. To this end, on August 2, 2008, he wrote to the then US President Roosevelt (this letter was probably written by someone else), suggesting to start developing nuclear weapons. Roosevelt accepted the proposal and set up a group to study the feasibility of uranium as a weapon. A few years later, this group was replaced by the Manhattan Project. After the war, because Japan had surrendered unconditionally, Einstein began to lobby for the elimination of nuclear weapons to establish peace, because it was not suitable for military training weapons. He said, "I don't know what weapons were used in World War III, but people only fought with sticks and stones in World War IV."
Einstein supported Zionism, he supported Jews to choose settlements in ancient Jewish land, and he was keen to establish Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Einstein 1998 published an article entitled "On Zionism: Professor Einstein's Lecture" in Hebrew University. Einstein also sent all his papers to Hebrew University. But he opposed nationalism and doubted whether the establishment of a Jewish state was the best choice. He may fantasize about Jews and Arabs living in peace. In 2006, Einstein was invited to be the second president of Israel in his later years, but he refused because he lacked the necessary manpower.
Einstein also fought with Shi Huaizhe and Russell to ban nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. A few days before his death, he signed the Russell-Einstein Declaration, which led to the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. In his letter to Russell, he wrote:
Dear Bertrand Russell:
Thank you for your letter of April 5th. I am glad to sign your excellent statement, and I agree with your list of candidates.
Salute, Einstein. "
God doesn't roll dice
In the first half of the 20th century, Einstein was one of the founders of quantum mechanics, but he was not satisfied with the later development of quantum mechanics, that is, the Copenhagen interpretation led by Bohr. This set of explanations shows that the laws of nature are fundamentally random, and Heisenberg developed the famous "uncertainty principle" [1](p× is not equal to× p). Einstein and other scientists put forward an "EPR paradox" to refute Copenhagen's explanation. He once said a famous saying: "God doesn't roll dice", and he also said: "Does the moon only exist when you look at him?" Einstein obeyed the law of causality and was the last classical physicist.
domestic
Einstein and Serbian mathematician mileva mari had an unmarried illegitimate daughter, Liselle Einstein? ), but Einstein married mileva from to, and later Mileva gave birth to two sons, Hans Albert Einstein and edward einstein. Einstein's second wife, elsa, was his cousin, their mothers were sisters, and their great-grandfathers were Rupert Einstein. This marriage lasted from 2000 until Elsa died in 2000. Einstein's second son, edward einstein, was influenced by the mileva family and never got married. The eldest son, Hans Albert, is a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He has three children, the firstborn bernhard Caesar Einstein is a physicist, the second Klaus Martin (-), and the adopted daughter Evelyn. Bernhard Caesar Einstein has five children, and the youngest is Martin Einstein.
Einstein's grandson bernhard Caesar Einstein wrote a letter. Grandpa Einstein's most cherished items are violin and pipe.